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Answer to the question no:1

Actually, public policy is One kind of Political decision for implementing Programs for acquire
social goals. Before knowing the public policy, we have to know the policy. So now the
Question is what is policy? Policy is made the response to sort of Problem which need to
attention for the people or public behalf.
Besides it's the solution of some Problem, but not all the problems, it works with some serious
problems like educational policy, Environmental Policy health Policy, transportation policy.
Policy is a decision making from Work or Course of action to achieve a desired effect or change.
So public policy is distinct from Procedures and guideline, which are Operational instructions or
process for applying a policy decision.
Now the Question is, who make this. Public policy? Actually, policy is made by government, but
ideas come from Outside government and non-governmental site. For example, in this Covid-19
Situation Our government takes many policies initiative for handling this pandemic. So, we See
that it’s a time demand process. For serious Problem, government would take public policy.
Then public policy making is public, so it will influence people as well as private decisions. But
Our government is Center of the Public policy, it works with public problem like Constitution,
Case law etc.
Now we discuss the role of the public in the creation and implementation of public policy. Public
participation is described as the involvement of citizen. In a wide range of activities that relate to
making and implementing of policy which determine levels of Service budget priorities, officials
of local government rely on citizen inputs to stay informed about public Concerns and gain
insight to Citizen Preferences. Public participation also prevents the abuse of administrative
political power.

Answer no:2
Given that politics is that the study of who gets what, once they catch on and the
way they catch on, which public policy is that the process of working problems
that are within the public interest or a minimum of within the public sphere,
politics are intimately linked. Politics allows for the balancing of varying public
interests so as to constitute the simplest possible policy. insignificancy is affected a
new way within the commission of policy. Given this, politics seeks to assuage the
damages or burden on some while feeding benefit and back to others.
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Answer no:3
Explain four Systems of policy polities and choice.
There have four types of policy
1) Regulative Policy
2)Redistributive policy
3)Distributive Policy
4) Constituent Policy.
Government has policies known as Public Policies. Now we see the four System of
Policy, Politics.
1) Regulative policies: It means Compelling certain behaviors or Standards of Individual
for the Safety of the general population.
Regulatory Policy are about specifying behavior that behavior of individuals and groups
that allowed about specifying giving conditions and constraints for individual and
collective behavior. This Policy Concerned with regulations of activities which done by
independent Organizations on the behalf of the government. Actually, thing policy which
limits the activities of Individuals and corporations that prohibits.
Certain types of unacceptable behavior designed to change or the behavior of Certain
group on individual Examples: Licensing of doctors, lawyers and other professionals,
Environmental regulations.

2) Redistributive Policy: This policy refers that transfer Resources from one group to assist
another group which shift resources from the " have" to the " have nots" Sometimes it
called 'Robin Hood' Policy. Here wealth to sections.
of the population. Mainly aimed at balancing Out Come inequality in the Society. Some
people are accumulated a lot of wealth, Private Property and Private goods side, and other
a lot of people don't get money, they remain poor, for balance the income inequality, the
government will import the tax Upon the rich then those
money. Redistribute to the poor people by poverty alleviating Programs, so we Can Say
'it, The rearrangement of Policies. For examples are Programmed like "food Stamps"
affordable housing with low income." for people

3) Distributive Policies: This Policies directed at producing goods that benefits all the
members of the Populations. The cost of the Production of goods is shared by all the
members of the State. Distributive policies which Provide benefits to individuals, groups,
Communities OR Corporation, funded by the whole tax payers base to address the needs
of a particular group. For examples, German government decided to make all public
education being not free, then people be obliged to pay should tuition fee. Another
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example is Policies aimed at providing internal Security Policies for improving access to
education.
4) Constitutive policy: This Policies directed at making changes in the government policy
making Process of a modifying State. It about changing the way government works it's
about Changing the state institutions. Actually, this policy issues are Concerned with the
setting Up or reorganization of Institutions. It creates executive Power entitles and deal
with laws. Policy giving power of a particular institution or redirecting from one
government agency to another. For example: new agency, Propaganda etc.

Answer no:4
Policy making Starts with decision making Process through implementation and it is Cyclical
with evaluation feeding back into the next round of agenda Setting. The public policy making
Process Plays a central role, the main purpose of the government, set policy and then government
workers Carry out those policies. Public Policy involves actions taken by public officials.
and public institutions for meet Challenges of real-world issues, we faced many problems in a
social life, when we faced major problems, then we need to solve those problems. so, for those
Solution, we need to help from government, because Our government have "monopoly"
authoritative power by the States. Government can lead any Laws, rules, Regulations, policy etc.
So public Policy is the central component in this issues, civil Society or interest group declared
Some issues then government take as a Concern. There have many social problem and political
issue those are being addressed by government authority. After next time government following
a Framework for solving those issues. This Process are called public policy cycle. The Cyclical
perspective emphasize feedback loop process which leads to upgrade the policy making process.

Figure: policy making process

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Agenda setting: It is the first steps of policy making process. When a social problem arise in the
society ,then government takes many agenda for solutions. Agendam is the initial stage of the
policy making process. Here key actors is different interest groups, government officials as well
as media.They are concern about public rights.
Policy formulation: This stage needs to refined through bureaucratic process. When a takes a
policy then it formulated through political channels. In this stage expose the problems as well as
demand to government programs. Here needs to impact assessment.

Answer no:5
There have different patterns of agenda setting like there have public agenda setting, media
agenda setting and policy agenda setting. Modern societies actually considered by an individual
role of the public/media agenda-setting as well as policy making, when new types of problems
arise.

Answer no: 6
Agenda Setting is the stage where Policy makers Select Various Public Problems with the aim of
finding Solutions to them. Agenda is a Collection of problems, Understanding of Causes,
symbols, solutions. Its list of bills before legislature by government, the private sector, NGO.
Now there are many problems to solve but due to scarcity of available resources, the government

Can't solve everything therefore Some problems must be selected of other Problems and there is
much politics, an easy way to Understand agenda setting is to see it as government making to-do
list. So there have three level of agenda settings by which an agenda would be proceed.
1) Systemic agenda 2) Institutional agenda 3) Decision Agenda
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Agenda setting typically goes through these stages.

Figure: Levels of agenda

Systemic agenda: There every issue that People Care about, so if one
individual cares about it. There all issues public officials. when problem or idea
successfully done by the systematic agenda, then moves into the institutional
agenda.

Institutional agenda: which is the set of items that are explicitly up for active
and Serious Consideration by decision makers. So, there are the issue that is
really potentially going to look at state government.
Institution might increase their carrying Capacity which address issues, from
the system agenda list, issues are chosen as the ones policymakers should
analyze.

Decision Agenda: It Acted upon by governmental body. When decision go a

level of government, then it expands to another level of government.
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Answer no:8
Policy Problem refers that an act of Conceptualizing Collective problem.
challenges to be deal with Actually, In the public domain, we face people face
many Problems and issues, as government have the 'monopoly Power to takes
decisions, so government need to deal with social Problems.
So there have much issues in our Society, but Problems, government Could
define policy Problems. If we take a look at the policy Under Construction then
there was
no problem analysis Carried out before the programmed policy problem which
is rebuilt. so there have much issue in our society, but all issues are not
considered as Center problem. open political and legislative process for
implementing a policy. so, government need to select or filter the Center issue
and take some Policies but those policies are not working all the time for
administrative as well as bureaucracy Issue. This called the policy problem.
actually, policies determine politics.it linked to the increasing focus of policy
analysis, on exact policy sector. actually, policy sector would be seen relevant
variable for explaining politics like parties, Institutions political culture etc.
Some other problems are excluded from agenda due to some reasons. Actually,
government consider the vital issues which is essential for a state. For example,
Covid 19 pandemic issue, our government took many policies for protecting
this virus but there have some less priority issue which is excluded from the
agenda.

Answer no:9
Iron triangle is a mutually dependent one Relationship between bureaucracy
Agencies and stakeholders’ Congressional committees or Subcommittee. They
dominate some areas according to domestic politics, Max Weber bureaucracies
have been appointed Authority structures using tasks Specialization work
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according to the merit Principle and behave with and Personality bureaucracies
rule modern states an interest group is one Organization of people who have shared
political goals, in turn, the political process trying to achieve at several points
interest groups pursue these goals There are finally goals in many arenas Congress,
the national United States legislature Congress helps stakeholders friendly
legislation and oversight Interest groups then help bureaucracies with congress
support via lobby Bureaucracies then associate with Congress by giving them
political choices and Execution of the Iron Triangle can go also starting differently
with Bureaucracies. Public policy in the United States difficult we have many big
problems sometimes we try to solve them with public order and us need federal
cooperation Private sector agencies and Congress committee, for example in
healthcare, if we want to pass on Healthwatch out, you have to get the doctors and
the insurance companies and Organizations like that Seniors and their health care
to cooperate with the Congress and Cooperation with a federal authority everyone
have to come together to create these solutions.