Taylor Grino - Biology 101 Chapter 7 Lecture

Chapter 7
Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

PowerPoint Lectures
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition
REECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
Introduction
• Poison ivy contains urushiol, a chemical that may

cause itchy and oozing blisters that can last for
weeks.
• Like all plants, poison ivy produces energy for its
growth by photosynthesis, the process that
converts light energy to the chemical energy of
sugar.

Introduction
• Photosynthesis
• removes CO2 from the atmosphere and
• stores it in plant matter.
• The burning of sugar in the cellular respiration of
almost all organisms releases CO2 back to the
environment.

Figure 7.0-1

Figure 7.0-2
Chapter 7: Big Ideas
The Light Reactions:

An Introduction to Converting Solar Energy
Photosynthesis to Chemical Energy
The Calvin Cycle: The Global Significance

Reducing CO2 to Sugar of Photosynthesis
AN INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS

7.1 Photosynthesis fuels the biosphere
• Plants are autotrophs, which

• sustain themselves,
• do not usually consume organic molecules derived
from other organisms, and
• make their own food through the process of
photosynthesis, in which they convert CO2 and
H2O to sugars and other organic molecules.

• Photoautotrophs use the energy of light to

produce organic molecules.
• Chemoautotrophs are prokaryotes that use
inorganic chemicals as their energy source.
• Heterotrophs are consumers that feed on plants
or animals or decompose organic material.

• Photoautotrophs
• feed us,
• clothe us (think cotton),
• house us (think wood), and
• provide energy for warmth, light, transport, and
manufacturing.

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.1a

Figure 7.1b

Figure 7.1c

• Photosynthesis in plants takes place in

chloroplasts.
• Photosynthetic bacteria have infolded regions of
the plasma membrane containing clusters of
pigments and enzymes.

7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in
plant cells
• Chlorophyll
• is an important light-absorbing pigment in
chloroplasts,
• is responsible for the green color of plants, and
• plays a central role in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.

plant cells
• Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the

mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the
leaf.
• Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow
• carbon dioxide to enter and
• oxygen to exit.
• Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots.

Figure 7.2-0
Leaf Cross Section
Mesophyll
Leaf
Vein
Mesophyll Cell
CO2
O2
Stoma
Chloroplast
Inner and outer

membranes
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid space
Stroma

Figure 7.2-1
Leaf Cross Section
Mesophyll
Leaf
Vein
Mesophyll Cell
CO2
O2
Stoma
Chloroplast

plant cells
• Chloroplasts consist of an envelope of two

membranes, which encloses an inner compartment
filled with a thick fluid called stroma that contains
a system of interconnected membranous sacs
called thylakoids.

plant cells
• Thylakoids
• are often concentrated in stacks called grana and
• have an internal compartment called the thylakoid
space, which has functions analogous to the
intermembrane space of a mitochondrion in the
generation of ATP.

plant cells
• Thylakoid membranes also house much of the

machinery that converts light energy to chemical
energy.
• Chlorophyll molecules
• are built into the thylakoid membrane and
• capture light energy.

Figure 7.2-2
Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
Inner and outer

membranes
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid space
Stroma

Figure 7.2-3
Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast

Figure 7.2-4
Chloroplast
Stroma
Granum

7.3 Scientists traced the process of
photosynthesis using isotopes
• Scientists have known since the 1800s that plants

produce O2. But does this oxygen come from
carbon dioxide or water?
• For many years, it was assumed that oxygen was
extracted from CO2 taken into the plant.
• However, later research using a heavy isotope of
oxygen, 18O, confirmed that oxygen produced by
photosynthesis comes from H2O.

Figure 7.3

7.3 Scientists traced the process of
photosynthesis using isotopes
• Experiment 1: 6 CO2  12 H2O → C6H12O6  6 H2O  6 O2

• Experiment 2: 6 CO2  12 H2O → C6H12O6  6 H2O  6 O2

7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is
cellular respiration
• Photosynthesis, like respiration, is a redox

(oxidation-reduction) process.
• CO2 becomes reduced to sugar as electrons, along
with hydrogen ions (H+) from water, are added to it.
• Water molecules are oxidized when they lose
electrons along with hydrogen ions.

Figure 7.4a
Becomes reduced
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Becomes oxidized

• Cellular respiration uses redox reactions to harvest

the chemical energy stored in a glucose molecule.
• This is accomplished by oxidizing the sugar and
reducing O2 to H2O.
• The electrons lose potential as they travel down the
electron transport chain to O2.
• In contrast, the food-producing redox reactions of
photosynthesis require energy.

• In photosynthesis,
• light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules to
boost the energy of electrons,
• light energy is converted to chemical energy, and
• chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds of
sugars.

Figure 7.4b
Becomes oxidized
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Becomes reduced

7.5 The two stages of photosynthesis are
linked by ATP and NADPH
• Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.

1. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid
membranes. In these reactions
• water is split, providing a source of electrons and giving
off oxygen as a by-product,
• ATP is generated from ADP and a phosphate group, and
• light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules to
drive the transfer of electrons and H+ from water to the
electron acceptor NADP+, reducing it to NADPH.
• NADPH, produced by the light reactions, provides the
“reducing power” to the Calvin cycle.

7.5 The two stages of photosynthesis are
linked by ATP and NADPH
2. The second stage is the Calvin cycle, which occurs

in the stroma of the chloroplast.
• The Calvin cycle is a cyclic series of reactions that
assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and the energy-
rich products of the light reactions.
• During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic
compounds in a process called carbon fixation.
• After carbon fixation, the carbon compounds are reduced
to sugars.
• The Calvin cycle is often called the dark reactions, or
light-independent reactions, because none of the steps
requires light directly.

Figure 7.5-1
H2O
Light
NADP +
ADP
+ P
Light
Reactions
(in thylakoids)
Chloroplast

Figure 7.5-2
H2O
Light
NADP +
ADP
+ P
Light
Reactions
(in thylakoids)
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2

Figure 7.5-3
H2O CO2
Light
NADP +
ADP
+ P
Light Calvin
Cycle
Reactions
(in stroma)
(in thylakoids)
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2 Sugar

THE LIGHT REACTIONS:
CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY TO
CHEMICAL ENERGY

7.6 Visible radiation absorbed by pigments
drives the light reactions
• Sunlight contains energy called electromagnetic

energy or radiation.
• Visible light is only a small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum, the full range of
electromagnetic wavelengths.
• Electromagnetic energy travels in waves.
• The wavelength is the distance between the crests
of two adjacent waves.

• Light behaves as discrete packets of energy called

photons.
• A photon is a fixed quantity of light energy.
• The shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy.

Figure 7.6a
Shorter wavelength Longer wavelength

Higher energy Lower energy
10−5 nm 10−3 nm 1 nm 103 nm 106 nm 1m 103 m
Gamma Micro- Radio

X-rays UV Infrared
rays waves waves
Visible light
380 400 500 600 700 750

Wavelength (nm)

• Plant pigments
• are built into the thylakoid membrane,
• absorb some wavelengths of light, and
• reflect or transmit other wavelengths.
• We see the color of the wavelengths that are
transmitted. For example, chlorophyll transmits
green wavelengths.

Animation: Light and Pigments

Figure 7.6b-0
Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast
Thylakoid
Absorbed
Transmitted
light
light

Figure 7.6b-1
Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast
Thylakoid
Absorbed
Transmitted
light
light

Figure 7.6b-2

• Chloroplasts contain several different pigments, which

absorb light of different wavelengths.
• Chlorophyll a absorbs mainly blue-violet and red light
and reflects mainly green light.
• Chlorophyll b absorbs mainly blue and orange and
reflects (appears) olive-green.
• Carotenoids
• broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive
photosynthesis and
• provide photoprotection, absorbing and dissipating
excessive light energy that would otherwise damage
chlorophyll or interact with oxygen to form reactive
oxidative molecules.
7.7 Photosystems capture solar energy
• Pigments in chloroplasts absorb photons

(capturing solar power), which
• increases the potential energy of the pigments’
electrons and
• sends the electrons into an unstable state.
• Generally, when isolated pigment molecules
absorb light, their excited electrons drop back
down to the ground state and release their excess
energy as heat.

Figure 7.7a-0
Excited state
Heat
Photon
of light
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground state
Chlorophyll
molecule

Figure 7.7a-2

Figure 7.7a-1
Excited state
Heat
Photon
of light
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground state
Chlorophyll
molecule

• Within a thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll and

other pigment molecules
• absorb photons and
• transfer the energy to other pigment molecules.
• In the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll molecules
are organized along with other pigments and
proteins into photosystems.

• A photosystem consists of a number of light-

harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction-
center complex.
• A light-harvesting complex contains various
pigment molecules bound to proteins.
• Collectively, the light-harvesting complexes
function as a light-gathering antenna.

Figure 7.7b
Photosystem
Light
Light-harvesting Reaction-center
complexes complex
Primary electron
STROMA acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
THYLAKOID Pigment
SPACE Transfer Pair of molecules
of energy chlorophyll a
molecules
• The light energy is passed from molecule to

molecule within the photosystem.
• Finally it reaches the reaction center, where a
primary electron acceptor accepts these electrons
and consequently becomes reduced.
• The solar-powered transfer of an electron from the
reaction-center chlorophyll a pair to the primary
electron acceptor is the first step in the
transformation of light energy to chemical energy in
the light reactions.

• Two types of photosystems (photosystem I and

photosystem II) cooperate in the light reactions.
• Each photosystem has a characteristic reaction-
center complex, with a special pair of chlorophyll a
molecules associated with a particular primary
electron acceptor.

7.8 Two photosystems connected by an
electron transport chain generate ATP and
NADPH
• In the light reactions, light energy is transformed
into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.
• To accomplish this, electrons are
• removed from water,
• passed from photosystem II to photosystem I, and
• accepted by NADP+, reducing it to NADPH.
• Between the two photosystems, the electrons
• move down an electron transport chain and
• provide energy for the synthesis of ATP.

7.8 Two photosystems connected by an
electron transport chain generate ATP and
NADPH
• A simple mechanical analogy helps unpack this
rather complicated system.
• This construction analogy shows how the coupling
of two photosystems and an electron transport
chain can transform the energy of light to the
chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.

Figure 7.8
ATP
NADPH
Electron
transport
chain ramp
Photosystem II Photosystem I
7.9 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: The light
reactions take place within the thylakoid
membranes
• A thylakoid membrane includes numerous copies
of
• the two photosystems and
• the electron transport chain.

7.9 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: The light
reactions take place within the thylakoid
membranes
• Light energy absorbed by the two photosystems
drives the flow of electrons from water to NADPH.
• The electron transport chain helps to produce the
concentration gradient of H+ across the thylakoid
membrane, which drives H+ through ATP synthase,
producing ATP.
• Because the initial energy input is light (“photo”),
this chemiosmotic production of ATP is called
photophosphorylation.

Figure 7.9-0
Thylakoid
sac
Chloroplast
Light H+ Electron Light
Photosystem transport chain Photosystem NADP+ + H+
NADPH
II I
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H2O H+
1
O2 + 2 H+ H+ H+ To
2 H+
H+ Calvin
H+ Cycle
H+ THYLAKOID SPACE H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase
H+ STROMA
H+
H+ H+
ADP + P ATP
H+

Figure 7.9-1
Light
Photosystem
II
Primary electron acceptor

Pigment molecules
Reaction center pair of
chlorophyll a molecules
H2O
1
2 O 2 + 2 H+

Figure 7.9-2
Light H+ Electron
Photosystem transport chain
II
H+
H+
H+
H+
H2O
1 H+
2 O 2 + 2 H+

Figure 7.9-3

Photosystem transport chain Photosystem
II I
H+
Primary electron acceptor

Pigment molecules
Reaction center pair of
chlorophyll a molecules
H+
H+
H+ H+
H2O
1 H+ H+
2 O 2 + 2 H+

Figure 7.9-4

Photosystem transport chain Photosystem NADP+ H+
NADPH
II I
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H2O
1 H+ H+ H+ To
O 2 + 2 H+
2 H+
H+ Calvin
Cycle
H+

Figure 7.9-5

Photosystem transport chain Photosystem NADP+ H+
NADPH
II I
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H2O
1 H+ H+ H+ To
O 2 + 2 H+
2 H+
H+ Calvin
Cycle
H+
H+ THYLAKOID SPACE H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase
H+ STROMA
H+
H+ H+
ADP + P ATP
H+

THE CALVIN CYCLE:
REDUCING CO2 TO SUGAR

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis
in the Calvin cycle
• The Calvin cycle makes sugar within a chloroplast.

• To produce sugar, the necessary ingredients are
• atmospheric CO2 and
• ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions.

in the Calvin cycle
• The Calvin cycle uses these three ingredients to

produce an energy-rich, three-carbon sugar called
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
• A plant cell uses G3P to make
• glucose,
• the disaccharide sucrose, and
• other organic molecules as needed.

in the Calvin cycle
• The steps of the Calvin cycle include

• carbon fixation,
• reduction,
• release of one molecule of G3P, and
• regeneration of the starting molecule, ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP).
• Photosynthesis is an emergent property of the
structural organization of a chloroplast, which
integrates the two stages of photosynthesis.

Figure 7.10-0
H2O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
Light Calvin Input
Reactions Cycle
ATP 3
Step 1
CO2
NADPH
Carbon fixation
Chloroplast Rubisco
O2 Sugar
6 P
3 P P
3-PGA
RuBP 6 ATP
3 ADP
Step 4 P 6 ADP + P
Regeneration of RuBP CALVIN
3 ATP CYCLE
6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 P
5 P
G3P
G3P
Step 2
Step 3 Reduction
Release of one
molecule of G3P
1 P
G3P Glucose and other
Output compounds
Figure 7.10-1
H2O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2 Sugar

Figure 7.10-2
Input
3
Step 1
CO2
Carbon fixation
Rubisco
6 P
3 P P
3-PGA
RuBP 6 ATP
3 ADP
Step 4 6 ADP + P
Regeneration CALVIN
3 ATP CYCLE
of RuBP 6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 P
5 P
G3P G3P
Step 2
Step 3 Reduction
Release of one
molecule of G3P
1 P
Output compounds
Figure 7.10-3-1
Input
3
Step 1
CO2
Carbon fixation
Rubisco
6 P
3 P P
3-PGA
RuBP
CALVIN
CYCLE

Figure 7.10-3-2
Input
3
Step 1
CO2
Carbon fixation
Rubisco
6 P
3 P P
3-PGA
RuBP 6 ATP
6 ADP + P
CALVIN
CYCLE
6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 P
G3P
Step 2
Reduction

Figure 7.10-3-3
Input
3
Step 1
CO2
Carbon fixation
Rubisco
6 P
3 P P
3-PGA
RuBP 6 ATP
6 ADP + P
CALVIN
CYCLE
6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 P
5 P
G3P G3P
Step 2
Step 3 Reduction
Release of one
molecule of G3P
1 P
Output compounds
Figure 7.10-3-4
Input
3
Step 1
CO2
Carbon fixation
Rubisco
6 P
3 P P
3-PGA
RuBP 6 ATP
3 ADP
Step 4 6 ADP + P
Regeneration CALVIN
3 ATP CYCLE
of RuBP 6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 P
5 P
G3P G3P
Step 2
Step 3 Reduction
Release of one
molecule of G3P
1 P
Output compounds
7.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Other
methods of carbon fixation have evolved in
hot, dry climates
• Most plants use CO2 directly from the air, and
carbon fixation occurs when the enzyme rubisco
adds CO2 to RuBP.
• Such plants are called C3 plants because the first
product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon
compound, 3-PGA.

hot, dry climates
• In hot and dry weather, C3 plants close their
stomata to reduce water loss, but this prevents
CO2 from entering the leaf and O2 from leaving.
• As O2 builds up in a leaf, rubisco adds O2 instead of
CO2 to RuBP, and a two-carbon product of this
reaction is then broken down in the cell.
• This process is called photorespiration because it
occurs in the light, consumes O2, and releases
CO2.
• But unlike cellular respiration, it uses ATP instead of
producing it.
hot, dry climates
• An alternate mode of carbon fixation has evolved
that
• minimizes photorespiration and
• optimizes the Calvin cycle.
• C4 plants are so named because they first fix CO2
into a four-carbon compound.
• When the weather is hot and dry, C4 plants keep
their stomata mostly closed, thus conserving water.

hot, dry climates
• Another adaptation to hot and dry environments
has evolved in the CAM plants, such as
pineapples, cacti, aloe, and jade.
• CAM plants conserve water by opening their
stomata and admitting CO2 only at night.
• CO2 is fixed into a four-carbon compound, which
banks CO2 at night and releases it to the Calvin
cycle during the day.

Figure 7.11-0
Mesophyll CO2 Night CO2

cell
4-C compound 4-C compound
Bundle-
sheath CO2 CO2
cell
Calvin Calvin
Cycle Cycle
Sugar Sugar
C4 plant Day CAM plant
Sugarcane Pineapple

Figure 7.11-1
Mesophyll CO2 Night CO2

cell
4-C compound 4-C compound
Bundle-
sheath CO2 CO2
cell
Calvin Calvin
Cycle Cycle
Sugar Sugar
C4 plant Day CAM plant

Figure 7.11-2
Sugarcane

Figure 7.11-3
Pineapple

THE GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

7.12 Photosynthesis makes sugar from CO2
and H2O, providing food and O2 for almost all
living organisms
• Two photosystems in the thylakoid membranes
capture solar energy, energizing electrons in
chlorophyll molecules.
• Simultaneously,
• water is split,
• O2 is released, and
• electrons are funneled to the photosystems.

living organisms
• The photoexcited electrons are transferred through
an electron transport chain, where energy is
harvested to make ATP by the process of
chemiosmosis, and finally to NADP+, reducing it to
the high-energy compound NADPH.

Figure 7.12
H2O CO2
Chloroplast
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
Light
Reactions
RuBP
Photosystem II Calvin
Cycle 3-PGA
Electron (in stroma)
transport chain
Thylakoids
Photosystem I ATP Stroma
NADPH G3P
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
O2 Sugars Other organic
compounds

living organisms
• About 50% of the carbohydrates made by
photosynthesis is consumed as fuel for cellular
respiration in the mitochondria of plant cells.
• Sugars also serve as the starting material for
making other organic molecules, such as proteins,
lipids, and cellulose.
• Many glucose molecules are linked together to
make cellulose, the main component of cell walls.

living organisms
• Most plants make much more food each day than
they need. They store the excess in
• roots,
• tubers,
• seeds, and
• fruits.
• Plants (and other photosynthesizers) are the
ultimate source of food for virtually all other
organisms.

7.13 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Rising
atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and
global climate change will affect plants in
various ways
• The greenhouse effect operates on a global scale.
• Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and
warms Earth’s surface.
• Heat radiating from the warmed planet is absorbed
by greenhouse gases, such as CO2, water vapor,
and methane, which then reflect some of the heat
back to Earth.
• Without this natural heating effect, the average air
temperature would be a frigid –18C (–0.4F), and
most life as we know it could not exist.
various ways
• Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
have been linked to global climate change, of
which one major aspect is global warming.

various ways
• The predicted consequences of global climate
change include
• melting of polar ice,
• rising sea levels,
• extreme weather patterns,
• droughts,
• increased extinction rates, and
• the spread of tropical diseases.
• Many of these effects are already being
documented.
various ways
• How may global climate change affect plants?
• Increasing CO2 levels can increase plant
productivity.
• Research has documented such an increase,
although results often indicate that the growth rates
of weeds, such as poison ivy, increase more than
those of crop plants and trees.

various ways
• How do scientists study the effects of increasing
CO2 on plants?
• Many experiments are done in small growth
chambers in which variables can be carefully
controlled.
• Other scientists are turning to long-term field
studies that include large-scale manipulations of
CO2 levels.

various ways
• In the Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)
experiment set up in Duke University’s
experimental forest, scientists monitored the
effects of elevated CO2 levels on an intact forest
ecosystem over a period of 15 years, using six
study sites, each 30 m in diameter and ringed by
16 towers.

Figure 7.13a

various ways
• Another study compared the growth of poison ivy
in experimental and control plots. The results
showed that poison ivy in the elevated CO2 plots
• showed an average annual growth increase of
149% compared to control plots and
• produced a more potent form of poison ivy’s
allergenic compound.

Figure 7.13b
Mean plant dry biomass (g) 10

9
8
7
6
5
4
Key
3
Control plots
2
Elevated CO2
1
plots
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Source: Adaptation of Figure 1A from “Biomass and Toxicity Responses of Poison Ivy
(Toxicodendron Radicans) to Elevated Atmospheric CO2” by Jacqueline E. Mohan, et al.,
from PNAS, June 2006, Volume 103(24). Copyright © 2006 by National Academy of
Sciences. Reprinted with permission.
7.14 Scientific research and international
treaties have helped slow the depletion of
Earth’s ozone layer
• Solar radiation converts O2 high in the atmosphere
to ozone (O3), which shields organisms from
damaging UV radiation.
• A gigantic hole in the ozone layer has appeared
every spring over Antarctica since the late 1970s
and continues today.

Figure 7.14a
Southern
tip of
South
America
Antarctica
September 2012

• Industrial chemicals called CFCs have caused
dangerous thinning of the ozone layer.
• This destruction of the ozone layer was
documented by scientists from the British Antarctic
Survey, NASA, and National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.

Figure 7.14b

• In response to these scientific findings, the first
treaty to address Earth’s environment was signed
in 1987.
• As research continued to establish the extent and
danger of ozone depletion, these agreements were
strengthened in 1990, and now nearly 200 nations
participate in the protocol.

• In 1995, Molina and Rowland shared a Nobel Prize
for their work in determining how CFCs were
damaging the atmosphere.
• Global emissions of CFCs are near zero now, but
because these compounds are so stable, recovery
of the ozone layer is not expected until around
2060.
• Meanwhile, unblocked UV radiation is predicted to
increase skin cancer and cataracts and damage
crops and phytoplankton in the oceans.
You should now be able to
1. Define autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, and

photoautotrophs.
2. Describe the structure of chloroplasts and their
location in a leaf.
3. Explain how plants produce oxygen.
4. Describe the role of redox reactions in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
5. Compare the reactants and products of the light
reactions and the Calvin cycle.

6. Describe the properties and functions of the

different photosynthetic pigments.
7. Explain how photosystems capture solar energy.
8. Explain how the electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis generate ATP, NADPH, and
oxygen in the light reactions.
9. Compare photophosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation.
10. Describe the reactants and products of the
Calvin cycle.
11. Compare the mechanisms that C3, C4, and CAM

plants use to obtain and use carbon dioxide.
12. Review the overall process of the light reactions
and the Calvin cycle, noting the products,
reactants, and locations of every major step.
13. Describe the greenhouse effect.
14. Explain how the ozone layer forms, how human
activities have damaged it, and the
consequences of the destruction of the ozone
layer.
Figure 7.UN01
Light
energy
6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2
Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen gas

Photosynthesis Glucose

Figure 7.UN02
Chloroplast CO2
H 2O
Light
NADP+ Stroma
Thylakoids ADP
+ P
Light Calvin
Reactions Cycle
ATP
NADPH
O2 Sugar

Figure 7.UN03
Photosynthesis
converts
includes both
(a)
(b) (c)
to
in which in which
chemical
energy
light-excited
CO2 is fixed
H2O is split electrons of
to RuBP
chlorophyll
and and then
(d) are passed Reduce

3-PGA
down NADP+ to
is reduced
using
(e)
(f) to produce
producing
chemiosmosis by (g) (h)

Figure 7.UN04
Mitochondrion Chloroplast
Intermembrane H+ c.
space
Membrane
Matrix d.
a.
b. e.

Taylor Grino - Biology 101 Chapter 7 Lecture

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Taylor Grino - Biology 101 Chapter 7 Lecture

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Chapter 7

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

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• Poison ivy contains urushiol, a chemical that may

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 7: Big Ideas

The Light Reactions:

The Calvin Cycle: The Global Significance

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• Plants are autotrophs, which

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• Photoautotrophs use the energy of light to

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Photosynthesis in plants takes place in

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the

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Inner and outer

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Leaf Cross Section

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• Chloroplasts consist of an envelope of two

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Thylakoid membranes also house much of the

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Inner and outer

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Scientists have known since the 1800s that plants

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Experiment 1: 6 CO2  12 H2O → C6H12O6  6 H2O  6 O2

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• Photosynthesis, like respiration, is a redox

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6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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• Cellular respiration uses redox reactions to harvest

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

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• Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.

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2. The second stage is the Calvin cycle, which occurs

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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Sunlight contains energy called electromagnetic

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• Light behaves as discrete packets of energy called

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.