1 In order to transmit the analog information using digital system, it has to be converted into a digital form. Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) is the most popular process that is used in almost all digital processing. The ADC samples the analog signal, hold its value for short period of time, and then quantize the sampled value to certain discrete voltage levels. This process is shortened in the term sample and hold (S/H), and a basic electrical circuit that can implement this process is shown in Figure oF Analog signal g(t) Sampled signal g(t) es PA Pee ow Sampling Theory Analog Signal Z Discrete (Sampled) Signal Vna-oo H(t — nT s) PTETSampling Theory The sampled signal results from the multiplication of the continuous signal and a train of impulses (Comb signal) such that Using the Complex-Fourier series representation the above expressing can be presented as. a(t) = x(t) S> Creinst, where C,, is given as PA Sampling Theory Hence, the sampled signal can be presented as Thus, the frequency domain representation is presented as X= = DL XP =nfs) PTET PE NeN ee)Sampling Theory @ Assume that the spectrum of an analog signal is given as shown below x) XO fm fm @ Then the spectrum of the sampled version of that signal is 0 ' ilk : " ot } iE Upae XDA Bie fn_pp, 2Fseim ZN Fs Fevim ) Fem gp, Fovin OF sim, Fon me X(H2Fs) X(HES) xo X(EFs) X(G2FS) PA Sampling Theory @ To convert an analogue signal to a digital signal we must first sample the analogue signal at regular intervals, T.. s(t) 147,187,967, 177,187, @ The resulting discrete signal, as a function of sample index n, is shown below s(n) | fae or Los 6 7 | [eewnee | a PTETRelationship between Analogue and Discrete-Time Signals Take an analogue signal v(t) = cos(2x ft) with frequency f,. If this signal is sampled every T, seconds (or equivalently sampled at a rate f, ) then we obtain the discrete-time signal o (2) @ We can see that the discrete-time signal has a frequency of & cycles/sample. Therefore, the frequency of a discrete-time signal f, is related to the frequency of an analogue signal f, by v(t) = cos (2nfanT.) = fa(cycles/second) J4 = 5 (gamplesisecond) So we can use f, to determine the frequency of f, provided we know f, - CA elationship between Signals @ Therefore, the highest frequency of an analogue signal, f., that is unique when sampled every 7, seconds (or with a sampling rate f.) is Lok faa @ This means that the minimum sampling rate ( Nyquist rate ) should satisfy fs 2 2fa @ What happens when f, is greater than 4? @ Take two analogue signals v;(t) = sin(27t) and v(t) = sin(2m x 11t) and sample them every T, = 0.1s (fs = 10samples/s). It can be seen that the frequency of v;(£) is 1Hz, which is less than f,/2, but the frequency of v2(t) is 11Hz, which is greater than /,/2. @ The resulting discrete-time signals will be vi (nT) = sin(2m x 0.1n) and v2(nT) = sin(2m x 1.1) PTET PE NeN ee)Relationship between Analogue and Discrete-Time Signals @ However, v2(nT,) = sin(2m x 1.1n) = sin(2xn + 2x x 0.1n) = sin(2m x 0.1n). @ Hence, v2(nT,) = v1(nT,) and both discrete-time signals cannot be distinguished from each other. In this figure, f, < f2 and the frequency _In this figure, f, > f/2 and the frequency of the discrete-time signal f, is unique. —_of the discrete-time se is an alias i) TN veld} ull tary ! ary 4s| ¥,() =sin(221) sampled every 0.1s PA elationship between Signals @ In general, analogue signals are made up of many different sinusoidal signals summed together. @ Therefore, any analogue signal must be sampled at a rate fs > 2fmar, Where frnaz is the highest frequency in the analogue signal, to ensure the analogue signal can be recovered from the discrete time signal. @ The minimum sampling rate required to recover the analogue signal from the discrete-time signal is called the Nyquist Rate, fx, and is defined as fv = 2fmaz @ Practically f, = 2fmar + 20% fmax- PATE PE NeN ee)Relati Signals Discrete-Time ip between Analogue Yt = Deeries A Fetm py Fee a> 2 fm Yo kb. PA)