PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM ar2re016 Table 1. Radiographic Equivalency Factors from ASM Materials Handbook, 9 Ed, Vol 17 ‘Table 2. MIL-STD-453 Quality Levels of Inspections, fe Penetranetar | iF, PesetranatiF | WIn~ Peoetrametar [Fav Faretrane er] Designation | Tatekoess 17. | ole Olaneter 2/' | Seuiteivtey 3 T= 1. 1 TE ° ver ” nt oe 1 ae a 1 1a 2 peat n aw 2 a zee * a at apeessed as percentage of mater 1 eben Expressed as multiple of thlchness of penetrameter. Equivalent penetraneter sensitivity 1g that thickness of the penetra upressed ana percentage of te ipecinan ehicknert tn thich 42T fale would be Clearly witote under the sane radlographle cond tons. 1583PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM ayta2016 Table 8. Shim Block Exposures. Exposures of shims have been made with a new X-ray tube. The exposures were made with the same films, screens, SFD, and processor. Each "group" was shot with a specific kV and specific mA to the same Tadiographie fim density. ‘GROUP ‘SHIM THICKNESS: EXPOSURE (MINUTES) (INCH) x 0.10 70 a 0.25 70.0 A 0.40 40.0 x O82 3000 8 025 40 a ‘050 40.0 B ‘O72 300.0 c 0.25 70 ¢ 0.45 2009 c 0.60) 40.0 c 0.80) Too. Table 4, Half and Tenth Value Layer Thickness Source AVL TVL (inch UOS) (inch UOS) 0.49 Pb, 1.62 Pb Co-60 09 Fe 27 Fe 2.45 Concrete 8.1 Concrete 0.19 Pb, 0.64 Pb Ir-192 cake 0.24 mm Pb 08mm Po 100 Kev 046 Concrete 2.0 Concrete 03 mm Pb 0.95 mm Pb 150 Kev 0.88 Conerete 2.9 Conerete 05 mm Pb 1.6mm Po 200 KeV 1.0 Concrete 3.3 Concrete 1.5 mm Pb 4.6mm Pb 300 KeV 1.23 Conerete 4.1 Concrete 7693PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM ( .ge 308, Table 4) a/122016 ‘TABLE 6, Radioactive Sources (McMasters 26.6; CT-6-6 page 5-9; ASM Vol 17 Tsotope Half Lite Gamma Energies | Aiper Crhr @ Mev im C06 5S years a7 and 1.35, 135 1192 74 days O2ttooeii2 055 rays) Csia7 ‘Ba years 0.66. 038. Tmi70 127 days (0.054 and 0.084 [0.008 Fa226 1600 years. 021022 0.84 [Se75: 420 days (0.066 to 0.407 (yb-169, 32 days (0.093. avg. T1193PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM eni2/2016 Figure 1. Exposure Chart, 2000R/min 8 Mev Lineac, Lead Screens Front and Back, 10 ft SFD, 2.5 Film Density 1000 | 40000000 4000000 | 100000 a 3 3 € 10000 cz 5 Film 1 z -» Film 2) 3 & S w 100 10 O 10 20 Thickness (inches of steel)PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM an2io16 Figure 2. image Quality Nomograph (ASTM E 1025). o or nr he as ‘A= [QI thickness as a percentage of part thickness B= IOI hole size as a percentage of part thickness a=(AxB/2)°0.5 7993aia2016 PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM Figure 3. H & D Curves st xi oor ex osx! eexi— sexi aangudxa any ae vot wz et ‘S3AUNO OILBIULOVEYHO oot ovoPRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM an2r2016 Figure 4. Deleted Kodak Ch. 16 5/14 8193PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM err2/2016 Figure 5. Minimum SFD for various focal spot or radioisotope source sizes to obtain ‘equivalent geometrical unsharpness of image for radiographic quality levels 1 and 2 (Table 2). ‘Mon caueed 6) For.» eadtosraphic Reioears tre shere 0.08 raed. 8m SOUREE-TO-PAM.LSTANCE I, GES Tees Powatl s. Gras ss ie SPLEEN TmceNESS fy), memes Br 32 4 The Fite shat be as close to_ine specingn Nider te onevet 8293.PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM anareore Figure 6. MIL-STD.483 increase in SFD for various radioigotope sources whose lengths are greater than 1/8 inch. a ff LETT TI g 26x i axe | Be Cn a SOURCE LENGTH (INCHES) im distance to use vith a 3MPRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM ani2/2016 84/93PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM alt2/2016 Exposure (Minutes) 3 0.4 Figure 7. Source Exposure Chart ‘Steel Thickness (Inches)PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM ayv2/2016 Figure 8. Setups 1 Through 4. Ol, ‘ OBE FILMS & SOREENS wr TEADBAGK FILTER ort | OBECT er Fils SCREENS ame | CONCRETE FLOOR Sa Soup Ol, + ‘OBJECT FILMS & SCREENS | Fumsa ‘SCREENS | [ CONCRETE FLOOR Setup 3 Sotup 4 86193,PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM 12/2016 Figure 9. Flaw Location by Parallax QD Wh 8793PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM en22016 Figure 10. Source Exposure Arrangement. FIMDENSIY [10 [20 | 30 | 40 REQUIRED 10 | 23 | 37 | 84 EXPOSURE IN RAD. HALF VALUE LAYER THICKNESS OF INNER WALL = 0.5 INCH | SaaS 88193,PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM air2i2018 RADIOGRAPHIC TEST SPECIFICATION FOR WELDS. 1. GENERAL. 1.1. This procedure covers radiographic testing of welds when required by the contractor. ‘These instructions are for testing groove welds only in butt joints, 1.2. Variation in the procedure, equipment and acceptance standards not included in this document may be used upon agreement with the Engineer. Such variations include the radiographic testing of filet, T, and commer welds; changes in SFDs; unusual application of film or unusual geometries and film exposure or development variations. 2. EXTENT OF TESTING. 2.1. Information furnished tothe bidder shall clearly identify the extent of radiograpnic testing. 2.2, When complete testing is specified, the entire length ofthe weld in each designated joint shall be inspected. 2.3. When spot testing is specified, the number of spots in each designated category of ‘welded joint to be radiographed in a stated length of weld shall be included in {information furnished o the bidders. Each spot radiograph shall show at least 4 inches (102 mm) of weld length. Ifa spot radiograph shows discontinuities that required repair two adjacent spots shal be inspected. If discontinuities requiring repair are show in either ofthese, the entire length of weld in that welded joint shall be tested radiographically 3. RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE. 3.1. Radiographs shall be made by either X-ray or isotope radiation methods. All radiographs shall measure the sizeof discontinuities having thickness equal to or greater than 2 percent of the thickness of the thinner of the parts joined by the weld under examination. They shall be clean, ee of film processing defects, and shall have a film density not less than 1-5 and not more than 4.0. Although radiographs (each single film) may have a film density of 1.5 minimum to 4 maximum, densities within tie range of 2.5 to 3.5 are preferred. Radiographs shall show: 3.1:1 The smallest hole in each penetrameter as specified in Figure 11. 3.1.2 The penetrameter identification number. 3.1.3 The radiographic identification and location marks indicated in Figure 12 required by 3s. 3.2. Radiography shall be performed in accordance with al applicable safety requirements. 3.3. A weld tha is to be radiograpled need not be ground or etherwise smoothed for purposed of testing unless its surface iregularties or juncture with the base metal could ‘eause objectionable weld discontinuities to be obscured inthe radiograph. Whea weld reinforcement or backing is not removed, carbon steel shims shal be placed under the penetrameter so thatthe total thickness of steel between the peneicameter and the film is at least equal (othe average thickness ofthe weld measured through its reinforcement and backing. 3.4. Two or more penetrameters shall be used foreach radiograph on a film 10 inch (254 ‘mm) or more in length. Only one penetramier need be used for radiographs on films les than 10 inches in length. Penetrameter shall be placed onthe side ofthe work nearer the radiation source, as shown in Figure 12. Penetrameters shall conform to the details shown in Figure 11 except that other penetrameters may be used provided they 9mPRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM err22016 ‘have identification aumbers indicating penetrameter thickness in thousandths ofan inch ‘and comply with all other conditions of this paragraph and Figure 11. The thickness of teach penetrameter shall be equal to or less than 2 % of the thickness of the thinner of| the pasts joined by the weld under examination, but ned not be less than 0.005 ine 0.13 mm), 3.4.1 Each penetrameter shall carry lead numbers which identify the minimum thickness ‘of material (0 the nearest 05 inch (1.3 mmm) for which it may be used, ‘The images of these identifying numbers shall appear clearly on the radiograph. 3.5. A radiograph identification mark and two location identification marks shall be placed ‘nthe steel at each radiograph location. A corresponding radiograph identification ‘mark, and a location identification mark, both of which will show inthe radiograph, shal be superimposed on each of the location identification marks made onthe stel to provide a means for matching the developed radiograph to the weld. 36, Any additional information shall be preprinted no less than % inch (19 mm) from the ‘edge ofthe weld or shall be indicated by lead figures on steel. 3.7. Radiographs shall be made with a single source of radiation approximately centered with respect tothe length of the are being examined, The perpendicular distance from the radiation source tothe film shall be no Jess than seven times the maximum thickness ofthe weld under examination, andthe rays shall not penetrate the weld at an angle areater than 26.5 degrees from a line perpendicular to the weld surface. The film during exposure, shall be as close to the surface of the weld opposite the source of radiation ws. possible. 4. QUALITY OF WELDS. 4.1. Visual Inspection. All welds shall be visually inspected. A weld shall be acceptable by visual inspection if it shows that: 4.1.1 The weld as no cracks. 4.1 2Complete fusion exists between the weld metal and the base metal 4.1.3 ll craters are filled to the fll cross section ofthe weld 42. Nondestructive Inspection. Welds that are subject to radiographic testing in addition to ‘visual inspection, shall be unacceptable ifthe radiographic testing shows any ofthe types of discontinuities given in 4.2.1,4.2.2, or 4.2.3, 4.2.1 For welds subject wo stress under any condition of loading, the greatest dimension of any porosity cr fusion type discontinuity that is 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) or larger in ‘greatest dimension shall nt exceed the size. B.indleated Figure 13 forthe effective throat or weld size involved. The distance from any porosity or fusion type discontinuity described above to another such discontinuity, to an edge orto any intersection weld shall not be less than the minimum clearance allowed, C, indicated by Figure 13 forthe size of discontinuity under examination, 42.2independent of the requirements of 4.2.1 discontinuities having a greatest dimension of less than 1/16 inch (1.6 mn) ifthe sum of their greatest dimension exceeds 3/8 Inch (9.5 mm) In any linear inch of weld. 4.2.3 The limitation given by Figure 13 for 1-1/2 inch (28.1 mm) joint effective throat shall apply tall joins or effective throats of greater thickness 903:PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM ari2/2016 Figure 11. Penetrameter Design Requirements. Dimensions in inches. All holes shall be true and normal to the surface and not chamfered. Penetrameters shall be made of carbon steel. ed Co 3 feiss enor (re yeh Intestate ad oy hemarfecver rey shot aba be sel hee - 2.25 (reyneng nto tan }—— > ——| [sot 9193PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM eyt2/2016 Figure 12. Penetrameter Placement and identification. “Ignore references to 6.10.12 of ASME Code, 9293,PRACTICE RADIOGRAPHY EXAM en2re016 Figure 19. Weld quality requirements in Figure 19 for discontinuities occuring in welds (limitation of porosity and fusion type discontinuities). ‘A-0n0oF WELD SUH OR PET WELDS, mF} sta a a os # va Note: Adjacent discontinulies spaced less than the minimum spacing required in Figure 13 shall be measured as one length equal to the sum ofthe total length of the discontinuities plus the length of the space between them and evaluated as a single iscontinuty by Figure 13, 08S ap Sea BP BS Hn oN HDT Figure 14 Spectral Sensitivity of Fim (Kodak, page 143, figure 124) 9598sere ayy yor? 233 ywoursd or 24% 243 4 tge7 tun ead ow oie L(y Pus NE hme sunsoaxg anuyay 907 tse coe 4 O80 too et oon so ooo ooo oro oo or z ove E g ove § ows wr ox Gaarap ‘S3AUND OUSRBLOVUVHO lspeomroe : rors ou- vor se ve TR AMS TOS,ees jo soyout aay ® gat co 101 pout: P1001 19406; 108 h08— Too ws suasnson ‘sasond ewe Wae=oas || Tires |RAT RESOLUTION, SPEED, AND GRAIN July 30, 2014 ( ‘The large circle in each box represents a hole in apart, For each of the four boxes do the ‘ following: 41. Count the numberof smaller circles that intersect the large circle and are contained within the large ice. Ard enter that number next to the large box. 2._ Relative to theimage with the largest icles compare the numberof circles overlapped by the hole shown inthe other boxes 3. Use a pencil tocol each ofthe smaller ccs intersected by the hole. 44 Which most accurately reflects the true shape and contour of the hole?KRAFT RESOLUTION, SPEED, AND GRAIN uly 20,2018