ea Equations of Order One 2.1| Separation of Variables In this chapier we study several elementary methods for solving first-order dif- ferential equations. We begin by studying an equation of the form Mdx+Ndy=0, where M and N may be functions of both x and y. Some equations of this type are so simple that they can be put in the form AQ) dx + By) dy = 0: a) that is, the variables can be separated. Then a solution can be written at once For itis only a matter of finding a function F whose total differential is the left member of (1). Then F = c, where cis an arbitrary constant, is the desired result. EXAMPLE 2.1 “Solve the equation dy _2y Ba2 fora> Dandy >0. @ We note that for the function in equation (2), the theorem of Secti i 1 2), ection 1.6 applies and assures the existence of a unique'continuous solution through any point in the first quadrant. By separating the variables we can write dy = 2dx y © Hence we obtain a family of solutions ’ Inly| = 2Inix] +e . or, because we are in the first quadrant, yrex2.1 Separation’ of Variables 19 If we now put c, = ¢*, we can write =x, 1 >0. (5) EXAMPLE 2.2 Solve equation (2) of Example 2.1 for x # 0. The argument now must be taken in two parts. First, if y #4 0, we can proceed as before to equation (3). However, equation (5) must be written Ilse, cy > 0. © Second, if y = 0, we see immediately that since x 0, y = 0 is a solution of the differential equation (2). . As a matter of convenience the solutions given by equation (6) are usually written . y= enx’, M where c? is taken to be an arbitrary real number. Indeed, this form for the solutions incorporates the special case y = 0. . Several representative solution curves are shown in Figure 2.3. We must be cautious, however. The function defined by g(x) = 2°, x>0 = —4x?, x <0, shown in bold in Figure 2.1, obtained by piecing together two different parabolic ares could also be considered a solution of the differential equation, even though » Kigure 2.120 > Chapter2 Equations of Order One this function is not included in the family of equation (7). The uniqueness state; mentin the theorem of Section 1.6 indicates that as long as we| restrict our attention to a point (x9, yp) with xo # 0 and consider a rectangle with center at (xo, Yo) containing no points at which x = 0, then in that rectangle there isa unique solution that passes through (xo, yo) and is continuous in the rectangle: 8 EXAMPLE 2.3 Solve the equation (4 y)de+ V+ x7) dy =0, @ with the “initial condition” that when x = 0, y = —1. If we write this equation in the form we observe that the right member and its partial derivative with respect to y are continuous near (0, 1). It follows that a unique solution exists for equation (3) that passes through the point (0, —i). From the differential equation we get dx dy wot Sy 14x T+y. from which it follows at once that arctanx + arctan y = ¢, @) In the set of solutions (9), each “arctan” stands for the principal value of the inverse tangent and is subject to the restriction 7 {, In this example we were forced onto the left branch. squation (0), by the initia! condition that y = —1 when x = 0. One distinction between equations (10) and (11) can be seen by noting that a computer, given the differential equation (3) and seeking a solution that passes through the point (0, —1), would be constrained to follow the left branch of the curve in Figure 2.2. The barrier (asymptote) atx = 1 would prevent the computer from learning of the existence of the other branch of the hyperbola (11). Figure 2.222. Chapter 2. ‘Equations of Order One EXAMPLE 2.4 Solve the initial value problem we Ix(y + I) dx — ydy = 0, ) where x = O and y = -2. . Separating the variables in equation (12), we obtain i ) a =(1-—~)4y, yA-h x dx (1 ya)” Integrating, we get a family of solutions given implicitly by vay-lnly tite (13) Since we seek a member of this family that passes through the point.(0, —2), we must have 0=-2-In|-I[ +e, or © Thus the solution to the problem is given implicitly by. x? Sy—Inly+i]+2. ‘The reader should note how the theorem of Section 1.6 applies to this problem to indicate that we have found implicitly the unique solution to the initial value problem which is continuous for y < —1. A representative sample of solution curves is shown in Figure 2.3 with the particular soultion shown in bold. Note that some of these curves are not the graphs of functions, and must be split into separate arcs where they cross the line y = 0, much as we did in Example 2.2.2.1 Separation of Variables 23 Exercises InExercises | through 6, obtain the particular solution satisfying the initial condition indicated. Ineeach exercise interpret your answer in the light of the existence theorem of Section 1.6 and draw a graph of the solution. drjdt = 2xyy! = 1+y"; when x =2, y =3. +y% whenx =2, y= 3. 2y dx = 3xdy; when x = -4rt; when t = 0, r =ro. yal. 2y dx = 3x dy; whenx = 2, y=1. Dw RYN 2y dx = 3x dy; when x InExercises 7 through 10, obtain the particular solution satisfying the initial condition indicated. exp(y — x?); when x = 0, y = 0. 8 xy'dx-+e*dy =0; whenx + 00, y > }. (2a? ~ 1?) dr =r sin6 d6; when @ =0,r =a. 10. v(dv/dx) = g; when x = x, v = w. In Exercises 11 through 37, obtain the general solution. He (=xyi= 9 24. (1— y)y = 22. 12, sinxsiny dx+cosxcosydy=0.. 25. x*yy'=e’. 13. xy8dx +e" dy =0. 26. tan? ydy = sin? x dx. 14. 2ydx = 3xdy. 27. y! = cos? xcos y. 15. mydx = nx dy. 28. y' =yseex. 16. y= xy. 29, dx =t(1 +17) sec? xdt. 17. dV/dP =-V/P. 30. ( +4)y/ = y. 18. ye*dx=(4-+e%*)dy. - 31. adfp+BdatoB(3da+dp) = 19. dr=b(cos6dr+rsingde). 32. (I+Inx)dx+(1+Iny)dy =0. 20, xydx -(x+2)dy =0. 33, xdx ~ Va? =x? dy =0. 2s 34. xdx+JSa?—x*dy =0. 22. xcos*ydx +tanydy = 0. 35. adx =xVx?—aidy, 23. xy dx+(y+le*dy 36. ylnxInydx + dy =0, 37. (ey +a) dx= (2y? +x? + y? + Idy, :