- Level II Questions Radiographic Testing Method Nature of Penetrating Radiation 1. Aoms ofthe same clement tat have different ‘umber of neutone ae called Slement. a. molecules B iotoper ieomere 2. The mumber of potive charges on he miles ofan stom quale he umber of seston some number ‘mimber of photons Soma wee Ds 3, Untke ets nd ap paces, netons veo a charge © ae a tata. asa 4. Radiation saterng increases: «the energy of he incident radon decreases © the ie othe ation fed increases « theampe of cater decreases, 4 aloft shove 82610 Interaction between Penetrating Radiation and Matter 5. thas been fund from experinent that 3 adition team a ines passing through thickness of material At undeross 2 ecreas ia otensity This cn be expressed by the ‘suntion A= de where is consent of, Proportional. This expusses which ofthe folowing penomens? 2 photoelectric eect, 6 Campion setting © sarin 1 alfa thickness Baas 6 The number of ion pis produced pe centimeter of eackimaiicalled ttl nization © specif lontztion 4 remgen pas 7. Which of te following partite cr ays have the bigest ionizing effect in? 2 alpha paces 1 hea punces 4 gamma and Xays pas 5. The intensity of a monoenergetcralstion afer using though a mater nny be elclted by the Formula = fe. Ths formula doesnot ake ste 8 linear absorption ap half ave layer thickness 4 senuation p20Radiographic Testing Method Level It 9. A.Co-60 source has intensity of 1 600 mh aa Aistance of 18m (6). Workers ned tobe a hat stance rom the source bat shoud receive only 2imfuh approximately How mech ste shedang is requied? (Figure 3 may be wie o determine the ‘comet answer) 2. Timm asin) © Imm (69in) © 246m (23m) 1 cannot be determined from ta given ic Ht di» iin g B Bt tom Thickness (ln) Broad-Beam Shielding for Absorption of ‘Gamma Rays in Tron Figure 3 10. ir production ours when electromagnetic radlaon const of photons n what energy range? 2. 0.025 1901 Me 5 301050 Mev" ©. 102 er pester MeV SorwioMey 1. Inthe photoeecvc interaction proces: 1 elecuons ae emits 1 carats X ays ae emit ©. secondary photon re emited 4 alto the above eau 12. The Compton interaction proces is characterized by: 4. absence of secondary radiation 3. notanster of energy pon interaction ©. prodcton ofan lectonposivon pair 4. pal waster of energy upon colton Bau 13. The “tuilhup” factor in radiation atenusion ite: 2 tio of broad bem intensity to nartow-beamn Intensity ata particular absorber thickness > abortion owen divided by the half vale layer ai 1/1 in h= hem 4 percentage of radiation absorbed in unit hichness otmaterat Aus3t 14, The major component of ster he low-enerzy sleeromagneti ation produced by photons ‘eskened inthe: 4 photoelectric pocest B Compton proses © pir roducton process 4. fonzaton process 216 15. The increase ia adiationpsing thigh mater de toate nt forward icc called 2 buil-op reduction tor . backseter 1 bremestaung Das 216 16. High-nery photons of 1.02 MeV oe greater ‘ypcally mera wath mater by whe ofthe flowing? 2. photoetete process Compton process © pir proditon process 1 hermione proses paneau 17. Inwhich of the following proceses wil some energy ofthe neracting photon be used dislodge the letron em i rit andthe eine aed Wo ive the cecuon Kinetic enrny” 2. photoetete process Compion process © pir production process 1 foazaton processa 1. Radiation puis and photons lose hei energy Primarily rovgh which of following procsis? 2 ralactive cay © tonzaion omic aorption 4 thermionic emission Imaging by Film 19. According to accepted thoy, the spots at which the Tate images localized on te erusion se loeal concentrations of 4 sive sulfide © ster bromide ©. ser odie 4 Sher nite sect 18 Vy Imaging by Fluorescent Materials 20, The Bunsco-Roseve reeprocity law, which states that ‘the developed in density depends oly onthe ‘Seaton fal for direct gamma ray exposures Maoescem sree exposures leaden exposure 4 direct ery exposes e 21, Inphototuorography where a furoscopi ere ‘id for radiographic maging. mpenan to choose a serum that has 3 wate ight emnon that ‘sreltvely high atthe Xray wavelengh toe tad nd ta 2 mtches the wavelength seosiivity fhe harman bas minimum decay ine © can be viewed dels without the use of ended lasso minors 4. matches the wavelength sensivity ofthe Patil image dete being sed Ausae17 22, When comparing uresentimensilyngsxeens it led fo sree. the primary advantage ‘improved image resolution 1 marked inressedexposre ines markedly decresed exposure ies 1 teative inset to eae taiaton e130 a Radiographic Tsing Method, Level Itt 23, ‘uocscopy ofa specimen sing a 140 KV 10 mA X-ray sore results in an intenty of GER perme atthe sreen surface. OF the sercenbighiacs valle and pproximae sree colors teow (er the aed ‘adiaton lve, which represents the mos dete sere for use det vitwing Nucroscopy? 4. Brightness ~9.8 (0.91 Re) color geen Brightness ~ 8.518 (0.79) color = ello & Brightness 7x (065 Recolor lac 4 Brghinss 4612 (043 fe) color een A199, 19.13, Imaging by Electronic Devices 24, Unlike cher commetily avaiable Xeay Intensification sytem, te det Xny pick-up tbe 4 as quantum energy losses exceding a facto of soo. ©. has este ow sensitivity ‘converts the Xray mage ditty nto am cecal Smal 1 convers X-rays to light and ight o lec, Sana A940 233. fundamental dificult of Norescem imaging ithe ‘einively iow bighnes level of he imagen etn Muoroscopy ean ely to climate his problem by ll at which one of ths ftlowngy sing Xray tes of lower opti sing an image abe a ‘hing Xray tubes of greater effective long ‘sng the ery television system ugar Radiometry 26, Theroenign is defined asthe amount of: aati emited by 1 Co f-192 ata distance of Tony 5. Xo emma idition of 0.1 (1 ex) of eneray in of dry sirat standard tmpertre and reste «Xr gamma fadation tht wil proce "eletostic unit of earge in {en of dry iat ‘anda temperature and pressure 4c gama radation abuobed by 1 em? of water 'MO°C (32°F) and 101 KPa (760 mm of Hp) pstTraore esting Method, Leet 27, The rad (ation absorbed doses defined asthe mount of 4 ration energy absorbed ty | cm! of mai 1 tadationenerey sberbed by |g or mca © Taian energy representing the bsorion of TOs (00 ergs) of nergy per em’ of tral, k 4 atiation energy representing the absorpon of Oud (100 exp) of every per fof mara pst 28. ‘The ned forthe concep ofthe rm (oengsa ‘equivalent man) aries fom he fae ta, thee no way to accurately measure the Production of ons init 1 theroenigen represents ach a small noun of meray a8 io be cumbersome in aula ned inratogaphysppietions «the amount of energy feqied to produce a on rin animal issue ifr frm he amount of a Rete ni ira {he Dengen incorporates the eee eon saa cectton eaton in stat oes nor Incorporate the effect of Xrays i anima ae Dst 29. Theremis defined a the quantity of rion: of ny type whic, when absorbed by any animal tissue, produces a physiological llc equaleat {0 thal produced bythe absorption of 258 urn (oengen) of X:o¢ gamma fay sorbed By Vem of animal ase © necessary 1 abiorb 1 (Ver) of energy by 1g (animal sue 4. shorted by one gram of animals psi Generators and Tubes as an Integrated System 30. Xin generators built to provide X-rays a ery ow nergy levels are used i speci aca in sondestuctie testing. The singe section Xray tubes in these om vttage untae usualy bu with ‘hin windows of wh material to permit so ‘emerge from Be vacuum envelope? «benim ® german 1 Pyrex tae Aus ‘Schematic of a Basie X-Ray Circuit Figure 4 Courtesy General Dynamics Corp.L@ or Oa Noe: Use Figuie4in order to answer questions 31-35 a1 2 3 9s. ‘The meter tha typicsly shows the beam curent: cor ‘The lament eanforme is shown by Bara & ‘The atosansfermer ie shown by: “The beam cumen in a Xray tbe is cially dependent upon 4 target materia 1 filament voltage sce between anode a cathode 4 alto above astas ‘The focal spot should be smal as conditions permit in rer to bai, 4 the sharpest posible definition 3. the min sie ofthe uit’ © the maximum energy desiy 4 none a the above Radiographic Testing Method, Level It Sources of Electrons 238, The focsing cup ofthe cathode in an X-ray tube sts sm clecuoratc lens, determining te sie of he lectron Beam by 2 capturing ray electrons emit bythe lament > iting the maximum aaperage ofthe amen! © edacng the negative charge on te gas wall of ‘he tube caused by secondary electrons seared bythe target 4 cooing the elect eld between the anode a thecatode Seat at; Ana 38. The most common sure of electons in high acu Xen tubes 4 election frm the anode ® the heated cathode ‘© the heated anode. se ® he tungsten target, 7 a Aad; Ba 40. The mast conmon tigre ectone eceyme eon tm he mgt sed he iSsy musa & postive on nb fe edad 4 Ratnge aen age aie 4, The mat commnly we extern Royal 2 cotdaoie i ise © rig di xd 4 ii tga ade Aus ‘2. The desis nd sping of elev ad he Seoce af amin ech anf aia she betven casa nate cane 2. anette i: Micapesevearm eed 180° & canon pam sopraea di cemete bee sch a7 Vy Letaadiogrphic Teng Method, Level IIL Secondary Winding Steel Tank Primary Winding Magnetic Focusing Coil ead Collar nN Xerays Figure 5 Electron Accelerating Methods “6 48, The ype of Xray generator illustrated in Figure is a elecwostate generator 1 tesonant waptformer generator €; liner accelerator tank pe generate ”. Bae “4. Tho betatron accelerates leetons in a cca path oregon een 6, se ofa noncondctng charging belt 4 resonating te high volage ole equeny ofthe 48. AC power A118; 3.10 45. Winterton Xp inthe Dion lene) sats 0-11 cel “ 4 sectsttc generator & betacen ©: linear atceleraor 4 allo the above X-Ray Tube ‘Tungsten o Gold Anode Courtesy General Dynamics Corp. —— ( Inaetaon ecw we acl y whch of Secon! 4: fd eision set. Banging matete el of ae AC letomapat hairurny chorea ae 5 4 steering mens “4 ee 6.10 tna lint acl, he elects ate scclertes 2 wich tte fing 2: hoon ele wane Pee seieetany $e toro tombe % 4 Suing agate Bs fa AC lecromagnt nese 3 10-11 na high-vtage generator of he Vande Gaal pe, by which method are the prices aceerted? set i rt vas 4 sccelerating magnets 1 higbtequeny electicl waves «: sate neative charges «4 none a the hovea ) 49, Pash Xray tubes ae uly designed oprodoce . independent of he material area or curvature 6 selected aya Function ofthe permissible Xray tube aunt, with higher klovlige required for lower ‘elected on the basis of expr tine deed "A1946 ‘TV and Optical Systems 6. A Muoroscopic system forthe inspection of welds in 25mm (in) hick sel has he flowing fests 1. Xray source t-image plane spacing of 83 em Grim) 2 Xaay foal spot sizeof 4mm (0.15) >: mel wed mae lane igo 6 mm 4, image plane length of 23m (9 in) in vera scan increase the Xray source to-mage Pane spacing fostem Qo) ders these! weldsto-image plane spacing 0 Simm (in) 4. change to an X-ray source having 8mm (0.3 in) focal spot, A9266@ Other Nonfilm Devices 487, Inthe past, several companies have designed TV cameras with large faceplates and phosphors that ct conver the recived Xray to lecuon scanning beam variation The tcknes of te ss faceplate is ecogized o prevent wea lower iovolage appistios, but we at higher lblovtiags has never gained acceptance ether, ‘compared with other techniques. Which of he following ino core fees ype of sytem? ‘the quantum energy lose associated with onvering the Xays oscil sigals is Imgroved over ote ystems by a fate fas such as 500 ies ' nconparison to systems using image othicons with steens or with image intense tem te image peste soi ©: the eteme simplicity ofthis sytem and ned for {ew controls oradjastnents makes maitenance, ‘ir than oe es of syste ing ‘he extreme sensi ofthis system allows isla of 2perentpeneuaeters over the ange o10300 Kp 9.2645, Solid-State Detectors 88, The chinablecountiog speed using sintiation counter isle fndmentaly by tne 2 nciy level ofthe cient ation ® ines of de ince eaditon ©. afterglow ofthe phosphor 4 spi dstbution of the incident quan H20 89. The scniltions ight photons emited by 2 ‘aan ection psp ae converted 4 a photomultiplier tbe 1 anienzaton chamber A selesiam phototectc cell 4. Slghtpate amplifier nas aiographie Tsing Method, Leet tt Gaseous Ionization Detectors 90. One desiabe propery fora gato be used in an loniation detector ia ‘low saturation potential st which recombination of psi ions wid electons becomes nopigibie +. low ionization poten density approximately equivalent othe density of the chamber walt | density equivalent wo tht far at standards temperate and pessore a6 91. The greatest problem which arises in he oui use ‘of pocket dosimeters 2 is elaively Nat response to radiation of difere is inherent inconsistent sensivity © eletal lenge that tendo discharge the lecromete and give fale hgh eaags negative dit caused by changes in stoops onions (emperatre, hui, ce) aes 92. ‘Asa porble radiation survey instrument the main sisadvanage of Giger countess ' nonlinear esponse with changes in radiation lang ize nd delicate construction poor entity tow radiation levels 4 Sarma dit during he est fe minutes of operation At66: 85.26 93. irClled proportional counter ce wed exeasively feemontering 4 gamma ay activity 1 fastneuron stites «slow newton seis 4 apts done ates, A166 Instrumentation 9% An ampli o be used in a survey inrument designed o measre high eves of radiation should ‘have the following chases 4 fasts time and near response fast rise time and an exponectlfesponse slow rise me anda near espons 4. sow se time anda exponential response ‘AesRediographic Texting Method, Level Itt 95, Which ofthe following detector woud be most ‘lable for use witha pumas oe Xray encgy Spectrum analy? 2 an ionization detector 1S eintiltion detector a poporional detector 3 Geiger Miller counter Anz 96. Which ofthe folowing ration measurement insiruments dos ot employ gs detetion ts ‘operation echanis? {proportion counter Semiconductor detector © loneation charter 4 Geiger Malercounter An6Ls Gaging and Control Processes 97. A system of Xray thickness gaging in which Xeays are colmated and projected tirugh tte aod ‘he quantity of unbsored radio is messured ie refered ton 4: Moeesence method By toryn ifr method €. entation "bul metiod 4 ansmisson mete Ase 98, Generally the sestty and aecuracy of hckress sging of homogeneous mates by relecton sath ‘4 supesir to trnsision gaging 1 superior sorescence mets © nfenoroansmision gaging 4 approximately the same swith tansmision rang Aas 99. The two pes of detectors sed most commonly in eray tines pages ae 1. Moorescent screens and ionization chambers ‘proportional counter and Geiger counters, © phosphcephotmlptes ad ionization Shame 4: Mort en nd php phtmipi, Exposure Hazards 100, A ratiation evel of 10 mR is noted atthe Pimetr of your posted high radiation area. Tis ‘etimeter is 25 em (10) rom the exposed cure ‘Approximately how faraway fom te source shuld ‘he radiaton ae sgn be posted forthe? mh ne? 2 lon ony 232m 00%) © ykem 08) 4 wis S025) 10. Wich one ofthe following it nota characteris to be given major consideration in selecting # ‘adlograptie survey isrumeat? 2 sindow thickness raion detected 1 dase ate ranges) 4 bey soppy as pass 102, With spropiai contol, the allowable radiation limi tn unesvced ness should mt exceeds $18 (05 rem) per calendar year 2048 2 mlrems in any 1 mv (00 mulrems) in? consecutive days 1 allot te above pas 103, A “leaking” source of radioactive material i ‘oasidered a poem havandous station AL what removable activity etl a sealed ratory ‘ure, by regulation considered tobe esta? 505g 05 mc) ® Sdapgia5 me © 05489 008 mc) 4005 aBg (o0005 me paws 10, Sources of acactve materia used er raiogrpty ‘ne required by regulon oe lek teed at’ Intervals oto ened 4. 6 mots 1 Son © months 424 mont 5 pass4@ | ‘Methods of Controlling Radiation Exposure 10S, Distance is an effective means of external radiation protection because 4 air absorption edues the radiation intensity ' tadation intensity vanes inverely ae the sare of the distance «. Xerays and gamma rays have aint range “the wavelength a the photon is decreased by tee Interaction with mater as 106, X-ray photons ifr fom gamma photons of he Same energy onlin ther 2 biological effet * onain 4 wavelength pat 107, Fikers of siterent hichnesss of materiale often incerporated into fim tages aed for beter gna dosimetry. ‘The purpose of hee filers to" 2 acnuate he iphr energy radiation 1 Ineease te sesity ofthe il a ow eneey radiation ste ta no sis each he ita Permit evaluation of he type and eerey ofthe ration paz 108. The ha: ofa rictive substances equal to te reciprocal ofthe disintegration constant 1 average fume of an slom inthe substance © time requied fr half af he orginal tr fo 4 mabe f atoms present divide by the rate of decay par 108. An individuals 30 yeas ld. According to he Sf) formula and the “banking conse for determining exposure thinly oc & ‘mavimum permisbe dose of 8 258v 245 rem) 3065 Sv (65 rem) © 0608¥ (60m) 4.278270") 26s st Rediographic Tsing Method Levet Nt 110. A tent val thickness fr specific gamma source um {525 mm (lin) af ed. The fadiation nent S00 Riva I cm (24) from the source. How ‘maty inches of lead would be required to redace the intensity 03 mi at 6 em 24 In)? 1 Stmm (in) b Bem in} ©: em (10m) 4 lem tin) A269; 032 Permisible personel raintion exposure rts ae based upon which of he folowing? ‘ ‘atiation equivalent man banking concep physical tebe Gate abserption ste Operational and Emergency Procedures mm, na Radioisotope radiographic exposure devices, ‘measuring fess han IO cm (4m) fete sealed Source storage poston fo ny exterior sie shall Ihave dose ate at 15 cm (6m fom the surface of 0 restr than a 2mRm 0. S0mem © 10mRm 4200 ih, pase Survey insruments ued to moniter gamma ation ‘must be capable of messi adauonin the range + 020DaKm Zakn iD ed0 mem A © O200min wrote 2am ooo pa ‘A radiation area refers to any rea accessible to Personnel in which adam exis sch hat Indie Cold receive i any I ha due encoding 2045 @ milirems) ® Lmsy comiliems) €: 005 mS¥ (S millzems) Sms (300 mires) passRadiographic Testing Method, Level Itt Sensvty "20. pence id tts spy eponcntins + i est nr one ‘lets of two independent factors. One i (>. determine the crack depths that can be detected poe > eine eck pt \ nasngeay Shi gy Si dinpapicecigae— SS coy he % Repent mage PR AX 121. Mesenstiviyequirmen 2-27 represents na '® Penetrameter thickness 2X the specimen thickness Civ end pean sea some 1 See ™ 116. Using the equation * ' Penetrameter thickness 2 percent of specimen Bnei mane crese te Seeman T= epoca giv pence «Renton hte ce einen or ‘ine ween x =n Posi) «satin cts Sree anne ee < ‘lopped 4 penetrate thickness 2 percent ofthe specimen sect Papeete ata ieee ‘om * deurnne eeu ites Pe 122. The term radiographic sensitivity usually refers tothe 2 emis) Riytsrnparesasay faemmaosy ag | Gagan ga : 2 freee oan ‘acon leper oe sae 17 Radopti sent mona ceet | Radi ¥ i cyan eens Semin ic cre te ite Seem oe atop entity atc oto 5 pe in ne tas * gee cae. us re sect € fyContrast and Definition 125, Which of the following parameters docs nt dirty alfet radiographic definition? 2 focal sptor source size B demty © pee screen 4 ain ua 126, Using iter athe X:ry tube, masking o lesen the thickness ange, anda malipie-fim echrigue we ways of comeing ceria Forght ow rtp conuast 28-41 Fast 127, Poor defniion can be improved by doing all bat which one the flowing? increase source. distance se a smaller psa source sce hange rom Clas to Cl iim ‘change from lead to Macrescentsreens 4 = 128, Based on the characteristic carves ofthe ims shown In igure 7, which im proides the highest ont? ax by {Cannot be determined from the caves Film x . L pes esht Ga 130. File contrast fers to: Radiographic Texting Method Level It 129, Subject contrat depends on: 1 132, 1, 4 MA, source strength, distance, and film type 1m sereen tyre nature ofthe specimen, radiation quality (kV), and "he intensity and disbaton of te scattered sams li (wo adacent regions of radiation 4. Camber tw 2 the density ference ik ‘lm 1 the steepness (sop) ofthe characteristic curve © the aio of Xray or pa ay tenses transmit by teo Selected portions of specimen 4 minimum perceptible denny change sect y, A205 In gener the contrast of radiographic ins (except ‘those designed for ase with Muoyescen sens) 1 Ineeases continuously with fim density i sable dasity ange decree ste density increased © remains practically unchanged for diferemt density eT emote tinny ee be The graininess ofa fms: 1 Ineeases a the Kiovetage i insreased upto approximately 200 kV decreases ashe lovotage is increased © int dependent om haovaliage 44s toally conte by Camber aw A206 Wich of the oliowing snot ator in radiographic 2. lm ype radiation gusty © degree of hm development 1 none of the above ‘Specimens wth uniform thiskoess and composition by definition have a. high subject contrast se i pote 0 4 Towser cont FE Me DsRadiographic Testing Method, Level Itt 13. Me sharpaes of catin ina images Te sare radiographic |. definition ‘ i Seay ¢ ©. latte oe eS % FOS ner, rot 136 Pooradiogpicdetition cold beh res 4 focal spot size ¥ Somes distance E Paw fimsceenconact sect 4 Store abe % EA % "x06 Geometric Factors 197. Another em fequently wed o desert geometial ‘sharpness 2. raliograptic disrtion © penumbra shadow’ 6. tadiographic enlargement 4. geometric enlargement aang 138, Using Figure 8, determine the peometisl saharpess unde the following coins Maximum specimen hicknese 38mm (15), source distance is 102 em (0nd oe focal potsie is 1mm (0.04in). The peometeat unsharpaes 0010 mm (20004 in) oo ” 1100 mm 008 in) = © 004 man (002 in) 4.025 (001 in) a oF om Ans & 2 Es ssgse Nomogram fr solving the equation Ui, Figure 8 139, Which ofthe following is ata factor to be ‘considered to reduce geometisumsharpnes? 4 source tom distance 8 cbjetso-tim distance "40, nthe following equation or geometsunshapes, ©. Source suengh a 4 source size what does U,rpesear? U, Ago7 image size ». penunbrs Source lm distance 4 specimen to fl distance A2osRadiographic Testing Method, Level It "1. Te since pom sndow can tbe 147. Geum shares) bie hom recy an a uf 2 wing lac diameter soace . using a faster speed fl be ioe nosing theo fin duce z a a sung he sinc fim ce tea eas soot aly 12 Deviation from he shape oan cj a "sans. tat ‘red itso ape ale » etiition es 3 toa ‘ segp “FON § cone EIS dst erin + 05mm 00 in) Amano Goreme | tye Eamonn) <— Tage gen 10. we eons cw oman SMRURIE A) — Tee met ov ON aos 4 ete oa ot er sou Ht Bol 149 age icine ‘small as practical me > Meine een ec ators and 4 onto of emetic shad Setetobee shuld apa paca oes © meatal hic aoetypepncearto EE ne hp he te ie fina roan cre ptiana Set me dp oft it 4 Beast doen stmainumine smd Maefeion mi gua an ‘erento pla fe fn — me pam ts Ame FIS-lo 245% 4 Given an 192 source 3 mn (013 in in si omelets 05m (0.5 a) ans Saal caso mm (23m. cme Aatenatying Seneenn ‘imam ors wje dans Totensitying 222m (126in) +10. The mos commonly wed inning mali anes Farner {fom sem) u Stesmuetn) 2 sin ie segr hum alie AIF Smad 48. Projection masini om need 6. ante ico him dace so wet nedeng nas ‘Shere casa in oe Foroncalic nein ses, compa th 4. casing eiton “addres cn eset enjoy 8 ng rpseal source size tor C turee 4 meray 100 . amo Eo 5 S00 of 146, Magnfoion and geometic ump a Ya 4m acl te same thing B Snbe satpro: mguiiaton £33, teferstothe degre of enlargement and Unsharpuss refer to he pena eno diel eed ‘same combined to yield toa unsharess ‘Aans-s 55tse Tie sen Roses rcproy law sates athe 157. Vario nh hice lea screens fom rao aphurima actin,” Doms ta {Si sone pea fen ‘the duration of exposure and is independent of the |& bas very slight effect on intensification ( ‘Scie les fcr oft ane Ney sate ian Srey Taw a oe Sua sso ne honeys Sapa recep ‘isze = keys toon Sat Ree ces Scatered Radiation Seaton exces ip. Seatiered ates 158. Seamer radiation caused by the specimen being 153. The qualiy ofthe radiation necessary to obtain an ‘allopraped is usally calle sepecable intensification rom lead eons depends | ‘pon all the flowing excop, & Rutecaner i a alm ype €. undercut B ilovalage tb 4 erward seater oe ©. mullamperage 4 thickness and material oftest object ‘A2n27 199. The major component of caters the low-energy : a "ays represented by photons weakened in what 154, An alloy of 6 percent antimony and 94 percent lead ocess? Should be wed for screen lsead of pre ad telat * soca bees Prov . pair productive { | greater definition hi ‘Compton scattering eS reece oe mu | Nein taer 5 as mates stovemy urn eri ace en 155, The intensifying action ofa lead foil sereen is caused ‘image. This condition is called: a: a ste | |& the addition of 6 percent antimony to the lead b. undercut as te clon emda amma er sy fate ones F3E Jet} ¢: preferential absorption by the lead atoens ode * pesaeen MSMR BON esa 161 eran masta endo eam ere seers My 156.ncomaton gps mate wih nts nant conn iy ato seamen Teer ney hc ede ndhcar nee nd at en «tent » mrotominiace ae be Ay) mete en ha ye radiographs made using ucescen scrects noua Show open ‘broad-beam conditions imply that both seated Nicer ‘nd unscatered aaton each he dete, poor definition nao: andWeoad beam condoms telat only 0 ax source sine Fett «ame dpent on in and sen combing AIS3S37Radiographic Testing Method Level It 112. whch general te pnersourecfscater ——_Expogure Curves a 167. Which oof the fellowig int specif coniton epee ‘which apie ta given exposure cha? € oor wall 4. the specimen under examination FOE Kem mec wet Ey im 7 sath . processing conditions % % |e 4 aon vE _ fo. film desig on which echt is based Source Factors be 163. ston waeeagt hone nrmaly wed o thick 168 ages char ar ity deg fo determining ‘estos fel insta of ong wavelength photons exons in esadhogephge awe: 2. complied stu tems 4 short wavelength photons are ard mys andtave afm ps {eter peering sy sep wedges >. short wavelength photons crete a greter 4. allof the above E30 secondary radiation sa elp improve mage sar «long wavelnath photons hard rys nave 169A gua ray enor char ers fom en Xsny i pcp sy “xposure chart nth heres 0 varie foe, ey oth hae pl pncaingaily tomesponding eA a4: Saat EG right» tickness 164, ead set i usualy paced tind fin ike? § ite age ©: ©. elovotage . 4 fin Senay Aen ar us, intensity te es nage and shorten he exposure prevent bending and crimping ofthe in eee forward scater and aor arated Fadhaon prevent trom reaching he fim 4. minimize ration seatered rom te for walls ‘uipment and ether tems fom reaching the bck ofthe im ‘The larger the sctvity in cues) andthe larger (physically) the source i, the emia gamma ry Intensity per eu + becomes owe remo uno te 4 nes vel tay » Diet lection, the amount of nation reacting te film 4 vary inversely with he square ofthe distance vary equally with the nua ofthe distance © wll nt change ary inversely with be distance Azmi0 7 "70, Am exposure char i graph showing the telaton ‘etween ll but which ane ofthe flowing? i seen 5 lag tail kos .allofthe above FSO rows Darkroom Procedures 171 nana processing, the idl temperature is 20°C (8°R), Atwhat temperate would the cma! ‘tion be slowed, resin in underdevelopment? a1-¢00"H eww S220 4. ton ofthe sove 30-31 Aaaeg172. The shape ofthe fim characteristic curv i reltively insenitve o changes in X- or gamma dato ‘gait bts affected by change tn 1. geometric ators oan See ; 4 dere of dereepment Frate'stt haw 17. Lig imp mse on dee reborn vee ‘eet sient 1 scratches on lead fol sere Poor handing before espoure 4 poor handling ser expoure 1174 Physical damage othe lm emulkon cased by ‘siden exireme temperature change scale nian int hee gett a Ke 175. The reueacy with which a developer slton needs ‘placement is dependent on the rate and desi of fn pocesed bas le the slain shen 4 whenever the density of processed fine y consistently too great 1. when he quantity of developer replenisher sed [Stls 23 times the erga uanty of ercope, x every 3 months, whichever is shoes rey 6 months whenever the processed ls show steaking due {0 uneven development Aas Darkroom Equipment and Chemicals 76 When using acid to make he stop bth mitre, the Aids nied slowly tthe water for which he following reasons? 4 to prodece amore uniform mixtire to prevent rapid oxidation eulng in cloudy stop bat §. 10 proves rapid ise ofthe solution temperature «4 toprevent the a om patering Agu Film Processing Aye 16 sue ee aa ian pase £78 "7 Posen a sal prided sd Woe af cae nt conecct EST ght soon bypeetae € fool deren 4 yesh 8 es ey na 19, The mot commonly wed acd in preparing top buh ‘ares the development proces 2 sulfrie glacial acetic © murine iS Siri aanauebe 10. Jn mana processing. itis ot possible owe sop a ins Sold he 2 ed ety inte arson BS ey ne ts in Fie ean or © fis ming a re ge Sire . incensed contest and dvrested spect 6 decreased contast and incteaed speed decreased contrast nd deceased pec A202 Mluminator Requirements 191. Which of the following is nota equirement fr ‘amino used inthe ieterpreaton of radigraphs? 2 ig sce fen neni 1 vew he feeterineret of tesla 9. ficest sking avon om te edge of deratoporh g, Semone O8 OFF sich 4 none fhe above £70 a 192, For the routine viewing of high density fm, 8 ‘ugh-ntensity laminator with on adusbie ght Source should he used. Such a viewer should sow ewing of densities a east up a 1sHap b2sHep, © 40HeD 4 toon Aznar 76| | 195, When viewing radiographs, the fit viewer shold [ori ight ofan meaty thats evenly dotted with an adjustment vr he inten Ta aod ‘hem emer should have a viowingsutace at 90 dere angle es abe 6 aifsng mediom 4 igh pen coor mneree aasa 19, To preven dams to fins, which of te folowing should be provided when viewing radioprapta?” mas or screens 2 footswitch het fier opal glass Background Lighting. 195 The contst sentvigy ofthe human eye greatest Jnhen te surroundings compared tothe srs meres on radiograph bane = shat bee ihn Sige § tactics haw 4 Bache tein conus sensi 2 ‘een = 196. For best comrast seasvity, the ile viewing roe should have liphing as dark as posible 1 approximately 3m £ Spocnaty 7m atlghas the wes interest inthe fm es ere on we BAT cama, rip 197. When reviewing fm, background ihn oul 4 be vray tinted © notrefect on he im under examination © feceetpe Respro 30m 4a chars F70 Optical Aids 198 A steeoscope is device that: * projets the contents of pif sereradographs {9 2seec ping spat soa wns 5. permits each eet see only oe ofa pir of reed © by exposing to film casstessimuanconsty ‘om different angles, enables he production of ographe 199, The density of any radiographic image is primarily pendent pon 4 the klovlage of the source of ation 1 the amoun of radiation ssuebed by th emulsion rie fm «bath and b 4 nestor ann Azn3 200- Incident ht of intensity of 22 4x (200) onan ‘caf fim of 13 density tansy sa tacsg ak 108 G0), What isthe tensity wanted the ares ofthe fim messing 23 doscie® a Stn she) b Sates Re) eet fc) LO he) 203132 Contrast 201. The relationship between film expose and the ‘esuling flim density of any paar 4 the unsharpness the im contrast the subject contrast, none ofthe above Basfr 202. Aste hlovohage is increased the subject contrast 208 © dereases © remsine the same increases deel with 2 A2n3s qi 203, Radiographic image gusty may be adversely fected by poor subject cons this may Be cased by 208 4 nse absorption differences inthe spcinen ecesive radlation energy forthe apheates ‘Radiographic Testing Method, Level tt ‘The image sharpness ofan object may be ffced by: ope of rim, pe of screen © radiation quality 4. all of the above Bey sae ‘When a lead sree adograph of an objet shows rly defined image ofthe object, oa une of ‘ston to come thi nay be «change oa course grain im ue an Xray tbe of larger foal pot © ser iene retinas all ofthe above ELF change trace screen Fle se Fee Les ostt 204. The im cons foe specimens being “Artifacts ratios may he dace hes aa 210. During he ding of fim ease, ee fi 1 the rata galy § the pe ofthe characteristic curve fr the fm 4 allot te above ped, Bird 205. Which othe followings independent for node Practical purposes, of he wavelength end dnebation fhe alain eschin ew ject coma te © fin , ie BOS righ ear Definition 206 By increasing the source t-film distance ina given ‘xponire the image shapes 2 increased 2 decreed ot afc 4 decreased by ancsligibie amount 20, 1SHHlp Adeat Ra 212 207. Was the fect ofthe sett ofa adiograph when the pysical sie ofa gamma source increased witout changing any Oh etc ets? 4 sensitivity and geometic unshares re >, eoometic shares and denon at increased Physical source size does not affect sensing 4 geomene sharpness increased and ens is “ decreed Ie Ne right Answer: Bs ou serens ae scratched. ‘The esuling rsp ‘would how * nochange since deep crates ano elie to ten oad iy ih lines conesponing the scraches 4 Sine dn nes reaponding to deep scratches 4 random lineation det seater aes sche E32 oo Deep scratches in lea secens et in dark ines on theradiogaph, These ae due sborbing characters ofthe fad foi 1 ore ofthe Xray source reaching the the Serato resuing ia pester surface area of causing ager elecironenision atc which affects exponue of heim ti gp betwoen the deep serach an in ‘owe ofthe above aed ‘The spearacs of colored sins on a peocesed ‘athoraph cul be caused by Rewrlization ofthe aid nthe fer solution ' ewraliztion ofthe lating coment the Peer solution SSR tte estan ret +r