PRACTICAL TRAINING AT CASAD CONSULTANTS

Practical Training Report

Masters of Technology
In
Computer Aided Structural Analysis And Design

By,
KARAN PATEL (20MCLC11)

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD – 382481

JUNE,2021
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that practical training report submitted by Karan D Patel (20MCLC11),
towards the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Technology in
Civil Engineering (Computer Aided Structural Analysis and Design) of Nirma University,
Ahmadabad. In my opinion, the submitted work has reached a level required for being accepted
for examination. The results embodied in this practical training report, to the best of my
knowledge, haven’t been submitted to any other university or institution for award of any
degree or diploma.

Mr. Vishrut Gandhi Dr. Urmil Dave

CASAD Consultant Professor and Head
Ahmedabad, Gujarat Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technology,
Nirma University
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our sir Mr. Vishrut Gandhi as well as
our HOD Mr. URMIL DAVE sir who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
internship from which we came to know about so many new things we are really thankful to
them. I am also thankful to CASAD consultant team member who help me to resolve the
mistake that I have done while modelling and also cleared basic fundamental while doing
model and manual calculation.

KARAN PATEL (20MCLC11)

 Content
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1 – Introduction ............................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Introduction of the Organization ................................................................................. 9
1.2 Introduction of Methods of Bridge Deck Analysis ..................................................... 9
1.2.1 Courbon’s Method ................................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Morice & Little’s Theory ...................................................................................... 10
1.2.3 Finite Difference Method ...................................................................................... 11
1.2.4 Method of Harmonic Analysis .............................................................................. 11
1.2.5 Grillage Analogy ................................................................................................... 11
1.2.6 Folded Plate Analysis ............................................................................................ 12
1.2.7 Finite Strip Method ................................................................................................ 12
1.2.8 Finite Element Method .......................................................................................... 13
1.3 Introduction to Project ............................................................................................... 13
Chapter 2- Grillage Analogy .................................................................................................... 14
2.1 Introduction to Grillage Analogy ................................................................................... 14
2.2 Steps of Grillage Analysis ............................................................................................. 15
2.3 Methodology Adopted for Modeling ............................................................................. 16
2.4 Grillage Analysis ........................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Girder ............................................................................................................................. 20
2.6 Crash Barrier .................................................................................................................. 23
2.6 Deck Slab & Diaphragm ................................................................................................ 24
.............................................................................................................................................. 26
2.7 Wearing Coat ................................................................................................................. 27
2.8 Construction LL & Shuttering Load .............................................................................. 27
2.9 Moving Load and Combination ..................................................................................... 28
Define Vehicular Load:........................................................................................................ 29
Load Combinations: ............................................................................................................. 32
Position of Vehicles: ............................................................................................................ 32
2.10 Midas Result ................................................................................................................ 35
2.11 Result Comparison of Midas Civil and Staad Pro ....................................................... 53
.................................................................................................................................................. 53
.............................................................................................................................................. 54
2.12 Design of Diaphragm ................................................................................................... 56
2.13 Design of Deck Slab .................................................................................................... 62
Transverse Cantilever : ........................................................................................................ 62
Inner Panel : ......................................................................................................................... 65
 Longitudinal Cantilever at End Diaphragm: ........................................................................ 67
Chapter 3 – PSC Girder Design ............................................................................................... 69
3.1 Tendon Property ........................................................................................................ 69
3.2 Cable Co-ordinate ..................................................................................................... 69
3.3 Loss of Stress ................................................................................................................. 72
3.4 Calculation of Losses: .................................................................................................... 73
 List of Figures

Figure 1 Deflection profile in Courbon’s Method ................................................................... 10

Figure 2 Representation of load by Harmonic Series .............................................................. 11
Figure 3 Nodal and Auxiliary Nodal Lines in Finite Strips ..................................................... 12
Figure 4 Plan of Bridge Deck .................................................................................................. 18
Figure 5 Grillage Geometry ..................................................................................................... 19
Figure 6 Section of Girder ....................................................................................................... 20
Figure 7 Support Section Property ........................................................................................... 20
Figure 8 Mid-Section Property ................................................................................................ 21
Figure 9 Tapered Section Property .......................................................................................... 21
Figure 10 Girder Section Assign.............................................................................................. 22
Figure 11 8 Self Wt. of Girder ................................................................................................. 22
Figure 12 Crash Barrier Section Assign .................................................................................. 23
Figure 13 Self Wt. of Crash Barrier ......................................................................................... 23
Figure 14 Section of End Diaphragm ...................................................................................... 24
Figure 15 Mid Diaphragm ....................................................................................................... 24
Figure 16 Self Wt. of Diaphragm ............................................................................................ 25
Figure 17 Self Wt. of Deck slab............................................................................................... 25
Figure 18 Midas Model ............................................................................................................ 26
Figure 19 Wearing Coat Load Assign ..................................................................................... 27
Figure 20 Construction Live Load ........................................................................................... 27
Figure 21 Shuttering Load ................................................................................................. 28
Figure 22 Class A Vehicle ....................................................................................................... 29
Figure 23 70R Wheeled Vehicle .............................................................................................. 30
Figure 24 Special Vehicle ........................................................................................................ 31
Figure 25 Live Load Combinations ......................................................................................... 32
Figure 26 Different Position of Class A Vehicle ..................................................................... 33
Figure 27 24 Different Position of 70R Vehicle ...................................................................... 34
Figure 28 Position of Special Vehicle ..................................................................................... 34
Figure 29 Cable Location......................................................................................................... 71
Figure 30 Cable Profiling......................................................................................................... 71
 List of Tables

Table 1 Self Wt. of Girder Section .......................................................................................... 22

Table 2 Self Wt. of Crash Barrier ............................................................................................ 23
Table 3 Self Wt. of Deck Slab & Diaphragm .......................................................................... 25
Table 4 Load of Wearing Coat................................................................................................. 27
Table 5 Construction LL & Shuttering Load ........................................................................... 28
Table 6 BM & SF Due to SW of Girder .................................................................................. 35
Table 7 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ......................................................................... 35
Table 8 BM & SF Due to SIDL ............................................................................................... 36
Table 9 . Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ....................................................................... 37
Table 10 BM & SF Due to Deck+Diaphragm ......................................................................... 39
Table 11 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ....................................................................... 40
Table 12 BM & SF Due to WC ............................................................................................... 41
Table 13 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ....................................................................... 43
Table 14 BM & SF Due to Class 70R+ClassA ........................................................................ 44
Table 15 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ....................................................................... 45
Table 16 BM & SF Due to Class A ......................................................................................... 47
Table 17 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ....................................................................... 48
Table 18 BM & SF Due to SVL .............................................................................................. 50
Table 19 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion ....................................................................... 51
Table 20 BM & SF of Internal Diaphragm .............................................................................. 56
Table 21 Reaction at End Diaphragm ...................................................................................... 57
Table 22 Bending Moment Comparison .................................................................................. 63
Table 23 Cable Co-ordinate ..................................................................................................... 69
 List of Chart

Chart 1 Comparison of BM due to DL .................................................................................... 53

Chart 2 Comparison of SF due to DL ...................................................................................... 53
Chart 3 Comparison of Torsion due to DL .............................................................................. 54
Chart 4 Comparison of BM due to LL ..................................................................................... 54
Chart 5 Comparison of SF due to LL....................................................................................... 55
Chart 6 Comparison of Torsion due to LL............................................................................... 55
Chapter 1 – Introduction

1.1 Introduction of the Organization

CASAD Consultants Pvt Ltd. Established in India in 1995 and had been inspired & led by Mr.
Jignesh Gandhi. It offers technical consultancy services as well as detailed engineering and
integrated services for different type of projects. They carry out conceptual project profiles,
project planning to establish financial feasibility and provide technical consultancy,
engineering services for authorized programs.

Company offers compressive range of services encompassing:

• Structural Designs
• Bridger Engineering
• Project Management
• Transport Engineering
• Tunnel Engineering
• Harbour Engineering
• Industrial Projects
• Architectural
• Effluent and sewage disposal
• Environmental Engineering
• Foundation Engineering
• Sanitation and Plumbing
• Survey Projects
• Valuation
• Irrigation Engineering

1.2 Introduction of Methods of Bridge Deck Analysis

Extensive research onto the behaviour of bridge decks under loading had been carried out over
the past five decades and a number of methods of bridge deck analysis were evolved from time
to time. Prior to the general use of the computer-aided analysis, hand calculation methods and
charts based on some approximations and idealizations, provided convenient methods of load
distribution.

• Courbon’s Method
• Morice & Little’s Theory
• Finite Difference Method
• Method of Harmonic Analysis
• Grillage Analogy
• Folded Plate Analysis
• Finite Strip Method
• Finite Element Method
1.2.1 Courbon’s Method
The method makes simplifying assumptions, restricting its applicability to a certain extent but
the method has been very popular because of its simplicity. In Courbon’s theory, the cross-
beams or diaphragms are assumed to be infinitely stiff. The method is applicable to inter-
connected T-beam bridges and is still in vogue in India and is recommended by Indian Road
Congress for live load distribution strictly within its limitations. According to Courbon’s
method, the load Ri on any girder i of a bridge consisting of multiple parallel girders is
computed assuming a linear variation of deflection in the transverse direction.

Figure 1 Deflection profile in Courbon’s Method

The deflection will be maximum in the exterior girder on the side of the eccentric load and
minimum on the other exterior girder.

1.2.2 Morice & Little’s Theory

In this method bridge deck is replaced by an equivalent with bending and torsional rigidities in
two orthogonal directions and the following well known partial differential equation, governing
the behavior of the equivalent system, is obtained,

The flexural and torsional rigidities have significant influence on the load distribution. Their
effect is considered through two dimensionless characterizing parameter namely flexural
parameter and torsional parameter as given below,
1.2.3 Finite Difference Method
When more complex boundary conditions are encountered in practice the method of
Orthotropic plate becomes cumbersome and difficult to apply, then this method is used. The
finite difference method is used for such complex boundary conditions. In this method of
analysis, the deck is notionally divided into grids of arbitrary mesh size and the size and the
deflection values at the grid points are treated as unknown quantities. The usual governing
differential equation of an Orthotropic plate is considered in the Finite Difference Method.
Finite difference equation for various boundary conditions like simple, fixed, free or a
combination of free and simple supports can be written down for each case.

1.2.4 Method of Harmonic Analysis

In harmonic analysis, the applied load is broken into a number of harmonic components, each
consisting of a distributed load parallel to the longitudinal axis of the structure and with
intensity varying as pure sine-wave as shown fig.1.2.
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
Mathematically, P(x) = ∑ (𝑎𝑛 sin )
𝑛=1 𝐿

Figure 2 Representation of load by Harmonic Series

Under the action of each sine-wave load component, every longitudinal strip of the structure
deflects and twist in a pure sine-wave form. Since differential of sine function is a cosine
function and vice versa, the equilibrium equations, which can be thought of as differentials of
deflections, can also be expressed as a number of sine or cosine functions. These resulting
equilibrium equations can be solved as conventional simultaneous equations.

1.2.5 Grillage Analogy

Grillage Analogy is widely used and most accepted method for Superstructure analysis. The
grillage analogy method can be applied to the bridge deck exhibiting complicated features such
as heavy skew, edge stiffening, deep haunches over supports, continuous and isolated supports
etc. with ease. The method consists of converting the structure into a network of skeletal
members rigidly connected to each other at nodes. Each Transverse Members given Property
of Portion of Deck slab which it represents. And longitudinal members are given Property of
Girder. For higher accuracy of results a greater number of transvers members are provided.

1.2.6 Folded Plate Analysis

A folded plate is prismatic shell formed by a series of adjoining thin plate slabs rigidly
connected along their common edges. The structure consists of a number of rectangular plates
connected at longitudinal joints. Each pate is initially assumed to be fixed at the longitudinal
joints. Edge forces due to surface loads are determined by plate theory and, for loads in the
plane of the plate, by plane stress theory. The stiffness matrix for each plate is then expressed
in terms of the harmonics of a half-range Fourier series. Folded Plate Method is quite suitable
for analysis of box girder bridge having a few numbers of cells.

1.2.7 Finite Strip Method

The Finite Strip approach when first published was recognised as having excellent prospects
as a method of analysis for simply supported bridge deck structures in terms of accuracy and
efficiency. Basically, the method is a hybrid procedure which retains advantages of both, the
orthotropic plate method and finite element concept. The method may be regarded as a special
form of the displacement formulation of the finite element procedure. In this method, the
structure is assumed to be discretised into a number of strips. Each strip has constant thickness,
however the thickness can very from strip to strip. The strip is treated as beam shown in fig
1.3. the continuum is divided into strips by fictitious lines called Nodal Lines and these strips
are assumed to be connected to one another along discrete number of nodal lines.

Figure 3 Nodal and Auxiliary Nodal Lines in Finite Strips

1.2.8 Finite Element Method
During the past two decades, the Finite Element Method of analysis has rapidly become a very
popular technique for the computer solution of complex problems in engineering and the
method is now well-known and established. The FEM consists of solving the mathematical
model which is obtained by idealising a structure as an assembly of various discrete two- or
three-dimensional elements connected to each other at their nodal points, possessing an
appropriate number of degrees of freedom. The solution by FEM essentially involves four basic
steps:
1. Discretisation of the structure into finite element
2. Evolution of element properties
3. Matrix formulation for element assemblage and its solution, and
4. Interpretation of results

1.3 Introduction to Project

• Bridge Details: Fly over bridge at CH. 16+980 over Surat-Kamrej Road, Surat
• Type of Superstructure: PSC I Girder
• C/C Distance between Piers: 30m
• Effective Span: 28.5m
• No of Girder: 4
• No of Diaphragm: 3
• No of Lane: 6 Lane
• C/C Distance between Diaphragms: 14.250m
• Clear C.W Width: 11.5m
• Width of Crash barrier at top: 450mm
• Thickness of wearing Coat: 75mm
• Slab Thickness: 250mm
• Depth of Girder: 1.850m
• Thickness of web
1. At mid Span: 0.30m
2. At Sup Section: 0.750m
• Grade of Concrete: M45
• Grade of steel: Fe 500
• Grade of concrete for Crash Barrier: M40
Chapter 2- Grillage Analogy

2.1 Introduction to Grillage Analogy

• Grillage method of Analysis is essentially a computer-aided method for analysis of bridge

decks. The method consists of converting the bridge deck structure into a network of rigidly
connected beams or into a network of skeletal members rigidly connected to each other at
discrete nodes i.e., idealizing the bridge by an equivalent grillage.
• Each element is given an equivalent bending and torsional inertia to represent the portion
of the deck which it replaces.
• Bending and torsional stiffness in every region of slab are assumed to be concentrated in
nearest equivalent grillage beam.
• Restraints, load and supports may be applied at the joints between the members, and
members framing into a joint may be at any angle.
• Slab’s longitudinal stiffness are concentrated in longitudinal beams and transverse stiffness
in transverse beams.
• Equilibrium in slab requires torque to be identical in orthogonal directions.
• Twist is same in orthogonal directions but not in equivalent grillage unless the mesh is very
fine.
• The bridge structure is very stiff in the horizontal plane due to the presence of decking slab.
The transitional displacements along the two horizontal axes and rotation about the vertical
axis will be negligible and may be ignored in the analysis.
• Thus, a skeletal structure will have three degrees of freedom at each node i.e. freedom of
vertical displacement and freedom of rotations about two mutually perpendicular axes in
the horizontal plane.
• In general, a grillage with n nodes will have 3n degrees of freedom or 3n nodal
deformations and 3n equilibrium equations relating to these.
2.2 Steps of Grillage Analysis

Model the finalized grillage in Midas Civil and carry out further steps

Flow Chart 1 Grillage Idealization

2.3 Methodology Adopted for Modeling

Prepared Grid Create Define material

lines in geometry in and section
Autocad Midas property

Apply Static load

Define boundry Assign material
(SW, CB, WC, Deck
condition and and section
& Dia., CL,
assign property
shuttering and PS)

Apply moving Capturing

load (Class A & result in Excel
70R and SV) sheet

Flow Chart 2 Methodology for Modelling

Figure 4 Plan of Bridge Deck
2.4 Grillage Analysis

Figure 5 Grillage Geometry

2.5 Girder

Figure 6 Section of Girder

Figure 7 Support Section Property

 Figure 8 Mid-Section Property

Figure 9 Tapered Section Property

 Figure 10 Girder Section Assign

Figure 11 8 Self Wt. of Girder

Table 1 Self Wt. of Girder Section

Self-Weight
Support Section 3.575 ton/m
Tapered Section 3.35 ton/m
Mid-Section 2.275 ton/m
2.6 Crash Barrier

Figure 12 Crash Barrier Section Assign

Figure 13 Self Wt. of Crash Barrier

Table 2 Self Wt. of Crash Barrier

Self-Weight
Crash Barrier 2.2 ton/m
2.6 Deck Slab & Diaphragm

Figure 14 Section of End Diaphragm

Figure 15 Mid Diaphragm

 Figure 16 Self Wt. of Diaphragm

Figure 17 Self Wt. of Deck slab

Table 3 Self Wt. of Deck Slab & Diaphragm

Self-Weight
Diaphram 1.2 ton/m
Deck Slab 0.625 ton/m
Figure 18 Midas Model
2.7 Wearing Coat

Figure 19 Wearing Coat Load Assign

Table 4 Load of Wearing Coat

Wearing Coat (75 mm thickness) 0.1875 ton/m

2.8 Construction LL & Shuttering Load

Figure 20 Construction Live Load

 Figure 21 Shuttering Load

Table 5 Construction LL & Shuttering Load

Construction Live Load 0.36 ton/m
Shuttering 0.05 ton/m

2.9 Moving Load and Combination

IRC CLASS 70R LOADING: This loading is to be normally adopted on all roads on which
permanent bridges and culverts are constructed. Bridges designed for Class 70R Loading
should be checked for Class A Loading also as under certain conditions, heavier stresses may
occur under Class A Loading.
IRC CLASS AA LOADING: This loading is to be adopted within certain municipal limits,
in certain existing or contemplated industrial areas, in other specified areas, and along certain
specified highways. Bridges designed for Class AA Loading should be checked for Class A
Loading also, as under certain conditions, heavier stresses may occur under Class A Loading.
IRC CLASS A LOADING: This loading is to be normally adopted on all roads on which
permanent bridges and culverts are constructed.
IRC CLASS B LOADING: This loading is to be normally adopted for timber bridges.
IRC CLASS SPECIAL VEHICLE (SV) LOADING: This loading is to be adopted for design
of new bridges in select corridors as may be decided by concerned authorities where passage
of trailer vehicles carrying stator units, turbines, heavy equipment and machinery may occur
occasionally. This loading represents a spectrum of special vehicles in the country and should
be considered for inclusion in the design wherever applicable.
Define Vehicular Load:
A) Class A

Figure 22 Class A Vehicle

B) 70R ( Wheeled )

Figure 23 70R Wheeled Vehicle

C) Special Vehicle

Figure 24 Special Vehicle

Load Combinations:

Figure 25 Live Load Combinations

Position of Vehicles:

A) Class A: For Class A, assign 3 lanes of Class A vehicles from bottom as well as from
top.
 Figure 26 Different Position of Class A Vehicle

B) 70R:
 Figure 27 24 Different Position of 70R Vehicle

C) Special Vehicle: The SV loading shall be considered to ply close to centre of

carriageway with a maximum eccentricity of 300 mm for single carriageway bridges or
for dual carriageway bridges. During the passage of SV loading, no other vehicle shall
be considered to ply on the bridge.

Figure 28 Position of Special Vehicle

2.10 Midas Result

1. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( SW of Girder ).

Table 6 BM & SF Due to SW of Girder

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0 234.33
Moment

0.375L 2004 0 218.29

Bending

025L 2003 0 173.43

Widening 2002 0 99.72
Girder

End 2001 0 15.7

Mid 2005 1.69 0
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 8.67 0

025L 2003 16.76 0
Widening 2002 24.88 0
End 2001 36.94 0

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133

Table 7 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 234.33
Moment

0.375L 2004 218.29

Bending

025L 2003 173.43

Widening 2002 99.72
Girder

End 2001 15.7

Mid 2005 1.69
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 8.67

025L 2003 16.76
Widening 2002 24.88
End 2001 36.94
2. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( SIDL ).

Table 8 BM & SF Due to SIDL

Shear Torsion Moment

Span Beam
Bending Moment T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.41 72.91
0.375L 2004 2.82 68.17
025L 2003 5.89 54.01
Widening 2002 12.06 30.72
Girder 1

End 2001 16.02 2.03

Mid 2005 0.28 0.41
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 2.64 2.82

025L 2003 5.38 5.89
Widening 2002 8.64 12.06
End 2001 10.39 16.02
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 0 28.27

0.375L 2004 1.07 26.56
025L 2003 2.06 21.73
Widening 2002 4.05 13.4
Girder 2

End 2001 5.01 2.06

Mid 2005 0 0
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 0.73 1.07

025L 2003 1.37 2.06
Widening 2002 2.6 4.05
End 2001 3.19 5.01
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 0 28.57

0.375L 2004 1.07 26.62
025L 2003 2.06 21.73
Widening 2002 4.05 13.4
Girder 3

End 2001 5.01 2.06

Mid 2005 0 0
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 0.73 1.07

025L 2003 1.37 2.06
Widening 2002 2.6 4.05
End 2001 3.19 5.01
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.41 72.91

Moment
0.375L 2004 2.82 68.17

Bending
025L 2003 5.89 54.01
Widening 2002 12.06 30.72
Girder 4

End 2001 16.02 2.03

Mid 2005 0.28 0.41
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 2.64 2.82

025L 2003 5.38 5.89
Widening 2002 8.64 12.06
End 2001 10.39 16.02

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133

Table 9 . Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 74.8411

0.375L 2004 81.4522
025L 2003 81.7519
Widening 2002 87.5226
Girder 1

End 2001 77.4842

Mid 2005 2.4653
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 17.6706

025L 2003 36.7737
Widening 2002 72.9198
End 2001 44.56066
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 28.27
0.375L 2004 31.5997

Moment
Bending
025L 2003 31.4326
Widening 2002 32.4755
Girder 2

End 2001 25.6571

Mid 2005 0
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 6.43631

025L 2003 12.35598
Widening 2002 24.19865
End 2001 13.87633
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 28.57
Moment

0.375L 2004 31.6597

Bending

025L 2003 31.4326

Widening 2002 32.4755
Girder 3

End 2001 25.6571

Mid 2005 0
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 6.43631

025L 2003 12.35598
Widening 2002 24.19865
End 2001 13.87633
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 74.8411
Moment

0.375L 2004 81.4522

Bending

025L 2003 81.7519

Widening 2002 87.5226
Girder 4

End 2001 77.4842

Mid 2005 2.46653
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 17.67906

025L 2003 36.79137
Widening 2002 72.95598
End 2001 44.56066
3. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( Deck+Diaphragm ).

Table 10 BM & SF Due to Deck+Diaphragm

Shear Torsion Moment

Span Beam
Bending Moment T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.25 216.8
0.375L 2004 0.46 201.05
025L 2003 1.04 159.32
Widening 2002 2.47 91.92
Girder 1

End 2001 3.57 0.78

Mid 2005 1.13 0.25
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 7.82 0.46

025L 2003 14.83 1.04
Widening 2002 23.53 2.47
End 2001 28.63 3.57
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 0.29 214.02

0.375L 2004 0.16 194.57
025L 2003 0.22 152.64
Widening 2002 0.45 88.43
Girder 2

End 2001 0.57 1.13

Mid 2005 2.57 0.29
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 8.24 0.16

025L 2003 14.41 0.22
Widening 2002 22.4 0.45
End 2001 27.3 0.57
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 0.29 214.02

0.375L 2004 0.16 194.57
025L 2003 0.22 152.64
Widening 2002 0.45 88.43
Girder 3

End 2001 0.57 1.13

Mid 2005 2.57 0.29
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 8.24 0.16

025L 2003 14.41 0.22
Widening 2002 22.4 0.45
End 2001 27.3 0.57
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.25 216.8

Moment
0.375L 2004 0.46 201.05

Bending
025L 2003 1.04 159.32
Widening 2002 2.47 91.92
Girder 4

End 2001 3.57 0.78

Mid 2005 1.13 0.25
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 7.82 0.46

025L 2003 14.83 1.04
Widening 2002 23.53 2.47
End 2001 28.63 3.57

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133

Table 11 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 217.9775
Moment

0.375L 2004 203.2166

Bending

025L 2003 164.2184

Widening 2002 103.5537
Girder 1

End 2001 17.5947

Mid 2005 2.4625
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 10.2718

025L 2003 20.3732
Widening 2002 36.6951
End 2001 36.24481
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 215.3859
Moment

0.375L 2004 195.3236

Bending

025L 2003 153.6762

Widening 2002 90.5495
Girder 2

End 2001 3.8147

Mid 2005 4.11657
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 9.09328

025L 2003 15.58326
Widening 2002 24.79985
End 2001 28.51581
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 215.3859

Moment
0.375L 2004 195.3236

Bending
025L 2003 153.6762
Widening 2002 90.5495
Girder 3

End 2001 3.8147

Mid 2005 4.11657
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 9.09328

025L 2003 15.58326
Widening 2002 24.79985
End 2001 28.51581
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 217.9775
Moment

0.375L 2004 203.2166

Bending

025L 2003 164.2184

Widening 2002 103.5537
Girder 4

End 2001 17.5947

Mid 2005 2.46325
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 10.27318

025L 2003 20.37632
Widening 2002 36.70251
End 2001 36.24481

4. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( Wearing Coat ).

Table 12 BM & SF Due to WC

Shear Torsion Moment

Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 0.04 54.13

0.375L 2004 0.03 50.7
025L 2003 0.07 40.51
Widening 2002 0.12 23.56
Girder 1

End 2001 0.11 0.27

Mid 2005 0.11 0.04
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.84 0.03

025L 2003 3.66 0.07
Widening 2002 5.95 0.12
End 2001 7.32 0.11
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.02 55.04

Moment
0.375L 2004 0.02 51.38

Bending
025L 2003 0.05 41.15
Widening 2002 0.11 23.96
Girder 2

End 2001 0.14 0.19

Mid 2005 0.165 0.02
Shear Force
0.375L 2004 1.87 0.02
025L 2003 3.72 0.05
Widening 2002 6.07 0.11
End 2001 7.5 0.14
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.02 55.04
Moment

0.375L 2004 0.02 51.38

Bending

025L 2003 0.05 41.15

Widening 2002 0.11 23.96
Girder 3

End 2001 0.14 0.19

Mid 2005 0.165 0.02
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.87 0.02

025L 2003 3.72 0.05
Widening 2002 6.07 0.11
End 2001 7.5 0.14
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 0.04 54.13
Moment

0.375L 2004 0.03 50.7

Bending

025L 2003 0.07 40.51

Widening 2002 0.12 23.56
Girder 4

End 2001 0.11 0.27

Mid 2005 0.11 0.04
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.84 0.03

025L 2003 3.66 0.07
Widening 2002 5.95 0.12
End 2001 7.32 0.11

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133
Table 13 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m

Bending Moment
Mid 2005 54.3184
0.375L 2004 50.8413
025L 2003 40.8397
Widening 2002 24.1252
Girder 1

End 2001 0.7881

Mid 2005 0.3232
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.9999

025L 2003 4.0331
Widening 2002 6.5896
End 2001 7.55463
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 55.1342

0.375L 2004 51.4742
025L 2003 41.3855
Widening 2002 24.4781
Girder 2

End 2001 0.8494

Mid 2005 0.27166
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.97666

025L 2003 3.98665
Widening 2002 6.65663
End 2001 7.79862
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 55.1342

0.375L 2004 51.4742
025L 2003 41.3855
Widening 2002 24.4781
Girder 3

End 2001 0.8494

Mid 2005 0.27166
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.97666

025L 2003 3.98665
Widening 2002 6.65663
End 2001 7.79862
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m

Bending Moment
Mid 2005 54.3184
0.375L 2004 50.8413
025L 2003 40.8397
Widening 2002 24.1252
Girder 4

End 2001 0.7881

Mid 2005 0.32332
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 1.99999

025L 2003 4.03331
Widening 2002 6.58996
End 2001 7.55463

5. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( Class 70R+Class A ).

Table 14 BM & SF Due to Class 70R+ClassA

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 8.44 387.64
Moment

0.375L 2004 8.92 388.97

Bending

025L 2003 13.96 327.57

Widening 2002 26.11 207.21
Girder 1

End 2001 29.93 10.21

Mid 2005 35.33 8.44
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 34.59 8.92

025L 2003 44.07 13.96
Widening 2002 60.46 26.11
End 2001 70.72 29.93
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 7.37 370.32
Moment

0.375L 2004 7.31 305.69

Bending

025L 2003 12.47 224.69

Widening 2002 24.05 121.08
Girder 2

End 2001 30.06 3.74

Mid 2005 19.61 7.37
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 24.22 7.31

025L 2003 27.74 12.47
Widening 2002 31.77 24.05
End 2001 33.03 30.06
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 4.69 306.73

Moment
0.375L 2004 8.14 289.12

Bending
025L 2003 1065 232.42
Widening 2002 19.25 140.47
Girder 3

End 2001 24.21 4.51

Mid 2005 20.03 4.69
Shear Force
0.375L 2004 23.02 8.14
025L 2003 29.83 1065
Widening 2002 39.7 19.25
End 2001 45.19 24.21
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 5.21 314.06
Moment

0.375L 2004 7.27 288.84

Bending

025L 2003 10.39 231.04

Widening 2002 16.43 142.2
Girder 4

End 2001 21.39 5.61

Mid 2005 22 5.21
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 26.96 7.27

025L 2003 32.91 10.39
Widening 2002 41.23 16.43
End 2001 45.93 21.39

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133

Table 15 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 427.3924
Moment

0.375L 2004 430.9832

Bending

025L 2003 393.3216

Widening 2002 330.1881
Girder 1

End 2001 151.1803

Mid 2005 80.3152
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 82.1336

025L 2003 118.4768
Widening 2002 199.6263
End 2001 134.5607
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 405.0327

Moment
0.375L 2004 340.1201

Bending
025L 2003 283.4237
Widening 2002 234.3555
Girder 2

End 2001 145.3226

Shear Force Mid 2005 58.91421
0.375L 2004 63.20423
025L 2003 94.24251
Widening 2002 160.0287
End 2001 97.14798
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 328.8199
Moment

0.375L 2004 327.4594

Bending

025L 2003 5248.57

Widening 2002 231.1375
Girder 3

End 2001 118.5391

Mid 2005 45.04177
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 66.43062

025L 2003 5709.475
Widening 2002 142.3603
End 2001 96.82993
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 338.5991
Moment

0.375L 2004 323.0817

Bending

025L 2003 279.9769

Widening 2002 219.5853
Girder 4

End 2001 106.3569

Mid 2005 49.78493
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 65.73091

025L 2003 88.31987
Widening 2002 128.8512
End 2001 91.55487
6. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( Class A ).

Table 16 BM & SF Due to Class A

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment Mid 2005 4.99 269.3
0.375L 2004 5.98 263.68
025L 2003 9.43 216.13
Widening 2002 16.41 125.8
Girder 1

End 2001 19.52 4.12

Mid 2005 14.13 4.99
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 19.8 5.98

025L 2003 26.63 9.43
Widening 2002 36.88 16.41
End 2001 40.48 19.52
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 3 238.13

0.375L 2004 4.57 229.98
025L 2003 7.49 189.49
Widening 2002 14.36 112.01
Girder 2

End 2001 17.97 3.83

Mid 2005 13.43 3
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 16.45 4.57

025L 2003 22.1 7.49
Widening 2002 31.49 14.36
End 2001 35.8 17.97
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 2.8 206.35

0.375L 2004 4.73 200.9
025L 2003 8.03 167.56
Widening 2002 15.45 99.23
Girder 3

End 2001 19.53 3.88

Mid 2005 13.8 2.8
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 16.3 4.73

025L 2003 20.76 8.03
Widening 2002 28.85 15.45
End 2001 32.17 19.53
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m

Bending Moment
Mid 2005 2.13 163.46
0.375L 2004 3.91 159.19
025L 2003 6.12 130.25
Widening 2002 11.66 74.21
Girder 4

End 2001 14.06 2.74

Mid 2005 5.68 2.13
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 9.64 3.91

025L 2003 13.84 6.12
Widening 2002 19.6 11.66
End 2001 21.22 14.06

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133

Table 17 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion

Shear Torsion Moment

Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 292.8029

0.375L 2004 291.8458
025L 2003 260.5453
Widening 2002 203.0911
Girder 1

End 2001 96.0592

Mid 2005 40.7267
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 51.6734

025L 2003 76.8919
Widening 2002 124.3453
End 2001 82.11616
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m

Bending Moment
Mid 2005 252.26
0.375L 2004 251.5047
025L 2003 224.7679
Widening 2002 179.6456
Girder 2

End 2001 88.4687

Shear Force Mid 2005 29.429
0.375L 2004 40.82181
025L 2003 62.04417
Widening 2002 108.0719
End 2001 74.13001
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 219.538
Moment

0.375L 2004 223.1783

Bending

025L 2003 205.3813

Widening 2002 171.9995
Girder 3

End 2001 95.8663

Mid 2005 28.7324
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 41.52509

025L 2003 63.58399
Widening 2002 111.2449
End 2001 73.82749
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 173.4923
Moment

0.375L 2004 177.6061

Bending

025L 2003 159.0752

Widening 2002 129.1286
Girder 4

End 2001 68.9626

Mid 2005 17.03929
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 30.49203

025L 2003 46.47796
Widening 2002 81.78278
End 2001 51.20998
7. Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force from Midas File ( SVL ).

Table 18 BM & SF Due to SVL

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m

Bending Moment
Mid 2005 4.15 369.51
0.375L 2004 1.83 298.17
025L 2003 3.37 211.57
Widening 2002 9.95 112.18
Girder 1

End 2001 12.42 3.92

Mid 2005 16.29 4.15
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 21.41 1.83

025L 2003 24.95 3.37
Widening 2002 28.8 9.95
End 2001 30.11 12.42
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 7.54 341.47

0.375L 2004 5.76 354.95
025L 2003 4.61 306.6
Widening 2002 16.02 188.33
Girder 2

End 2001 24.01 4.74

Mid 2005 24.92 7.54
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 21.78 5.76

025L 2003 330.63 4.61
Widening 2002 49.28 16.02
End 2001 60.92 24.01
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Bending Moment

Mid 2005 5.56 333.93

0.375L 2004 5.61 378.63
025L 2003 2.37 340.23
Widening 2002 8.86 215.7
Girder 3

End 2001 14.47 7.54

Mid 2005 38.18 5.56
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 23.36 5.61

025L 2003 34.58 2.37
Widening 2002 57.18 8.86
End 2001 72.61 14.47
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 5.74 438.23

Moment
0.375L 2004 3.84 353.42

Bending
025L 2003 0.55 250.89
Widening 2002 6.87 132.16
Girder 4

End 2001 9.02 3.44

Shear Force Mid 2005 19.97 5.74
0.375L 2004 25.82 3.84
025L 2003 30.33 0.55
Widening 2002 34.99 6.87
End 2001 36.26 9.02

EQUIVALENT SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DUE TO TORSION

Mt = T( 1 + D/B )/1.7 D = 2.100 Mt = M + T*4.710

Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.300 Vt = SF + T*5.333
Vc = V + 1.6*T/b B = 0.750 Vt = SF + T*2.133

Table 19 Equivalent BM & SF Due to Torsion

Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 389.0565
Moment

0.375L 2004 306.7893

Bending

025L 2003 227.4427

Widening 2002 159.0445
Girder 1

End 2001 62.4182

Mid 2005 38.4095
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 31.1639

025L 2003 42.9121
Widening 2002 81.8335
End 2001 56.60186
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 376.9834
Moment

0.375L 2004 382.0796

Bending

025L 2003 328.3131

Widening 2002 263.7842
Girder 2

End 2001 117.8271

Mid 2005 65.13082
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 52.49808

025L 2003 355.2151
Widening 2002 134.7147
End 2001 112.1333
 Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 360.1176

Moment
0.375L 2004 405.0531

Bending
025L 2003 351.3927
Widening 2002 257.4306
Girder 3

End 2001 75.6937

Shear Force Mid 2005 67.83148
0.375L 2004 53.27813
025L 2003 47.21921
Widening 2002 104.4304
End 2001 103.4745
Shear Torsion Moment
Span Beam
T T.m T.m
Mid 2005 465.2654
Moment

0.375L 2004 371.5064

Bending

025L 2003 253.4805

Widening 2002 164.5177
Girder 4

End 2001 45.9242

Mid 2005 50.58142
Shear Force

0.375L 2004 46.29872

025L 2003 33.26315
Widening 2002 71.62771
End 2001 55.49966
2.11 Result Comparison of Midas Civil and Staad Pro

A) Result due to SW, SIDL, Deck+Diaphragm and WC

BM DUE TO SW, SIDL, DECK + DIAPHRAGM & WC

250 234.33
223.16 216.8 221.227

200

150
BM ( T.m )

100
72.9 76.138
54.13 55.11
50

0
SW SIDL DECK & DIAPHRAGM WC
Midas 234.33 72.9 216.8 54.13
Staad 223.16 76.138 221.227 55.11

Midas Staad

Chart 1 Comparison of BM due to DL

SF DUE TO SW, SIDL, DECK + DIAPHRAGM & WC

40 36.94
34.308
35
28.63 28.95
30

25
SF ( T )

20

15
10.39 9.939
10 7.32 7.44

0
SW SIDL DECK&DIAPHRAGM WC
Midas 36.94 10.39 28.63 7.32
Staad 34.308 9.939 28.95 7.44

Midas Staad

Chart 2 Comparison of SF due to DL

 TORSION DUE TO SW, SIDL, DECK + DIAPHRAGM & WC

18 16.02
16
13.669
14
12
Torsion ( T )

10
8
6
3.57 3.514
4
2 0 0 0.12 0.052
0
SW SIDL DECK & DIAPHRAGM WC
Midas 0 16.02 3.57 0.12
Staad 0 13.669 3.514 0.052

Midas Staad

Chart 3 Comparison of Torsion due to DL

B) Result due to Vehicle loading

BM DUE TO CLASS A, CLASS 70R+CLASS A & SVL

450
387.64 382.09
400 369.51
350 331.92

300 269.3 283.43

BM ( T.m )

250
200
150
100
50
0
Class A Class 70R + Class A SVL
Midas 269.3 387.64 369.51
Staad 283.43 382.09 331.92

Midas Staad

Chart 4 Comparison of BM due to LL

 SF DUE TO CLASS A, CLASS 70R+CLASS A & SVL
80
70.72
70
60 56.77

50
40.48
SF ( T )

39.05
40
30.11
30 25.38

20
10
0
Class A Class 70R + Class A SVL
Midas 40.48 70.72 30.11
Staad 39.05 56.77 25.38

Midas Staad

Chart 5 Comparison of SF due to LL

TORSION DUE TO CLASS A, CLASS 70R+CLASS A & SVL

35
29.93
30

25
Torsion ( T.m )

20.78
19.52
20

15 12.42
9.7 9.12
10

0
Class A Class 70R + Class A SVL
Midas 19.52 29.93 12.42
Staad 9.7 20.78 9.12

Midas Staad

Chart 6 Comparison of Torsion due to LL

2.12 Design of Diaphragm

Span 30m
Summary of Bending Moment & Shear Force for Internal Diaphragm
Table 20 BM & SF of Internal Diaphragm
Deck Slab and Diaphragm
Span Shear Torsion Moment
T T.m T.m
Force Moment
Shear Bending

Mid 0 3.1

End 1.3 0

SIDL
Span Shear Torsion Moment
T T.m T.m
Moment
Bending

Mid 0 20.8
Shear
Force

End 6.9 0

Wearing coat
Span Shear Torsion Moment
T T.m T.m
Moment
Bending

Mid 0 0.5
Shear
Force

End 0.3 0

Live Load SVL (governing)

Span Shear Torsion Moment
T T.m T.m
Force Moment
Shear Bending

Mid 0.2 119.8

End 39.9 1
Table 21 Reaction at End Diaphragm

B1 B2 B3 B4
S/W OF GIRDER 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.9
DECK + DIA. 32.7 32.2 32.2 32.7
SIDL 13.7 1 1 13.7
WC 7.8 8 8 7.8
LL 39.5 34.3 91.1 32.8
70R + A 70R + A SVL SVL
 Intermediate Diaphragm :

Span = 3 m
Concrete = 45 Mpa
Steel = 500 Mpa
D = 1.85 m
B = 0.3 m

Mt = T ( 1 + D/B ) / 1.7 = T x 4.215686

BM due to, (Ref Midas

Result)
BM = M T=Torsion Md=Mt+M
T.m T.m T.m
Self + slab : 3.1 0 3.1
SIDL : 20.8 0 20.8
WC : 0.5 0 0.5
LL : 119.8 0.2 120.6431

Ultimate Moment = 214.1047 T.m/m

SF due to,
Vt = V + 1.6 T/B = V + 5.333333 x T
SF = V T=Torsion Vd=Vt+V
Self + Slab : 1.3 0 1.3
SIDL : 6.9 0 6.9
WC : 0.3 0 0.3
LL : 39.9 1 45.23333

Ultimate SF = 79.445 T

For M 45 Fe 500
fcd = α fck / ϒc
= 20.1 Mpa
Hence diaphragm is deep
l/D = 1.621621622 m < 3 beam
& > 1 ( IS 456:2000 )
Lever arm Z = 1.155 m Lever arm = 0.2 (l + 1.5 D)

As = MED / (0.87 fy Z)
= 4304.040463 mm2

[Cl.16.5.1.1(1), IRC : 112 -

As min = 0.26 fctm / fyk b d 2020]
= 1086.972393 mm2

at top &
Provide = 10 nos. 25 dia bottom
As.pro. = 4908.738521 mm2
VED = VED / bw z
= 2.315712843 Mpa

0.6 [ 1-
Strength reduction factor v = fck/310 ] [ Eq. 10.6 IRC:112-2020 ]
= 0.512903
Max. allowable shear stress = 5.193145 Mpa ( for θ = 45' )
> VED
= 3.5775 Mpa ( for θ = 21.8' )
> VED
Asw / s = VED bw / fyd cotθ
2 legged 10 dia Asw 157.0796 mm2
S = 240 mm

Minimun Shear Reinforcement [ Eq.16.5 IRC:112-2020 ]

Asw /S bw = (0.072*√fck) / fyk
Min.spacing S = 542.0382 mm

Max. Sapcing [ Eq.16.6 IRC:112-2020 ]

Sl.max = 0.75 d (1+cotα)
= 1335 mm
Provide 2 legged 10 dia 200 c/c

Side Face Reinforcement :

As = 0.002 b D
= 1110 mm2
Provide 10 dia 130 c/c on both face
2
As.pro. = 1208.304867 mm
 End Diaphragm :

Reaction/Girder : (Ref. Staad Result)

B1 B2 B3 B4
T T T T
S/W OF
GIRDER 37.9 37.9 37.9 37.9
DECK + DIA. 32.7 32.2 32.2 32.7
SIDL 13.7 1 1 13.7
WC 7.8 8 8 7.8

Ultimate
Load = 127.455
Critical case will be lifting condition.
127.455 127.455 127.455 127.455
3 3

1.5 6 1.5
254.91 Jack
Jack

BM hogging = 191.1825 T.m

BM sagging = 0 T.m

SF outer end = 127.455 T

SF inner end = -127.455 T

Span = 6
Lever arm Z = 1.755 m

Steel for Hogging BM,

As = MED / (0.87 fy Z)
= 2566.88 mm2
As min = 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d [Cl.16.5.1.1(1), IRC : 112 -2020]
= 1086.972 mm2
Provide
4 no. 25 dia.
+ 3 no. 20 dia.
As.pro. = 2905.973 mm2

Steel for Sagging BM,

As = 0 mm2
Provide
4 no. 20 dia.
As.pro. = 1256.637 mm2
VED = VED / bw z
= 2.445006 Mpa

Strength reduction factor v = 0.6 [ 1- fck/310 ] [ Eq. 10.6 IRC:112-2020 ]

= 0.512903
Max. allowable shear stress = 5.193145 Mpa ( for θ = 45' )
> VED
= 3.5775 Mpa ( for θ = 21.8' )
> VED
Asw / s = VED bw / fyd cotθ
2 legged 10 dia Asw 157.0796 mm2
S = 230 mm

Minimum Shear Reinforcement [ Eq.16.5 IRC:112-2020 ]

Asw /S bw = (0.072*√fck) / fyk
Min.spacing S = 542.0382 mm

Max. Spacing [ Eq.16.6 IRC:112-2020 ]

Sl.max = 0.75 d (1+cotα)
= 1335 mm
Provide 2 legged 10 dia 150 c/c

Side Face Reinforcement :

As = 0.002 b D
= 1110 mm2
Provide 10 dia 130 c/c on both face
As.pro. = 1208.305 mm2
2.13 Design of Deck Slab

Transverse Cantilever :

1. Generate a line model in STAAD.

Fig 2.26 Line Model in STAAD

2. Apply Permanent Load

1. Self-weight: UDL (thk. of slab * Density)

Fig 2.27 SW of Deck Slab

2. Crash barrier: Point Load

Fig 2.28 Crash barrier load

3. Wearing Coat: UDL (thk. of WC * Density)

Fig 2.29 WC Load

4. Live Load
Placing the wheel of 57Kn Axle of Class-A @ 0.15 mt. from crash barrier.

Fig 2.30 Vehicle Load

Result:

Table 22 Bending Moment Comparison

BENDING MOMENT (T.m)
Self-Weight of Crash barrier Wearing coat Live Load
Deck Slab (Class A)

STAAD 0.45 0.938 0.0527 3.4

MANUAL 0.45 0.938 0.0527 3

DESIGN OF DECK SLAB

(Ref : Worked Example C8.1 of IRC:SP:105-2015)

Transverse Cantilever: Max. Cantilever = 1.7 m

Class A train : 5.7 T Slab thk. 0.25 m

Wheel Impact F = 1.5 Crash barrier area 0.35 mm2

Cover 40 mm Wearing Coat thk. 0.075 m
Dia. Of bar 12 mm
 0.45

0.5
0.15

1.2 m
0.35

1. Self Wt. Slab = 0.45 T.m/m

2. Crash Barrier = 0.938438 T.m/m
3. Wearing Coat = 0.052734 T.m/m
4. Live Load = 2.9925 T.m/m

Annex B, IRC:
LOAD COMBINATION 6-2017
DL SIDL SURFACING LL
ULS 1.35 1.35 1.75 1.5
SLS 1 1 1.2 1

ULS B.M = 6.455426 T.m

SLS B.M (Quasi permanent comb.) = 1.451719 T.m
SLS B.M ( Rare comb.) = 4.444219 T.m

d = 204 mm

For M 45 Concrete Fe 500 Steel

β1 = 0.80952 β2 = 0.41597
fcd = α fck / ϒc = 20.1 Mpa

To find value of N.A.

X,

X = d/2β2 - √((d/2β2)^2 - (MED / β1 β2 b fcd))

= 245.20999 − 224.49
= 20.719991 mm

To check adequacy of section,

Ɛcu / (Ɛcu + Ɛyd) * d
Xlim = > X Ɛyd 0.002174
= 125.83908 mm Hence O.K.

Liver arm Z = 195.38111 mm

 Principal Reinforcement

As MED / (0.87 fy Z)
= 759.54424 mm2
= 12 mm 110 c/c
Spacing < 250
Aspro. = 1028.1576 mm2 or 2h Hence OK
[ Cl 16.1.1.(4) IRC:112-2020 ]
Extra = 12 mm 220 c/c

[Cl.16.5.1.1(1), IRC : 112 -

Minimum Reinforcement 2020]
As min = 399.5358 mm2 Asmin = 0.26 fctm bt d /fyk
As,min = 0.0013 bt
As min = 265.2 mm2 d
Hence O.K.

Distribution Steel = 20% of main steel = 151.9088 mm2 [Cl.16.6.1.1.(3), IRC: 112-2020]

Provide = 10 mm 300 c/c

Asd = 261.7994 mm2

Inner Panel :

Inner Panel :
LL class 70R bogi axle = 10 T
Span = 3 m I.F. = 1.25

BM due to,

1. Self Wt. Slab = 0.5625 T.m/m

2. Wearing Coat = 0.16875 T.m/m
3. Live Load = 4.6875 T.m/m

Annex B, IRC: 6-
LOAD COMBINATION 2017
DL SIDL SURFACING LL
ULS 1.35 1.35 1.75 1.5
SLS 1 1 1.2 1

ULS B.M = 8.085938 T.m

SLS B.M (Quasi permanent comb.) = 0.765 T.m
SLS B.M (Rare comb.) = 5.4525 T.m
d= 204 mm

For M 45 Concrete Fe 500 Steel

β1 = 0.80952 β2 = 0.41597
fcd = α fck / ϒc = 20.1 Mpa

To find value of N.A.

X,

X = d/2β2 - √((d/2β2) ^2 - (MED / β1 β2 b fcd))

= 245.20999 − 218.9539
= 26.256091 mm

To check adequacy of section,

Ɛcu / (Ɛcu + Ɛyd) * d >
Xlim = X Ɛyd 0.002174
= 125.83908 mm Hence O.K.

Liver arm Z = 193.07825 mm

Principal Reinforcement

As MED / (0.87 fy Z)
= 972.36459 mm2
= 12 mm 110 c/c
Aspro. = 1028.1576 mm2 Spacing < 250 or 2h Hence OK
(Alternate bent up. ) [ Cl 16.1.1.(4) IRC:112-2020 ]

[Cl.16.5.1.1(1), IRC : 112 -

Minimum Reinforcement 2020]
As min = 399.5358 mm2 Asmin = 0.26 fctm bt d /fyk
As min = 265.2 mm2 As,min = 0.0013 bt d
Hence O.K.

Distribution Steel = 20% of main steel = 194.4729 mm2 [Cl.16.6.1.1.(3),IRC:112-2020]

Provide = 10 mm 300 c/c

Asd = 261.7994 mm2
Longitudinal Cantilever at End Diaphragm:

12.5 T

0.25

0.75 m
0.3

Longitudinal Cantilever End Diaphragm :

LL class 70R bogi axle = 10 T

I.F. = 1.25

BM due to,
1. Self Wt. Slab = 0.1125 T.m/m
2. Wearing Coat = 0.03375 T.m/m
3. Live Load = 7.5 T.m/m
Annex B, IRC: 6-
LOAD COMBINATION 2017
DL SIDL SURFACING LL
ULS 1.35 1.35 1.75 1.5
SLS 1 1 1.2 1

ULS B.M = 11.46094 t.m

SLS B.M (Quasi permanent comb.) = 0.153 t.m
SLS B.M ( Rare comb.) = 7.653 t.m

d = 204 mm

For
M 45 Concrete Fe 500 Steel
β1 = 0.80952 β2 = 0.41597
fcd = α fck / ϒc = 20.1 Mpa

To find value of N.A. X,

X = d/2β2 - √((d/2β2)^2 - (MED / β1 β2 b fcd))

= 245.21 − 207.4261
= 37.78389 mm
 To check adequacy of section,

Xlim = Ɛcu / (Ɛcu + Ɛyd) * d > X Ɛyd 0.002174

= 125.8391 mm Hence O.K.

Liver arm
Z = 188.283 mm

Principal Reinforcement

As = MED / (0.87 fy Z)
= 1413.322 mm2
= 20 mm 220 c/c
Spacing < 250 or
Aspro. = 1427.997 mm2 2h Hence OK
( At Top.) [ Cl 16.1.1.(4) IRC:112-2020 ]

Minimum Reinforcement [Cl.16.5.1.1(1), IRC : 112 -2020]

As min = 399.5358 mm2 Asmin = 0.26 fctm bt d /fyk
As min = 265.2 mm2 As,min = 0.0013 bt d
Hence O.K.

Distribution Steel = 20% of main steel = 282.6644 mm2 [Cl.16.6.1.1.(3), IRC: 112-2020]

Provide = 10 mm 270 c/c

Asd = 290.8882 mm2
Chapter 3 – PSC Girder Design

3.1 Tendon Property

1. T 1&2 - 16T13
Tendon area = 1579.2 𝑚𝑚2
Strand diameter = 12.7 mm
Duct diameter = 85mm
UTS = 183.7 Kn
Friction Factor = 0.17
Wobble Coefficient = 0.002/m
Slip = 6mm (Both End)
Low Relaxation Steel
Jacking Force = 234.10 T

2. T 3&4 - 19T13
Tendon Area =1877.2 𝑚𝑚2
Jacking Force = 278 Kn

3. T 5&6 - 13T13
Tendon area = 1284.4 𝑚𝑚2
Jacking Force = 190.21 Kn

3.2 Cable Co-ordinate

Table 23 Cable Co-ordinate
Cable No. & 1 2 3 4 5 6
Location
End 250 250 600 950 1350 1650
1/8 dist. 125 125 404.5 671.1 1051.9 1344.8
1/4 dist. 125 125 228.7 420.3 828.8 1070.4
3/8 dist. 125 125 225 415 605.8 796
Mid 125 125 225 415 605 795
 Cable Elongation Calculation

Elongation δ = P I / A E
P = Force in cable in T
I = Length of cable section considered
A = Area of cable in sq.mm
E = Modulus of elasticity of cable N/mm2

Cabe No. Length in m

Force after friction loss T Elongation δ

1 14.65 225.808178 106.5825

2 14.65 225.808178 106.5825

3 14.65 267.53886 106.6559

4 14.65 266.5464 106.2603

5 14.65 182.6320336 106.9349

6 14.65 182.1793338 106.6698

PRESTRESSING ELONGATION FORCE

CABLE NO. CABLE
STAGE (mm) (T)
LENGTH (m)
1
107 234.1 29.304 + A.L.
1st STAGE (16 Strands)
(AFTER 10 DAYS OF
GIRDER CASTING OR 2
85% CONCRETE
107 234.1 29.304 + A.L.
(16 Strands)
STRENGTH ACHIVED
WHICHEVER IS LATER) 3
107 278 29.318 + A.L.
(19 Strands)
4
107 278 29.338 + A.L.
2nd STAGE (19 Strands)
(AFTER 28 DAYS OF
GIRDER CASTING OR 5
100% CONCRETE
107 190.21 29.334 + A.L.
(13 Strands)
STRENGTH ACHIVED
WHICHEVER IS LATER) 6
107 190.21 29.366 + A.L.
(13 Strands)
Figure 29 Cable Location

Figure 30 Cable Profiling

3.3 Loss of Stress

1. Loss of Stress Due to Friction

In the case of post-tensioned members, the tendons are housed in ducts preformed in concrete.
The ducts are either straight or follow a curved profile depending upon the design requirements.
Consequently, on tensioning the curved tendons, loss of stress occurs in the post-tensioned
members due to friction between the tendon and surrounding ducts.
The magnitude of the prestressing force Px, at a distance x from tensioning end,
Px = Po.e-(μα + kx)

2. Loss Due to Anchorage Slip

In most post-tensioning systems, when the cable is tensioned and the jack is released to transfer
prestress to concrete, the friction wedges, employed to grip the wires, slip over a small distance
before the wires are firmly housed between the wedges and loss of prestress is occur.

3. Loss Due to Elastic Deformation of Concrete

The loss of prestress due to elastic deformation of concrete depends on the modular ratio and
the average stress in concrete at the level of steel.

4. Loss Due to Relaxation of Stress in Steel

Most of the codes provide for the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel as a percentage of the
initial stress in steel.

5. Loss Due to Shrinkage of Concrete

The shrinkage of concrete in prestressed members results in a shortening of tensioned wires
and hence contributes to the loss of stress. The total residual shrinkage strain will be larger in
pretensioned members after transfer of prestressed in comparison with post-tensioned
members, where a portion of shrinkage will have already taken place by the tie of transfer of
stress.

6. Loss Due to Creep of Concrete

The sustained prestress in the concrete of a prestressed member results in creep of concrete
which effectively reduces the stress in high-tensile steel.
3.4 Calculation of Losses:

1. Force in Cable After Friction Loss

Co-efficient of Friction μ = 0.17 Table 7.1

Wobble Co-efficient k = 0.002 /m IRC:112-2020

Initial Force in Force in

Cable No. Length in m Slope μ k T Loss in T T

1 14.65 0.036 0.17 0.002 234.1 8.291822 225.8082

2 14.65 0.036 0.17 0.002 234.1 8.291822 225.8082

3 14.65 0.049 0.17 0.002 278 10.46114 267.5389

4 14.65 0.07 0.17 0.002 278 11.4536 266.5464

5 14.65 0.062 0.17 0.002 190.21 7.577966 182.632

6 14.65 0.076 0.17 0.002 190.21 8.030666 182.1793

Reference:
• IRC 6-2017
• IRC 112-2020
• IRC:SP:105-2015
• Prestressed Concrete by N Krishna Raju
• Grillage Analogy in Bridge Deck Analysis by C.S.Surana and R.Agrawal