II – DILEMMA AND

FOUNDATION OF MORALITY

MEANING OF DILEMMA
FOUNDATION OF MORALITY

Ria Anne C. Rozul

CAS-DSSH, Political Science Instructor
 DILEMMA

 It is a difficult situation in which an individual is

confronted to choose between two or more alternative
actions to resolve the problem.
 TYPES OF DILEMMA
1. Classic Dilemmas - Different criteria, same behavior
Examples:
a) Order vs Freedom

b) Empowerment vs Alignment

2. Temporal Dilemmas – Same process, different criteria

applied at a different time
Examples:
c) Innovation vs Manufacturability

d) Speed (customer satisfaction) vs Accuracy (process

integrity)
3. Orthogonal Dilemmas – Different behaviors, different criteria
Examples: Centralization vs Decentralization
Service orientation vs Product orientation

4. Sequential Dilemmas - Different behaviors, different times

Examples: Performance vs Development
Work vs Home

5. Unequal Dilemma – The dilemma is split across unequal status

Examples: High growth vs Organization integrity
Fiscal stability through cost cutting vs
Preserving capability
Product innovation vs Support for existing
product lines
 MORAL DILEMMA

 It is defined as any situation in which

the person making the decision
experiences a conflict between the
moral rightness of a decision and
the quality of the results it produces.
 Many times it involve a morally
wrong decision that produces a
desirable result, or vice versa.
 Other times it involve a decision in
which the person is forced to choose
only one of two good things.
 TYPES OF MORAL DILEMMA
1. Personal dilemma – These are situations in which an
individual has a choice to be made between two options,
neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically
acceptable fashion.

2. Organizational Dilemma – Organizational ethics are the

principals and standards by which businesses operate,
according to Reference for Business. They are best
demonstrated through acts of fairness, compassion,
integrity, honor and responsibility.

3. Systematic Dilemma – The process of systematic moral

analysis is predicated on moral rule violations, which result
in harm to another person or persons.
 FOUNDATION OF MORALITY:
FREEDOM AS REQUISITE ON MORAL RESPONSIBILITY
 Freedom as the power or right to act, speak, or think as
one wants without hindrance or restraint; “we do have
some freedom of choice.”
 Freedom, in politics, consists of the social, political, and
economic freedoms to which all community members
are entitled. In philosophy, freedom involves free will as
contrasted with determinism.
 Kant claims that freedom is the source of all value
 Saint Augustine showed that human is free physically,
yet bound to obey the law
 For Gorbachev (1988), the principle of
freedom is a must - refusal to recognize
this principle will have serious
consequences to the issue of world
peace.

 Moral freedom involves freedom over

the things that matter most.

 Quito (2008) explains that no ethics is

likewise possible without human
freedom. (human being are accountable
for their actions)
 REASON AND IMPARTIALITY

 Immanuel Kant argued that

“morality was based on reason
alone, and once we understood it,
we would see that acting morally
is the same as acting rationally.”
Reason enables us to think and
reflect over actions that we
intend to do and decide
which of them to take.

A mere knowledge of
morality will not make
human moral (there has to be
an application of it, by
obeying the rules)

Impartiality is a principle of
justice holding that decisions or
judgment on something or
someone should be objective
not on the basis of bias or
prejudice to favor someone
irrationally