@ Signal
A signal is defined as function of one ore more variables that
conveys information.
@ System
Asystem is formally defined as an entity that manipulates one or
more signals to accomplish a function, thereby yielding new
signals.
Input Output
met} system = |}
PA
Signals Classification
Generally signals are classified as follows :
@ Continuous-time signals:
The signals that are defined at every possible value of time as
shown in the figure below. These signals are also called analog
signals.
u(t)
PTETignals Classifica
@ Discrete-time signals:
The signals that can be defined and represented at certain time
instants of the sequence. Discrete signals are usually presented
as x(n) or x[n].
afr]
n
0 2 4 6 8 10
Wheren=0, +1,, +2,...,+00, and nis integer.
CA
Signals Classification
@ Even Signals:
A signal is said to be an even signal if it satisfies the following
condition
a(—t) = a(t) for all t.
a(t) is even
PTET PE NeN ee)ignals Classifica
@ Discrete Even Signals:
A discrete signal is said to be an even signal if it satisfies the
following condition
a(—n) = x(n) for all integers n.
-4-3-2-101234
PA Pee ow
Signals Classification
@ Odd Signals:
A signal is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the following
condition
a(—t) = —2(t) for all t.
x(t) is odd
PTET PE NeN ee)ignals Classifica
@ Discrete Odd Signals:
A discrete signal is said to be an odd signal if it satisfies the
following condition
a(—n) = —2(n) for all integers n.
PA
Signals Classification
@ Periodic Signals:
A periodic signal is a function that satisfies the following condition
s(t) = s(t + nT) for allt,
where nis an integer, n = 1, 2, ,..., 00, and T is the period of
the signal.
s(t)
4
1
>t
PTET PE NeN ee)ignals Classifica
s(t)
1
t
4 \
s(t)
+1
t
A
=
Signals Classification
@ Discrete Periodic Signals:
A discrete periodic signal is a function that satisfies the following
condition
x(n) = x[n] = 2[n + NJ for all integers n,
where N is a positive integer, which represents the fundamental
period of the discrete-time signal x[n].
CATE Data Communication: CIE3304ignals Classifica
@ Aperiodic Signals:
A signal that does not repeats itself after a specific interval of
time. Hence,
s(t) # s(t + nT) for all t,
s(t)
PA
Signals Classification
@ Discrete Aperiodic Signals:
A discrete periodic signal is a function that satisfies the following
condition
a(n) 4 x(n + N) for all integers n,
x(n)
PTET PE NeN ee)Signals Classificatio
@ Deterministic Signals:
A signal is said to be deterministic if its future values can be
predicted. Therefore, deterministic signals are used by
transmitters to carry information. An example of deterministic
signal is s(t) — A.cos(2rft +9).
s(t)
AAA
CAE) PEUNern ne ee
Signals Classification
@ Random Signals:
A signal is said to be random if it has some degree of uncertainty
in its values before it actually occurs.
Emancod Speech Signal
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200)
1000
is
Tine (00nd)
PITT Exe 304-18ignals Classifica
@ Energy Signals:
A signal is said to be an energy signal, if and only if its total
energy satisfies the condition
O, 6(t—n)
Ty
Solution: This signal can be considered as a periodic signal.
Thus it can be represented using Complex Fourier series such
that > Cuero,
where C,, can be given as
1
Cr == | a(t)eirotat.
To Jr,
PA
la KcrelUllae
The C,, can be evaluated as
Lyfe &
Cr = af 3(t— nT, eI.
Thy Xm
Considering the cycle at the center, i.e. 5(4), C,, is given as
Moreover, using the Fourier transform properties, the frequency
representation of the signal can be given as
PTETFourier Transform
x(EA X(f)=Ad(f)
ia FT
“E>
. Fl
}+———> t ‘
t ;
Cosine Signal:
rraenlenhs) alan
*
FT al na
PA)
Fourier Transform
Rectangular Pulse:
X(f)=rsine(fr)
x(j=m(t)
FT
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' t
1° 2
7 OF
-EOE
2 2
Comb Signal: *
x(= xine 0-7)
FT
“>
LULL LLL
t
T
PTETFourier Transform
Multiplication: Let X(f) = FT [x(t)], and Y(f) = FT [y(t], then
FT (x(t)-y(t)] = X(f) ®Y(f),
where, . and @ denote multiplication and convolution, respectively.
Multiplication in time domain = Convolution in frequency domain.
Convolution: Let X(f) = FT [x(t)], and Y(f) = FT [y(¢)}, then
FT (x(t) ® y(t) = X(/)-Y(A),
where, . and @ denote multiplication and convolution, respectively.
Convolution in time domain = Multiplication in frequency domain.
CA
Fourier Transform
Periodic Signal (rectangular pulse:
x(t)
PTET Data Communication:Fourier Transform
Sampled Signal:
reflections
PA
Fourier Transform
Periodic and Signal:
reflections
x(t) x(k]
o
T,
The Fourier transform of a sampled periodic signal is known as
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
PATE PE NeN ee)Fourier Transform
Observations
Time Domain
Frequency Domain
Periodic
Discrete
Discrete
Periodic
Periodic + Discrete
Discrete + Periodic
Non-Periodic
Non-Discrete (Continuous)
Non-Discrete (Continuous)
Non-Periodic
PAE
Data Communication