2004 Project D.D. (GROUP - 2)

I
Haramaya University
Institute of Technology
Department of
Civil Engineering
Report On: Structural design of G + 4 Hotel building

as a partial fulfillment for B.Sc.Degree
in Civil Engineering
Advisor: Ato. Daniel Habetamu

Prepared by:
Alelegne Fantahun
Dawit Mengistu
Tamene Shemiles
June 2004 E.C.
Dire Dawa
II
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................................................ VIII

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ X
Chapter 1 ; Wind load analysis............................................................................................................................................. 1-0
1.1. Wind load analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1.1. Wind load analysis of roof -1 .......................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.1.4. Wind Load Analysis of Roof Type- 4 (Duo-Pitched Roof) ............................................................................... 1-7
1.1.4.1. Geometric data of Roof type -4 (ѳ= 00) ................................................................................................... 1-7
1.1.4.2. Geometric data of Roof type -4 (ѳ= 900) ................................................................................................. 1-8
Chapter 2 ; Design of Roof ................................................................................................................................................. 2-10
Design for Roof............................................................................................................................................................... 2-11
2.1. Design of Roof type - 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 2-12
2.2. Design for roof type- 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 2-17
2.4.1. Design of Purloin .................................................................................................................................... 2-27
2.4.2. Design of roof truss ................................................................................................................................ 2-28
Chapter 3 ; Solid slab design of floors ................................................................................................................................ 3-34
3.1. Design of basement floor slab ........................................................................................................................... 3-35
Chapter 4 ; STAIR CASE AND RAMP DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 4-43
4.1. Design of stairs ................................................................................................................................................... 4-44
4.1.1. Design of stair case type A ............................................................................................................................ 4-45
4.1.2. Design of stair case type B ............................................................................................................................ 4-47
4.1.3. Design of stair case type C ............................................................................................................................ 4-49
4.2. Design of Ramp .................................................................................................................................................. 4-51
4.2.1. Design of Ramp.............................................................................................................................................. 4-51
4.2.2. Longitudinal reinforcement ...................................................................................................................... 4-53
4.2.3. Transverse reinforcement ......................................................................................................................... 4-53
4.2.4. Shear reinforcement ................................................................................................................................. 4-53
Chapter 5 ; SWIMMING POOL DESIGN .............................................................................................................................. 5-55
5.1. Design of Swimming Pool................................................................................................................................... 5-56
5.1.1. Design of Wall ............................................................................................................................................ 5-56
5.1.1.1. Ultimate limit state ............................................................................................................................... 5-57
5.1.1.2. Serviceability limit state ........................................................................................................................ 5-57
5.1.2. Design of Slab ................................................................................................................................................ 5-59
III
5.1.2.1. Ultimate limit state design .................................................................................................................... 5-59

5.1.2.2. Serviceability limit state ........................................................................................................................ 5-60
Chapter 6 ; Lateral load determination ............................................................................................................................. 6-62
6.1. Story Shear from Earth Quack ................................................................................................................................ 6-63
6.1.1. Calculation of Building Mass and Story Shear ................................................................................................ 6-63
6.2. Story Shear from Wind action ................................................................................................................................. 6-64
6.3. Lateral load from the governing Story Shear .......................................................................................................... 6-66
6.3.1. Calculation of center of stiffness .................................................................................................................... 6-67
6.3.2. Forces in X and Y direction .............................................................................................................................. 6-79
Chapter 7 ; Design of Beam................................................................................................................................................ 7-81
7.1. Structural Design of beams ..................................................................................................................................... 7-82
7.1.1. Beam design for 1st floor slab ......................................................................................................................... 7-82
Chapter 8 ; Design of Column ............................................................................................................................................ 8-87
8.1. Design of Rectangular columns............................................................................................................................... 8-88
8.1.1 Representative column selection .............................................................................................................. 8-89
8.1.2. Check for Sway or non-sway mode .......................................................................................................... 8-90
8.1.3. Design of roof floor column ....................................................................................................................... 8-91
8.2 Shear reinforcement for columns ............................................................................................................................ 8-93
8.3 Lap length................................................................................................................................................................. 8-94
Chapter 9 ; Design of Shear Wall ....................................................................................................................................... 9-95
9.1. Design Shear Wall-1 ................................................................................................................................................ 9-96
 Considerations made in the design of shear walls................................................................................................. 9-96
9.1.1. Lateral Load determination ............................................................................................................................ 9-97
9.1.1.1. Mass determination for shear walls ............................................................................................................. 9-97
9.1.1.2. Determination of base shear ....................................................................................................................... 9-99
9.1.2. Vertical Load determination ......................................................................................................................... 9-101
9.1.3. Design of Individual wall section .................................................................................................................. 9-102
9.2. Design of shear wall 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 9-105
9.2.1. Calculation of base shear .................................................................................................................... 9-105
9.2.2. Vertical Load determination ......................................................................................................................... 9-105
9.2.3. Design of individual Wall Section ................................................................................................................. 9-106
Chapter 10 ; Design of Foundation and Retaining Wall ................................................................................................. 10-109
10.1 Design of Isolated footing .................................................................................................................................. 10-110
10.1.1. Proportioning ............................................................................................................................................ 10-110
10.1.2. Structural Design ....................................................................................................................................... 10-111
IV
10.2. Design of Retaining Wall ................................................................................................................................... 10-119

10.2.1. Structural Design ....................................................................................................................................... 10-122
Recommendation and conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 10-128
Reference ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10-129
A. Reinforcement Details ........................................................................................................................................... 10-130
A.1. Reinforcement detail for Flat Concrete Roofs ...................................................................................... 10-130
A.2. Reinforcement detail for Stair Case .............................................................................................................. 10-133
A.3. Reinforcement detail for Basement Mizzen ................................................................................................. 10-134
A.4. Reinforcement detail for Beam ..................................................................................................................... 10-135
A.5. Reinforcement detail for Column .................................................................................................................. 10-136
A.6. Reinforcement detail for Retaining Wall ...................................................................................................... 10-138
A.7. Reinforcement detail for Shear Wall............................................................................................................. 10-139
A.8. Reinforcement detail for Shear Wall along section X – X ............................................................................. 10-140
List of tables
Table 1-1: Dimensions of the four roof types ...................................................................................................................... 1-2
Table 1-2: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type – 2 ........... 1-3
Table 1-3: Roof-3 Zones dimensions .................................................................................................................................... 1-4
Table 1-4: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–3A ........... 1-5
Table 1-5: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–3B ........... 1-6
Table 1-6: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–3C .................. 1-7
Table 1-7: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–4 ............. 1-8
Table 1-8: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–4 ............. 1-9
Table 2-1: Depth calculation for roof type- 1 ..................................................................................................................... 2-12
Table 2-2: Span and support moments for the roof type - 1 ............................................................................................. 2-13
Table 2-3: Support moment adjustment of each section .................................................................................................. 2-14
Table 2-4 : Span moment adjustment for roof type - 1 ..................................................................................................... 2-15
Table 2-5: Positive reinforcement for roof type – 1 .......................................................................................................... 2-16
Table 2-6 Negative reinforcement for roof type – 1 .......................................................................................................... 2-16
Table 2-7 Load transferred to beams for roof type - 1 ...................................................................................................... 2-17
Table 2-8 : Depth calculation for roof type- 2 .................................................................................................................... 2-17
Table 2-9 : Support, span and cantilever moment determination of roof type -2 ............................................................ 2-18
Table 2-10: Support moment adjustment of roof type -2 ................................................................................................. 2-19
Table 2-11: Positive Reinforcement for roof type - 2 ........................................................................................................ 2-20
Table 2-12: Negative Reinforcement for roof type - 2....................................................................................................... 2-21
Table 2-13: Load transferred to beams for roof type - 2 ................................................................................................... 2-21
Table 2-14: Depth determination for roof type - 3 ............................................................................................................ 2-22
Table 2-15: Span & support moments of roof type 3 ........................................................................................................ 2-23
V
Table 2-16: Adjusted support moments of roof type -3 .................................................................................................... 2-24

Table 2-17: Adjusted span moments of roof type -3 ......................................................................................................... 2-24
Table 2-18: Positive Reinforcement for roof type - 3 ........................................................................................................ 2-25
Table 2-19: Negative Reinforcement for roof type - 3....................................................................................................... 2-26
Table 2-20: Load transferred to beams for roof type - 3 ................................................................................................... 2-26
Table 2-21: (a) Member assignment for the left half of the truss, (b) Max. Values for left half part of the truss ............ 2-29
Table 2-22: (a) Member assignment for the left half of the truss, (b) Max. Values for left half part of the truss ............ 2-32
Table 3-1: Depth calculation table for basement floor slab .............................................................................................. 3-35
Table 3-2: Part ion Load ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-36
Table 3-3: Support, span and cantilever moment calculation ........................................................................................... 3-37
Table 3-4: Support Moment adjustment ........................................................................................................................... 3-39
Table 3-5: Span Moment Adjustment ................................................................................................................................ 3-40
Table 3-6: Calculation of positive reinforcement .............................................................................................................. 3-40
Table 3-7: Calculation of negative reinforcement ............................................................................................................. 3-41
Table 3-8: Transferred loads to the beam ......................................................................................................................... 3-42
Table 4-1: Reinforcement calculation of stair type A ........................................................................................................ 4-46
Table 4-2: Reinforcement calculation of stair type A ........................................................................................................ 4-47
Table 4-3: Reinforcement calculation of stair type B ........................................................................................................ 4-48
Table 4-4: Reinforcement calculation of stair type C......................................................................................................... 4-50
Table 5-1: Allowable steel stresses in direct or flexural tension for serviceability limit states ......................................... 5-57
Table 5-2: Sectional area per meter width for various bar spacing (mm2) ....................................................................... 5-58
Table 6-1: Story shear from earth quack and building mass from ETABS ......................................................................... 6-63
Table 6-2: The net wind pressure of the top wall for the NW direction............................................................................ 6-64
Table 6-3: The net wind pressure of the bottom wall for the NW direction ..................................................................... 6-65
Table 6-4: The net wind pressure of the top wall for the SE direction .............................................................................. 6-65
Table 6-5: The net wind pressure of the bottom wall for the SE direction ....................................................................... 6-66
Table 6-6: The net Lateral load on the building from wind action .................................................................................... 6-66
Table 6-7: Calculation of Center of mass of the building ................................................................................................... 6-66
Table 6-8: Forces in X direction.......................................................................................................................................... 6-79
Table 6-9: Forces in Y direction .......................................................................................................................................... 6-80
Table 8-1: Representations of Frame conditions in X and Y directions ............................................................................. 8-90
Table 8-2: Analysis results in X and Y direction.................................................................................................................. 8-91
Table 8-3: Summary of column design .............................................................................................................................. 8-93
Table 9-1: Mass determination for shear wall - 1 .............................................................................................................. 9-97
Table 9-2: Mass determination for shear wall -2 ............................................................................................................... 9-98
Table 9-3: Story shear for shear wall - 1 .......................................................................................................................... 9-100
Table 9-4: Story shear for shear wall - 2 .......................................................................................................................... 9-105
Table 10-1: Classification of footing............................................................................................................................... 10-110
Table 10-2: Footing design for footing type - 2.............................................................................................................. 10-112
Table 10-5: Footing design for footing type -5 .............................................................................................................. 10-115
Table 10-8: Footing design for footing type - ................................................................................................................ 10-118
VI
List of figures
Figure 1-1: Roof layout......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

Figure 1-2: Roof type -3 layouts ........................................................................................................................................... 1-4
Figure 2-1: Unadjusted support moments of roof type - 1................................................................................................ 2-13
Figure 2-2: adjusted support moments of roof type -1 ..................................................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-3: unadjusted Span moment distribution for roof type – 1 ................................................................................ 2-15
Figure 2-4: unadjusted support moments of roof type – 2 ............................................................................................... 2-18
Figure 2-5: Adjusted support moments of roof type - 2 .................................................................................................... 2-19
Figure 2-6: Adjusted span moments of roof type - 2 ......................................................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-7: Unadjusted support moments of roof type – 3 ............................................................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-8: Adjusted support moments of roof type – 3 ................................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-9: Adjusted span moments of roof type - 3 (adjusted span moments are shown as *M) .................................. 2-25
Figure 2-10: Duo-pitched roof layout ................................................................................................................................ 2-27
Figure2-11: Roof truss lay out for the left half of end truss .............................................................................................. 2-29
Figure 2-12: Revised design loading .................................................................................................................................. 2-29
Figure 2-13: Roof truss lay out for the left half of middle truss ........................................................................................ 2-32
Figure 3-1: Panel zone assignment .................................................................................................................................... 3-36
Figure 3-2: Yield line of Panel 8 and panel 18 of all slabs .................................................................................................. 3-37
Figure 3-3: Unadjusted support moments ......................................................................................................................... 3-38
Figure 3-4: Adjusted support moments ............................................................................................................................. 3-39
Figure 4-1: General stair case Lay out ................................................................................................................................ 4-44
Figure 4-2: BMD and SFD of stair type A............................................................................................................................ 4-45
Figure 4-3: BMD and SFD of stair type A............................................................................................................................ 4-46
Figure 4-4: BMD and SFD of stair type B ............................................................................................................................ 4-48
Figure 4-5: BMD and SFD of stair type C ............................................................................................................................ 4-49
Figure 4-6: Reinforcement detail of stair case ................................................................................................................... 4-50
Figure 4-7: General Ramp layout ....................................................................................................................................... 4-51
Figure 4-8: Shear force diagram for shear reinforcement ................................................................................................. 4-53
Figure 5-1: Sectional view of swimming poll ..................................................................................................................... 5-56
Figure 5-2: Neutral-axis depths for cracked rectangular sections-elastic behavior .......................................................... 5-58
Figure 5-3: BMD drawn on the tension side of the structure ............................................................................................ 5-59
Figure 5-4: position of calculated crack width (where a cr the distance to the surface of the nearest reinforcing bar) .... 5-60
Figure 5-5: Reinforcement details...................................................................................................................................... 5-61
Figure 6-1: Building layout ................................................................................................................................................. 6-64
Figure 6-2: Vertical wall alignment for NW direction ........................................................................................................ 6-64
Figure 6-3: Vertical wall alignment for SE direction .......................................................................................................... 6-65
Figure 6-4: Elevation A ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-67
Figure 6-5: Elevation B ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-68
Figure 6-6: Elevation C ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-69
Figure 6-7: Elevation D ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-70
VII
Figure 6-8: Elevation E ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-71

Figure 6-9: Elevation F........................................................................................................................................................ 6-72
Figure 6-10: Elevation 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 6-73
Figure 6-11: Elevation 2 & 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 6-74
Figure 7-1: Bending moment diagram along axis - A ......................................................................................................... 7-82
Figure 7-2: Shear force diagram for beam on axis - A ....................................................................................................... 7-85
Figure 8-1: Axial force, Moment in the X – X and in the Y – Y ........................................................................................... 8-89
Figure 9-1: (a) Shear wall – 1, (b) Shear wall - 2 .............................................................................................................. 9-100
Figure 10-1: Retaining wall layout ................................................................................................................................. 10-119
Figure 10-2: Lateral earth pressures .............................................................................................................................. 10-121
Figure 10-3: Design of heel ............................................................................................................................................ 10-124
Figure 10-4: Design of toe .............................................................................................................................................. 10-125
Figure 0-1: Reinforcement Detail of roof type - 1.......................................................................................................... 10-130
Figure 0-2: Reinforcement Detail of roof type - 2 ......................................................................................................... 10-131
Figure 0-3 Reinforcement Detail of roof type - 3 ........................................................................................................... 10-132
Figure 0-4: Reinforcement Detail of Stair case .............................................................................................................. 10-133
Figure 0-5: Reinforcement Detail of basement mizzen slab ......................................................................................... 10-134
Figure 0-6: Reinforcement Detail of Beam ................................................................................................................... 10-135
Figure 0-7: Reinforcement Detail of Column ................................................................................................................. 10-137
Figure 0-8: Reinforcement Detail of Retaining Wall ...................................................................................................... 10-138
Figure 0-9: Reinforcement Detail of Shear Wall ............................................................................................................ 10-139
Figure 0-10 Reinforcement Detail of Shear Wall – Section X - X ................................................................................... 10-140
VIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First we would like to thank God for the paramount help he has given us in our journey this far. We must also
thank our dearest parents for supporting us so steadfastly throughout our lives, for being our most devoted supporters
and for all the reasons they must know so well. We would like to thank Ato Daniel H/Mariyam for overseeing the
project, helping to shape it and his much appreciated advice.
Final year project 2004 E.C.

IX

X
INTRODUCTION
This project is about the design and analysis of two G+4 buildings connected by contraction joint, with
different basement levels, considering all external effects according to EBCS, 1995. Software’s such as SAP&
ETABS have been used throughout the project. It has eight chapters and the contents and the necessary tasks
accomplished in each chapter are explained as follows:
The first chapter deals with the wind load analysis and design of roofs and roof slabs in Chapter two.
The external wind pressures coming from different directions were collected and transferred to frames
according to EBCS, 1995. The roof types have been divided into two; Solid slab roof and Duo-pitched roof. The
Third chapter is about solid slab design of floors. All the slabs are solids.
The Fourth chapter focuses on staircase and ramp design. The staircases are designed as a simply
supported one way slab when resting on beams and while resting on shear walls they are treated as fixed
ends. While designing for ramp, the design of inclined one way slab, fixed at both ends is considered; In
addition to this, the ramp shall carry both moving and uniform loads thus, these loads are transferred to the
supporting beams.
Chapter Five is about the special feature of our building which is the Swimming Pool. We used the BS
8110 and 8007 code, since it accounts for Ultimate & Serviceability limit state, which in accounts for flexural
and direct tension in Mature concrete and direct tension in Immature concrete to control thermal and
shrinkage cracking.
The Sixth chapter with lateral load calculation. The weight of the building was computed by considering
all elements from small to large. The centre of mass and centre of stiffness were taken from ETABS. The lateral
forces were distributed to each floor and subsequently to frame joint according to their stiffness.
Chapters Seven and eight deal with design of beams and columns respectively; these elements were
designed using the loads obtained from analysis by taking the worst effect.
Chapter Nine is concerned about the design of lateral load resisting system, design of shear walls.
Finally, the last chapter is given to the design of foundation and retaining walls of structures. After calculating
the bearing capacity of the soil isolated rectangular footing is considered by taking two worst load
combinations to support and safely distribute the loads coming from the super structure.

Chapter 1 ; WIND LOAD ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
 Wind load Analysis of solid slab roof and Duo-Pitched roof
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 We have two categories of roofs:
Flat concrete roof and Duo-Pitched roof.

 As the flat concrete roofs have different elevations, we have analyzed them
independently.
1-1
1.1. Wind load analysis
Wind load is one of the loads which should be considered in the design of a building as it has a Pressure
and a Suction effect on the building. Ethiopian Building Code of Standards (EBCS) has set a procedure that has to
be followed in the determination of wind loads on buildings. We have followed these procedures in order to
analyze different parts of the building. Wind load analysis is done for both the roof and the building itself. This
part of the report only covers the wind load analysis of roof.
We have divided the building in to four roof parts according to their elevation as follows:
 Roof-1:(flat concrete roof) elevation=34.5m
 Roof-4: (pitched roof) elevation=29.5m
The method of analysis that is going to be considered for this particular building is the Quasi static
method of analysis as the building height is less than 200m and Cd < 1.2.
Analysis information
Location: Debere Zeyete Terrain Category IV
Elevation: 2300m Zo =1
p = 0.94 Kt = 0.24
V ref = 22m/s Zmin = 16m
C t(z) = 1; φ < 0.05
The building’s Roof consists of 3 flat concrete roofs and 1 duo-pitched roof which are different in shape,
dimension and altitude as shown below; therefore we have analyzed and designed each roof separately.
Figure 1-1: Roof layout
Final year project 2004

1-2
Table 1-1: Dimensions of the four roof types
Therefore, on the following sections we are going to analyze the wind load for these roof zones and
calculate the ultimate wind load pressure that will be exerted on the building.
1.1.1. Wind load analysis of roof -1
Geometric data;-
 Width of the roof zone = 16.28m
 Cross wind dimension = 16.36m
 Elevation Z= 34.5m > Zmin
𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑪𝒓(𝒛) = 𝑲𝒕 ∗ 𝐥𝐧 𝒁𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟖
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 𝑪𝒓(𝒛)
= 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟖
𝒕 𝒛
b d e/2 e/4 e/10

16.36m 16.28m 8.18 4.09 1.636
b =16.36m
e = min. → e = 16.36
2h =69m
Since the building is with curved eaves of R = 0.7m

R/h =0.0203 use R/h = 0.05
Table 1-2 Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type – 1
And their respective external and internal wind pressures

1-3
WHERE:
Internal wind pressure coefficients
 For closed building with internal partitions and opening windows the extreme values are
 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = −0.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
External wind pressure
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 0.2275 × 2.1498 × 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏𝒄𝒑𝒆
Internal wind pressure
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.2275 × 2.1498 × 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏𝒄𝒑𝒊
Net wind pressure
 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 0.2275 × 2.1498 × (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟏(𝒄𝒑𝒆 − 𝒄𝒑𝒊 )
(+ve) = 0.3913kN/m2 =
2
(+ve) = 0.0978kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.343kN/m
2
(-ve)= 0.5869kN/m2 (-ve) = 0.245kN/m2 (-ve) = 0.978kN/m

Geometric data;-
𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟖
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 𝑪𝒓(𝒛)
= 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟐
𝒕 𝒛
b d e/2 e/4 e/10

15.47m 11.95m 7.735 3.868 1.547
b =15.47m
e = min. → e = 15.47
2h =67m
R/h =0.0203 use R/h = 0.05
Table 1-2: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type – 2

1-4
WHERE: Internal wind pressure coefficients

 For closed building with internal partitions and opening windows the extreme values are
 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = −0.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
External wind pressure
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 0.2275 × 2.1262 × 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟑𝟕𝒄𝒑𝒆

 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.2275 × 2.1262 × 𝑐𝑝𝐼 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟑𝟕𝒄𝒑𝒊
Net wind pressure

 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 0.2275 × 2.1262 × (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟑𝟕(𝒄𝒑𝒆 − 𝒄𝒑𝒊 )
(+ve) = 0.3869kN/m2 =
2
(+ve) = 0.0967N/m2 (+ve) = 0.3386kN/m
2

Since roof – 3 has irregular shape, as shown below, we have divided the roof into three Zones as follows.
Wind
Figure 1-2: Roof type -3 layouts
Table 1-3: Roof-3 Zones dimensions
1.1.3.1. Geometric data of Zone -3A

 Elevation Z = 29.5m > Z min

1-5
𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟓
𝒕 𝒛 𝑪𝒓(𝒛)
b d e/2 e/4 e/10

8.05m 14.24m 4.025 2.0125 0.805
b =8.05m
e = min. → e = 8.05
2h =59m
R/h =0.0203 use R/h = 0.05
Table 1-4: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–3A
WHERE: External wind pressure
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 0.2275 × 2.0245 × 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟔𝒄𝒑𝒆
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.2275 × 2.0245 × 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟔𝒄𝒑𝒊
Net wind pressure
 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 0.2275 × 2.0245 × (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟔(𝒄𝒑𝒆 − 𝒄𝒑𝒊 )
(+ve) = 0.3685kN/m2 =
2
(+ve) = 0.0921N/m2 (+ve) = 0.3224kN/m
2
1.1.3.2. Geometric data of Zone -3B

𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 𝑪𝒓(𝒛)
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟓
𝒕 𝒛

1-6
b =12.45m
e = min. → e = 12.45
2h =59m

R/h =0.0203 use R/h = 0.05
Table 1-5: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–3B

Net wind pressure
(+ve) = 0.369kN/m2 =
2
(+ve) = 0.041N/m2 (+ve) = 0.2713kN/m
2
1.1.3.3. Geometric data of Zone -3C

𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟖
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 𝑪𝒓(𝒛)
= 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟖
𝒕 𝒛

1-7
b =10.43m
e = min. → e = 10.43
2h =59m
R/h =0.0203 use R/h = 0.05
Table 1-6: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–3C
Net wind pressure
(+ve) = 0.0921KN/m2 (+ve) = 0.368kN/m2 = (+ve) = 0.3224kN/m2

(-ve)= 0.589kN/m2 (-ve) = 0.2303kN/m2 (-ve) = 0.957kN/m2
Here for roof type -3 the net wind load will be the maximum of the three zones:
(+ve) = 0.3224kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.2713kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.3224kN/m2

(-ve)= 1.057kN/m2 (-ve) = 0.954kN/m2 (-ve) = 0.957kN/m2
2
(+ve) = 0.3224kN/m
2
(-ve) = 1.057kN/m
1.1.4. Wind Load Analysis of Roof Type- 4 (Duo-Pitched Roof)
1.1.4.1. Geometric data of Roof type -4 (ѳ= 00)

 Cross wind dimension = 13m
 Direction: ѳ= 00
 α = tan-1 (1.15/6.495)
α =100

1-8
𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔
b d e/4 e/10
12.99m 13m 3.248 1.299
b =12.99m
e = min. → e = 12.99
2h =66.3m
Table 1-7: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–4
0
Direction 0 and their respective external and internal wind pressures

 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 0.2275 × 2.1176 × 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒑𝒆
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.2275 × 2.1176 × 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒑𝒊
Net wind pressure
 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 0.2275 × 2.1176 × (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖(𝒄𝒑𝒆 − 𝒄𝒑𝒊 )
1.1.4.2. Geometric data of Roof type -4 (ѳ= 900)

 Cross wind dimension = 13m
 Direction: ѳ= 900
 α = tan-1 (1.15/6.495)  α =100

1-9
𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + 𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔
b =13m
e = min. → e = 13
2h =66.3m
Table 1-8: Values of Cpe,1 and Cpe,10 for solid slab slabs with curved eaves according to EBCS – 1 for roof type–4
0
Direction 90 and their respective external and internal wind pressures

 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 0.2275 × 2.1176 × 𝑐𝑝𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒑𝒆
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.2275 × 2.1176 × 𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒑𝒊
Net wind pressure
 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑐𝑒 𝑧𝑒 (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 0.2275 × 2.1176 × (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟖(𝒄𝒑𝒆 − 𝒄𝒑𝒊 )
(+ve) = 0.385kN/m2 =
2
(+ve) = 0.00KN/m2 (+ve) = 0.00kN/m
2
Here for roof type -4 the net wind load will be the maximum of the two wind directions:
(+ve) = 0.337kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.00kN/m2

(-ve)= 1.184kN/m2 (-ve) = 1.135kN/m2
The Net wind load for the Whole Roofs will be the maximum of the four Roof types:
2
(+ve) = 0.337kN/m
2
(-ve) = 1.184kN/m

2-10
Chapter 2 ; DESIGN OF ROOF
OBJECTIVE
 Analysis and design of the different Roofs of the building


2-11
Design for Roof

The roof slab design is done for each roof type. As mentioned earlier the building consists of 3 solid slab
(flat concrete) roofs and a duo-pitched roof. First we deal with the solid slab roof, which is designed as any other
solid slabs using the Design Chart Method, and proceed to the duo-pitched roof design.
Material properties
Concrete : (f cu)C- 25 Steel : (f yk)S- 300
Reinforcement bar dia. Φ 10 for main bars ; Φ 8 for distribution bars
Clear cover = 20mm
Design Strength values and design formulas
Concrete Steel
𝜸𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟓 for ordinary loading EBCS-2, Tb.3.1 𝜸𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝒇𝒄𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝑵/𝒎𝒎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝑵 𝒎𝒎 𝒇𝒚𝒅 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑬𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐𝟗𝑮𝒑𝒂 𝑬𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑮𝒑𝒂
for serviceability limit state requirement we calculated d using the formula :
𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝒅 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ ( 𝜷𝒂 ) , where is read from EBCS-2, Tb.5.1
Support, span and cantilever moment determination
Support moments Span moments
𝟐
 𝒎𝒚𝒔 = 𝑷𝒔𝒅 × 𝜶𝒚𝒔 × 𝒍𝒙 𝒎𝒚𝒇 = 𝑷𝒔𝒅 × 𝜶𝒚𝒇 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐
 𝒎𝒙𝒔 = 𝑷𝒔𝒅 × 𝜶𝒙𝒔 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐 𝒎𝒙𝒇 = 𝑷𝒔𝒅 × 𝜶𝒙𝒇 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐
where moment coefficients α are according to EBCS –
Cantilever moments
𝟏
𝒎𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝒘 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐 Where, w = P sd x 1m
𝟐
(Taking 1m strip along the shorter direction)
Support moment adjustment

By taking the moment difference along each section lines at the supports
If (∆M/M large)*100 < 20%, the max moment will be taken
If (∆M/M large)*100 > 20%, the moment will be redistributed according to their stiffness as follows:
(For Ma > Mb) ∆M = Ma – Mb
DF a = Ka / (Ka + Kb) ; DF b = Kb / (Ka + Kb)
M sd = Ma – DF a* ∆M; M sd = Mb – DF b* ∆M
NB. For two adjacent panel’s combination of (Provided that (∆M/M large)*100 > 20%):
- 2 – Way and 1 – way panes, if M1-way is the larger, it will be taken as M sd.
- 2 – Way and Cantilever, if M2-way is the larger, it will be taken as M sd.
Span moment adjustment
Only those panels whose support moments have decreased will be adjusted
according to EBCS – 2 using the formulas:
M yf(adjusted) = M yf + Cy1 * ∆M xs + Cy2 * ∆M ys
M xf(adjusted) = M xf + Cx1 * ∆M xs + Cx2 * ∆M ys
Design of Reinforcement bars (Design using Design Chart method)
Before we start the design process, we need to check the depth for flexure

2-12
Design constants
m = f yd/0.8fcd = 28.77 C1 = 2.5/m = 0.0869
b = 1000mm C2 = 0.32m2*f cd = 3001.62
Steel ratio and depth
𝟏 𝟒𝑴
𝝆 = 𝟐 𝒄𝟏 − 𝒄𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒃𝒅𝟐𝒄 d = 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎. 𝟖𝒇𝒄𝒅 ∗ 𝝆 ∗ 𝒎 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝝆
𝟐
Maximum Spacing
2d
S max =
350
Μ us = M sd /f cd*b*d2 ; A st = M sd /K z*f yd*d; S = π*Ф2*b /4Ast
Where K z is read from chart
Load transferred to beams
W
Vi = β i *P sd*L x , acting along 0.75L
2.1. Design of Roof type - 1

Here for intermediate values of Ly/Lx ,βa is determined by linear interpolation
Table 2-1: Depth calculation for roof type- 1
Use d max =170.71mm

Depth
 Total depth : D = d + cc + Ф/2
D = 170.71 + 20 + 5 =195.71 ≈ 200mm
 Depth in shorter direction : d s = D - cc - Ф/2
d s = 200 – 20 - 5 = 175mm
 Depth in the longer direction : d L = D - cc - Ф/2 - Ф
d L = 200 – 20 – 5 – 10 = 165mm

2-13
Load cases
Dead load
3 2
 Self-weight of 200mm RC-slab = 0.2 x 25KN/m ………………= 5KN/m
3 2
 20mm thick plaster paint = 0.02 x 23KN/m …………………..= 0.46KN/m
3 2
 20mm PVC covering = 0.02 x 16KN/m …………………………...= 0.32KN/m
3 2
 30mm cement screen = 0.03 x 23KN/m ................................= 0.69KN/m
DL = 6.47KN/m2
Live load: LL = 0.5KN/m2 (from EBCS – 1, Tb.2.14, imposed loads for flat roof)
Wind load
W net 1 = -0.978KN/m2 W net 2 = 0.343KN/m2
Load combinations
Combo 1 : P sd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL  P sd = 9.211KN/m2
Combo 2 : P sd = 0.9DL + 1.6WL1  P sd = 6.372KN/m2
The governing load combination is
Combo 1 : P sd = 9.211KN/m2
Table 2-2: Span and support moments for the roof type - 1
Figure 2-1: Unadjusted support moments of roof type - 1

2-14
 Support moment adjustment
Table 2-3: Support moment adjustment of each section
Figure 2-2: adjusted support moments of roof type -1

2-15
*5.16
*8.06
*5.2
*7.4
Figure 2-3: unadjusted Span moment distribution for roof type – 1

(Adjusted span moments are shown as *M)
 Span moment adjustment
(Here in our case only Panel 6 & Panel 9 will be adjusted)
Table 2-4 : Span moment adjustment for roof type - 1
 Design of Reinforcement bars (Design using Design Chart method)
Mmax = 14.22KNm b = 1000mm D = 200mm

 Steel ratio
1 4∗14.22∗10 6
ρ = 2 0.0869 − 0.08692 − 1000 ∗200 2 ∗3001 .62 = 0.00138
d = 14.22 ∗ 106 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟕 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟖

= 198.85mm < 200mm
 Maximum Spacing
S max = 350mm

2-16
Positive Reinforcement
Table 2-5: Positive reinforcement for roof type – 1

Negative Reinforcement
Table 2-6 Negative reinforcement for roof type – 1

2-17
Load transferred to beams
Table 2-7 Load transferred to beams for roof type - 1
2.2. Design for roof type- 2

(Here for intermediate values of Ly/Lx, βa is determined by linear interpolation)
Table 2-8 : Depth calculation for roof type- 2

Depth Use d max =98.458mm
D = 98.458+ 20 + 5 =123.458 ≈ 130mm
 Depth in shorter direction : ds = D - cc - Ф/2
d s = 130 – 20 - 5 = 105mm
 Depth in the longer direction : dl = D - cc - Ф/2 - Ф
d L = 130– 20 – 5 – 10 = 95mm
Load cases
Dead load
3 2
 Self-weight of 130mm RC-slab = 0.13 x 25KN/m ………………= 3.25KN/m
3 2
3 2
3 2
DL = 4.72KN/m2

2-18
Live load: LL = 5KN/m2 (from EBCS – 1, Tb.2.14, imposed loads for flat roof)
Wind load
 W net 1 = -0.9674KN/m2 W net 2 = 0.3386KN/m2
Load combinations
The governing load combination is:
Combo 1: P sd = 14.14KN/m2
 Support, span and cantilever moment determination of roof type -2
Table 2-9 : Support, span and cantilever moment determination of roof type -2
Figure 2-4: unadjusted support moments of roof type – 2

2-19
 Support moment adjustment
Table 2-10: Support moment adjustment of roof type -2
Figure 2-5: Adjusted support moments of roof type - 2

2-20
 Span moment adjustment

(Here in our case none of the Panel’s support moment has decreased, therefore no need of span moment adjustment)
Figure 2-6: Adjusted span moments of roof type - 2

 Design constants
M max = 15.39KNm b = 1000mm D = 130mm
 Steel ratio
1 4∗15.39∗10 6
ρ = 2 0.0869 − 0.08692 − 1000 ∗130 2 ∗3001 .62 = 0.0036
d = 15.39 ∗ 103 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟕 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔
= 128.15mm < 130mm
 Maximum Spacing
2d = 400
Smax =  Smax = 350mm
350
 Positive Reinforcement
Table 2-11: Positive Reinforcement for roof type - 2

2-21
 Negative Reinforcement
Table 2-12: Negative Reinforcement for roof type - 2
 Load transferred to beams
Table 2-13: Load transferred to beams for roof type - 2

2-22
Table 2-14: Depth determination for roof type - 3
Depth Use d max =204mm

D = 204 + 20 + 5 =123.458 ≈ 230mm
 Depth in shorter direction : d s = D - cc - Ф/2
D s = 230 – 20 - 5 = 205mm
 Depth in the longer direction : d L = D - cc - Ф/2 - Ф
d L = 230– 20 – 5 – 10 = 195mm
Load cases
Dead load
3 2
 Self-weight of 230mm RC-slab = 0.23 x 25KN/m ………………= 5.75KN/m
3 2
3 2
3 2
DL = 7.22KN/m2
Live load: LL = 3KN/m2 (from EBCS – 1, Tb.2.14, category C-5)
Wind load
 W net 1 = -1.057KN/m2 W net 2 = 0.322KN/m2
Load combinations
Combo 2 : P sd = 0.9DL + 1.6WL1  P sd = 4.807N/m2
The governing load combination is
Combo 1: P sd = 14.186KN/m2

2-23
 Support, span and cantilever moment determination
Table 2-15: Span & support moments of roof type 3
Figure 2-7: Unadjusted support moments of roof type – 3

 Support moment adjustment

2-24
Table 2-16: Adjusted support moments of roof type -3
Figure 2-8: Adjusted support moments of roof type – 3
 Span moment adjustment
Table 2-17: Adjusted span moments of roof type -3

2-25
*
8.95
*
9.58
*
10.84
*
12.2
Figure 2-9: Adjusted span moments of roof type - 3 (adjusted span moments are shown as *M)

Design constants
M max = 23.97KNm b = 1000mm D = 230mm
 Steel ratio and depth
1 4∗23.97∗10 6
ρ = 2 0.0869 − 0.08692 − 1000 ∗230 2 ∗3001 .62 = 0.0018
d = 23.97 ∗ 103 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 ∗ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟕 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖

= 226.08mm < 230mm
 Maximum Spacing
S max = 350mm
 Positive Reinforcement
Table 2-18: Positive Reinforcement for roof type - 3

2-26
 Negative Reinforcement
Table 2-19: Negative Reinforcement for roof type - 3
Table 2-20: Load transferred to beams for roof type - 3

2-27

(Duo-Pitched Roof)
Figure 2-10: Duo-pitched roof layout

 Material Property
Steel: Fe -360 Aluminum: Glass sheet Purloin:
3
mass = 3.3Kg/m weight = 27KN/m weight = 25KN/m3 max. Spacing = 0.95m
weight = 77KN/m3 thickness = 4mm thickness = 6mm max. Length = 5m
E =210GPa total length per frame = 16cm
G = 80GPa
fy = 235Mpa, fu = 360MPa
2.4.1. Design of Purloin

Assumed section: 102 x 64 x 6.8mm, unequal double angle
h = 102mm mass = 9.69Kg/m A = 12.35cm2
b =64mm r = 4.8mm I x = 129 cm4
t = 6.8mm I y = 38.9 cm4 Wel,y = 8.02cm3
Wel,x = 19cm3
 Design Load
Dead load
Self weight of purloin = 9.69Kg/m x 9.81m/s2 = 0.095KN/m
Wt. on purloin from glass sheet = 25KN/m3 x 0.006m x 0.95m =0.1425KN/m
3
Wt. on purloin from aluminum framing =[(0.16m x 0.004m) /1m] x 27KN/m x 0.95m = 0.016KN/m
DL = 0.2535KN/m
Live load (from EBCS – 2, Tb- )
- distributed: LL d = 0.25KN/m2 x 0.95m = 0.2375KN/m
- concentrated: LL c = 1KN
Wind load
- suction: WL s = -1.84KN/m2 x0.95m = -1.1248KN/m
- pressure: WL p = 0.387KN/m2 x 0.95m = 0.3202KN/m
Projected loads
DL1 = 0.2355KN/m x Cos (100) = 0.2496KN/m DL2 = 0.2355KN/m x Sin (100) = 0.044KN/m
LL1d = 0.2375KN/m x Cos (100) = 0.234KN/m LL2d = 0.2375KN/m x Sin (100) = 0.0412KN/m
LL1c = 1KN x Cos (100) = 0.985KN LL2c = 1KN x Sin (100) = 0.17KN

2-28
Load combinations
Combo1 = 1.3DL1 + 1.6LL1d =0.699KN/m Combo9 = 1.3DL2 + 1.6LL2d =0.123KN/m
Combo2 = 1.3DL1 + 1.6LL1c =0.324KN/m +1.58KN Combo10 = 1.3DL2 + 1.6LL2c =0.057KN/m + 0.27KN
Combo3 = 0.9DL1 + 1.3WLs =-1.24KN/m Combo11 = 0.9DL2 + 1.3WLs =-1.423KN/m
Combo4 = 0.9DL1 + 1.3WLp =0.641KN/m Combo12= 0.9DL2 + 1.3WLp =0.456KN/m
Combo5 = 0.8(1.3DL1 + 1.6LL1d + 1.6WLs) =-0.88KN/m Combo13= 0.8(1.3DL2 + 1.6LL2d + 1.6WLs) =-1.34KN/m
Combo6 = 0.8(DL1 + 1.6LL1d + 1.6WLp)=0.968KN/m Combo14= 0.8(DL2 + 1.6LL2d + 1.6WLp) =0.508KN/m
Combo7 = 0.8(1.3DL1 + 1.6LL1c + 1.6WLs) =-1.18KN/m+1.26KN Combo15= 0.8(1.3DL2 + 1.6LL2c + 1.6WLs) =-1.39KN/m+0.22KN
Combo8 = 0.8(1.3DL1 + 1.6LL1c + 1.6WLp) =0.67KN/m +1.26KN Combo16= 0.8(1.3DL2 + 1.6LL2c + 1.6WLp) =0.46KN/m +0.22KN
After analyzing the purloin using the above load combinations on SAP-2000, we’ve found the following outputs:
Critical load combination: Combo9 = 1.3DL2 + 1.6LL2d =
P sd =-0.166KN V sd = 0.428KN M sd = -0.352KNm
 Verification
- The design plastic resistance of the gross section:
N pl,rd = Ag x f y/γm1 > N t,sd
= 2(1235) x 235/1.1 = 527.68KN > 0.616KN …… ok
- Check for the adequacy of the trial section: ε = √235/fy =1
h/t = 102/6.8 =15 ≥ 15ε = 15 ……class-3
(b + h)/2t = 166/13.6 = 12.21 > 11.5ε = 11.5……class-3
- Flexural resistance moment:
M u,rd = W el x f y/γm1 ≥ M sd
= 19000 x 235/1.1 = 4.059KNm > 0.352KNm …..Ok
- Shear buckling resistance (failure) : d = h – t – r = 90.4mm
Since d/t = 90.4/6.8 = 13.3 < 69ε = 69, no need to verify.
- Vertical deflection (according to EBCS -3, Tb: 5.1)
Maximum deflection for floor and roofs supporting plaster other brittle finish
or non-flexible partitions:
δ tot ≤ L/250 = 5000/250 = 20mm
δ LL ≤ L/350 = 5000/350 = 14.286mm
5 𝑊𝑡𝑙 2 5 𝑝𝑙 3
δ tot-1= 384 Є𝐼
+ 384Є𝐼
= 20.45mm ≤ 20mm……. ok
δ tot-2 = 11.96mm ≤ 20mm…….ok
5 𝑊𝐿𝑙 2 5 𝑝𝑙 3
δ LL-1 = 384 Є𝐼
+ 384Є𝐼
= 12.95mm ≤ 14.286mm……. ok
δ LL-2 = 7.52mm≤ 14.286mm…….ok
Where the un-factored loads:
Wt1 = DL1 + LL1d + LL1c = 0.4836KN/m + 0.985KN WL1 = LL1d + LL1c = 0.234KN/m + 0.985KN
Wt2 = DL2 + LL2d + LL2c = 0.0852KN/m + 0.174KN WL2 = LL2d + LL2c = 0.0412KN/m + 0.174KN
Hence, the section is safe: use 2L 102 x 64 x 6.8 double angle steel grade Fe-360
2.4.2. Design of roof truss

Here our roof truss is of two types, which are different on their top flexural angle members.
Generally the roof has four trusses; the two end trusses are of single angle sections members and the middle two
are of double angle section members. The design procedures of each type are as shown below.

2-29
 Design of single angle sections

For the sake of selecting a trial section we analyzed the truss using the wind load, and the following outputs
were taken. WLp = 0.3202KN/m
Assumed sections: 89 x 89 x 11 angle section
60 x 60 x 3 square section
Figure2-11: Roof truss lay out for the left half of end truss
NB. Since the left and right halves have the same properties, for sake of simplicity we designed only for the left half.
(a) (b)
Table 2-21: (a) Member assignment for the left half of the truss, (b) Max. Values for left half part of the truss
Since the maximum axial load is on member 25 which is a flexural member,

The members will be designed as flexural member.
 Design of flexural members(top chord)
Pd = 19.595KN Msd = 0.2122KNm Vsd = 0.437KN
 Selection of trial section
- Required section modules
Wel ∗fy 212.2∗1.1
M sd = γm1
 W el = 235
= 0.993cm3
Try 45 x 45 x3 (equal angle)
Mass = 3.13Kg/m h = 45mm Wel,x = Wel,y = 2.28cm3
r = 2.4mm b = 45mm
A = 3.99cm2 Ix = Iy = 7.24cm4
- Section classification ε = √235/fy =1
h/t = 45/3 = 15 ≥ 15ε = 15 ……class-3
(b + h)/2t = 90/6 = 15 > 11.5ε = 11.5……class-3
 Revised Design action
Self weight of truss = 3.13Kg/m x 9.81m/s2 = 0.0307KN/m
Purloin & glass sheet = 0.2496KN/m
Base reaction of purloin: R1 = 25.612KN , R2 = -17.472KN
Design load (revised) = 0.2803KN/m + -17.472KN + 25.612KN
Figure 2-12: Revised design loading

2-30
- Revised design moment and shear

M sd = 0.2817KNm Vsd = 2.046KN
- The resistant moment
Wel ∗fy 2.28∗10 −3 ∗235
M el,rd = γm0
= 1.1
= 0.487KNm ≥ M sd…….. Ok
- Shear buckling resistance d = h – t – r = 39.1mm

Since d/t = 39.1/3 = 13.03 < 69ε = 69, no need to verify
- Vertical deflection (according to EBCS -3, Tb: 5.1)
From SAP analysis result Dmax = 0.006716mm
L/250 = 6600/250 = 26.4mm → Dmax < 26.4mm………ok
- Check the resistance of the web transverse to concentrated loads
i) Check for web crushing
The design crushing resistance of the web
𝑺𝒔+𝑺𝒚 𝐟𝐲∗𝐭 𝒃𝒇𝒚𝒇 𝛔𝒇∗𝑬𝑫𝟐
Ry,rd = , where Ss =𝟐𝒕 ∗ 𝟏−
𝛄𝐦𝟏 𝐭𝐰∗𝐟𝐲𝐰 𝑭𝒚𝒇
Assuming a simply supported beam, ς f = 0
Ss = 23.11mm and Sy = 0.5 Ss = 11.56mm
Ry,rd = 22.25KN > Vsd …………ok
ii) Check for web crippling
The design crippling resistance of the section
𝐭𝐟 𝐭𝐰 𝐒𝐬
𝑬𝒇𝒚𝒇 +𝟑 ∗
𝟐 𝐭𝐰 𝐭𝐟 𝐝
Ra,rd = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕 ∗ = 52.64KN > Vsd………ok
𝛄𝐦𝟏
iii) Check for web buckling resistance

 the design buckling resistance of the section
𝐗∗𝛃𝐚∗𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲
R b,rd = , Ag = b eff x tw
𝛄𝐦𝟏
 treating the web as a compression member, the buckling resistance can be determined using
buckling curve C and βa = 1.0, for bearing at the end of the beam,
𝑺𝒔
b eff = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒉𝟐 + 𝑺𝒔𝟐 + = 36.63mm
𝟐
 assuming the web is fixed at the top and pinned at the bottom K = 0.7
L eff = K*L = 27.37mm
𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝑰 𝒕
 web slenderness ratio λ = ,where i = = = 0.8669
𝒊 𝑨 𝟏𝟐
λ = 31.65 and λ1 =93.9Є = 93.9
 the relative slenderness ratio
𝛌
λ w = 𝛌𝟏 𝛃𝐚 = 0.337 > 0.2
 the partial safety factor ф, for buckling curve C the imperfection factor
α =0.49(welded section)
ф = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏 + 𝛂 𝛌𝐰 − 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝛌𝐰 𝟐 = 0.59
 since λ w > 0.2, the reduction factor X is given by
𝟏
X= = 0.9309
ф+ ф𝟐 −𝛌𝐰𝟐
Hence, R b,rd = 21.85KN > Vsd……….ok

2-31
- check for flange induced buckling

 to prevent the occurrence of compression flange buckling,
𝑬 𝑨𝒘
d/t w < 𝑲 ∗ 𝑭𝒚𝒇 ∗ 𝑨𝒇
→ 39.1/3 = 13.03 < 460.7………ok
Therefore, use 45 x 45 x 3 equal angle steel grade Fe-360

 Design of compression members
Taking X = 1 and βa = 1.0 equate
N b,rd – the design buckling resistance and N c,sd – the factored axial compression load
N c, sd (revised) = 108.58KN (on member 70)
N c,sd = N b,rd
3 𝐗∗𝛃𝐚∗𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲 2
108.58 x 10 = → Ag = 5.0826cm
𝛄𝐦𝟏
Try 50 x 50 x3 (square tube)

Mass = 4.25Kg/m A = 5.41cm2 h = 50mm Ix = 19.47cm4
r = 1.9cm t = 3mm b = 50mm Wpl,x = 7.79cm3
- Section classification
ε = √235/fy =1, d = h – 3t= 41mm and C = b – 3t= 41mm
d/t w = 41/3 = 13.67 ≤ 83ε = 83 ……class-2
C/t f = 41/3 = 13.67 ≤ 33ε = 33……class-1 (rolled section
- Verification of the section
i) compression resistance
𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲
N c,rd = N pl,rd = = 115.58KN > Nc,sd………ok
𝛄𝐦𝟏
ii) flexural buckling resistance
𝐗∗𝛃𝐚∗𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲
N b,rd = , Leff =800mm
𝛄𝐦𝟏
𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐟
 web slenderness ratio λ = 𝒊
= 42.11 and λ1 =93.9Є = 93.9
𝛌
λw= 𝛃𝐚 = 0.448 > 0.2
𝛌𝟏
 using curve a for rolled section α = 0.21
ф = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏 + 𝛂 𝛌𝐰 − 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝛌𝐰 𝟐 = 0.626
 since λ w > 0.2, the reduction factor X is given by
𝟏
X= = 0.9405
ф+ ф𝟐 −𝛌𝐰𝟐
Hence, N b,rd = 108.7KN > N c,sd …………ok
Therefore, use 50 x 50 x 3 ST Fe-360 steel grade
 Design of tensile members
Taking X = 1 and βa = 1.0 equate
N pl,rd – the design plastic resistance and N t,sd – the factored axial tensile load
N t,sd(revised) = 153.75KN (on member 58)
N t,sd = N pl,rd
3 𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲
153.75 x 10 = 𝛄𝐦𝟏
→ Ag = 7.197cm2

2-32
Try 60 x 60 x 3.5 (square tube)

Mass = 5.96Kg/m A = 7.59cm2 h = 60mm Ix = 39.56cm4
r = I = 2.28cm t = 3.5mm b = 60mm Wpl,x = 13.18cm3
- Section classification
ε = √235/fy =1, d = h – 3t= 49.5mm and C = b – 3t= 49.5mm
d/tw = 49.5/3.5 = 14.14 ≤ 83ε = 83 ……class-2
C/tf = 41/3 = 14.14 ≤ 33ε = 33……class-1 (rolled section)
- Verification of the section
i) tensile resistance
𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲
Nt,rd = = 162.15KN > Nt,sd………ok
𝛄𝐦𝟏
ii) ultimate resistance capacity

𝟎.𝟗∗𝐀𝐠∗𝐟𝐲
N u,rd = = 196.73KN
𝛄𝐦𝟐
Hence, N u,rd = 196.73KN > Nt,sd ………..ok
Therefore, use 60 x 60 x 3.5 ST Fe-360 steel grade
 Design of Double angle sections

For the sake of selecting a trial section we analyzed the truss using the wind load, and the
following outputs were taken
WL p = 0.3202KN/m
Assumed sections: 89 x 89 x 11 single angle
60 x 60 x 3 double angle
Figure 2-13: Roof truss lay out for the left half of middle truss
NB. Since the left and right halves have the same properties, for sake of simplicity we designed only for the left half.
(b) (b)
Table 2-22: (a) Member assignment for the left half of the truss, (b) Max. Values for left half part of the truss
Since the maximum axial load is on member 14 which is a flexural member, the members will be designed as flexural member.
 Design of flexural members(top chord)

Pd = -21.165KN Msd = 0.2617KNm Vsd = 0.525KN
- Required section modules
Wel ∗fy 261.7∗1.1
M sd = → Wel = = 1.253cm3
γm1 235

2-33
Try 2L 45 x 45 x3 (equal angle)

Mass = 3.13Kg/m h = 45mm Wel,x = Wel,y = 2.28cm3
r = 2.4mm b = 45mm
A = 3.99cm2 Ix = Iy = 7.24cm4
- Section classification ε = √235/fy =1
h/t = 45/3 = 15 ≥ 15ε = 15 ……class-3

 (b + h)/2t = 90/6 = 15 > 11.5ε = 11.5……class-3
Here as the above result shows we have found the same trial section of the same class.
Therefore; use 2L 45 x 45 x 3 equal angle steel grade Fe-360

3-34
Chapter 3 ; SOLID SLAB DESIGN OF FLOORS
OBJECTIVE
 Analysis and design of the different floors of building
 As the floors are of irregular shape, we have tried to analyze them using the yield line
analysis

3-35
3.1. Design of basement floor slab

 Material properties
Concrete = 𝐶25 and Steel = 𝑆300
 Design strength values
Concrete
𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.1
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 11.33𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 1.03 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 29𝐺𝑝𝑎
Steel
𝛾𝑠 = 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎
 Depth calculation
Irregular shapes are assumed to be regular in shape only for the purpose of calculating depth.
For serviceability limit state requirements the effective depth should satisfy
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑑 = 0.4 + 0.6 400 ( 𝛽𝑎 )………………………………….EBCS-2,1995,sec.5.2.3
Table 3-1: Depth calculation table for basement floor slab

Depth
 Total depth
𝑑 = 128.92 + 7 + 20 = 155.92𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎
 Depth in shorter direction
𝑑 = 160 − 7 − 20 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎
 Depth in the longer direction
𝑑 = 160 − 7 − 16 − 20 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒎𝒎
 Load cases
Dead load
 Self-weight of 160mm RC-slab = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 8𝑚𝑚 ceramic floor finish = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 × 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 30𝑚𝑚 mortar bed = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 × 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Bottom finishing loads(25mm plastering and painting ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Total dead load = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Live load: 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟓 𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑬𝑩𝑪𝑺 − 𝟏

3-36
 Load combinations
Combo: 𝑷𝒔𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝑳𝑳
NB: Panel 2, 3, 4,5,6,10,11,12,13,19 and panel 20 will not have any partition load.
 Panel Assignment
Figure 3-1: Panel zone assignment
 Partition loads
Table 3-2: Part ion Load
 Support, span and cantilever moments

 Support moments
𝒎𝒚𝒔 = 𝑷𝒅 × 𝜶𝒚𝒔 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒙𝒔 = 𝑷𝒅 × 𝜶𝒙𝒔 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐
 Span moments
𝒎𝒚𝒇 = 𝑷𝒅 × 𝜶𝒚𝒇 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒙𝒇 = 𝑷𝒅 × 𝜶𝒙𝒇 × 𝒍𝒙 𝟐
 Cantilever moments
𝟏
 𝒎𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝟐 𝑷𝒅 × 𝒍𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝟐 + 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄,𝒅 × 𝒍𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 … … 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄,𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟑 × 𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄 … … 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅

3-37
Table 3-3: Support, span and cantilever moment calculation
Figure 3-2: Yield line of Panel 8 and panel 18 of all slabs
Using work method, we have the following

𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍
 External energy expended by the displacement of loads
Note: Area C is divided into 2 triangles and a rectangle for convenience of calculation as
indicated by the broken lines on Figure 7.
𝟏 𝟏
 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕,𝑨 = × 𝟓 × 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝑷𝒅 × = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟑 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕,𝑩 = × 𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝑷𝒅 × = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟑 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟑𝟕
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕,𝑪 = × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏. 𝟓𝑷𝒅 × + × 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟓𝑷𝒅 × + 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏. 𝟓𝑷𝒅 ×
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟔
 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕,𝑨 + 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕,𝑩 + 𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕,𝑪 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟑
 Internal energy dissipated by the yield lines rotating
 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝑨 = 𝒎𝟏 × 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒎𝟏
 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝑨 = 𝒎𝟐 × 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝒎𝟐
 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝑨 = 𝒎𝟑 × 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏 𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝟑
 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝑨 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝑩 + 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕,𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝒎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝟑

3-38
Relationship between moments

 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒊𝟏 × 𝒎𝟑
 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒊𝟐 × 𝒎𝟑
Determination of the constants𝑖1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖2 :
 These coefficients have been determined earlier
 𝒊𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗
 𝒊𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗
Equating the above, we obtain the following
𝑾𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝒎𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝒎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝟑
𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝒎𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝒎𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝟑
𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟔𝒎𝟑
𝒎𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟕 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
 Adjustment of support moments
Unadjusted support moments
Figure 3-3: Unadjusted support moments

3-39
Table 3-4: Support Moment adjustment
Figure 3-4: Adjusted support moments

3-40
 Span Moment Adjustment
Table 3-5: Span Moment Adjustment
 Reinforcement Calculation
(Design using Design Chart)
Positive Reinforcement
Table 3-6: Calculation of positive reinforcement

3-41
Negative Reinforcement
Table 3-7: Calculation of negative reinforcement

3-42
Load Transfer to Beams
Table 3-8: Transferred loads to the beam

4-43
Chapter 4 ; STAIR CASE AND RAMP DESIGN
OBJECTIVE
 Modeling and analysis of the different stairs and ramps
 Design of the different stairs and ramps

4-44
4.1. Design of stairs
Figure 4-1: General stair case Lay out
 General design data:

o Material properties
Concrete: (fcu)C- 25 𝒇𝒄𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 m = 28.77 C1 = 0.0869
Steel: (fyk)S- 300 𝒇𝒚𝒅 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 C2 = 3002.34
o Dimensions & thickness
Reinforcement bar dia. Φ 20 for main bars; Φ 8 for distribution bars
Clear cover = 20mm ѳ = 270
Thickness of Marble = 30mm Riser(R) = 15mm
Plastering= 20mm Tread (t) = 30mm
Cement screed= 30mm a1 = a2 = 1.3m
 Types of stairs on the building and their respective dimensions
o Type A
- from basement to B. mizzen H = 3m #R = 10 L eff = 4.24m
- from B. mizzen to ground floor h = 1.5m h’ = 1.65m d =150.31mm
- from g. floor to first floor b = 2.94m #t = 9
o Type B
- from g. floor to g. floor mizzen H = 3.5m #R = 11 L eff = 4.64m
rd rd
- from 3 floor to 3 floor mizzen h = 1.7m h’ = 1.85m d=164.33mm
rd th
- from 3 floor mizzen to 4 floor b = 3.34m #t = 10
o Type C
- from first floor to 2nd floor H = 4m #R = 12 L eff = 4.83m
nd rd
- from 2 floor to 3 floor h = 1.8m h’ = 1.95m d = 171.063mm
th th
- from 4 floo to 4 floor mizzen b = 3.53m #t = 11
- from 4th floor mizzen to roof floor
 Depth determination
𝒅 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ ( 𝜷𝒂 ) , where βa is read from EBCS-2, Tb.5.1
Leff = b + a βa = 24 D = Cc + d + ф/2
 Reinforcement determination
𝐀𝐬
A s(main) = ρbd , #bar = π ф2
4
π ф2
xb
4
A s(distrib.) = 20% Asm Spacing = 𝐀𝐬

4-45
4.1.1. Design of stair case type A

 Depth determination
d = 150.31mm and D = 180mm
 Loading
(On the flight)
Dead load
- Steps = 0.5( 1.4 x 0.15 x 25KN/m3) = 2.625KN/m
- Waist = [0.18 x 1.4 x 25KN/m3]/Cos (27) = 7.07KN/m
3
- Marble riser = [0.03 x 1.65 x 1.4 x 27KN/m ]/2.944 = 0.636KN/m
3
- Marble tread = [ 0.03 x 2.944 x 1.4 x 27KN/m ]/2.944 = 1.134KN/m
3
- Plastering =[0.02 x 1.4 x 23KN/m ]/Cos (27) = 0.723KN/m
3
- Cement screed for riser = [ 0.03 x 1.65 x 1.4 x 23KN/m ]/2.94 = 0.5415KN/m
- Cement screed for tread = 0.03 x 2.94 x 1.4 x 23KN/m3]/2.944 = 0.966KN/m
- Hand rail = 0.95 x 0.1 x 6KN/m2 =0.57KN/m
Total DL = 14.266KN/m
Live load = 3KN/m2 (according to EBCS -2)
LL = 3KN/m2 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m
Pdf = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 25.266KN/m
(On landing)
- Marble flooring = 0.03 x 1.4 x 27KN/m3 = 1.134KN/m
- Cement screed = 0.03 x1.4 x 23KN/m3 = 0.966KN/m
- 160mm RC slab = 0.16 x 1.4 x 25KN/m3 = 6.3KN/m
- Plastering = 0.02 x 1.4 x 23KN/m3 = 0.644KN/m
LL = 3KN/m2 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m
Pdl = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 18.477KN/m
 Analysis of stair type A
(From Basement to Basement mizzen)
Figure 4-2: BMD and SFD of stair type A

4-46
 Design
 Effective depth: ds = D – Cc – ф/2 = 150mm
dL = D – Cc – ф - ф/2 = 130mm
 Depth check: Depth check:
(Left Support) (Middle span)
𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢
𝑑= 0.2952𝑏𝐹𝑐𝑑
Mu = 71.44KNm, b = 1.4m 𝑑= 0.2952𝑏𝐹𝑐𝑑
Mu = 39KNm, b = 1.4m
d = 123.52mm < 150mm……………..ok d = 91.26mm < 150mm……………..ok
 Reinforcement
Table 4-1: Reinforcement calculation of stair type A
 Check for shear

 Diagonal compression resistance
Vrd = 0.25fcd x b x d > Vsd = 45.69KN
Vrd = 594.8KN > Vsd …………………..ok
 Capacity of concrete for shear
Vc = 0.25fctd x K1 x K2 x b x d > Vsd(max)
K1 = 1 + 50ρ = 1.49 < 2.0…………………..ok
K2 = 1.6 – d = 1.45 > 1 ……………………..ok
Vc = 116.83KN > Vsd(max) = 85.48KN …………ok
 Analysis of stair type A

(From Basement mizzen to ground floor & from ground floor to first floor)
Figure 4-3: BMD and SFD of stair type A

4-47
 Design
dL = D – Cc – ф - ф/2 = 130mm
 Depth check:
𝑀𝑢
𝑑= 0.2952𝑏𝐹𝑐𝑑
Mu = 71.19KNm, b = 1.4m
d = 123.3mm < 150mm……………..ok
 Reinforcement
Table 4-2: Reinforcement calculation of stair type A
 Check for shear

Vrd = 594.8KN > Vsd …………………..ok
K1 = 1 + 50ρ = 1.49 < 2.0…………………..ok
K2 = 1.6 – d = 1.45 > 1 ……………………..ok
Vc = 116.83KN > Vsd(max) = 85.48KN …………ok
4.1.2. Design of stair case type B

d = 164.33mm and D = 190mm
 Loading
(On the flight)
Dead load
- Steps = 0.5( 1.4 x 0.168 x 25KN/m3) = 2.94KN/m
3
- Waist = [0.18 x 1.4 x 25KN/m ]/Cos (27) = 7.07KN/m
- Marble riser = [0.03 x 1.85 x 1.4 x 27KN/m3]/3.344 = 0.628KN/m
3
3
3
LL = 3KN/m2 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m
Pdf = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 25.66KN/m

4-48
(On landing)
LL = 3KN/m2 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m
Pdl = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 18.477KN/m

 Analysis
Figure 4-4: BMD and SFD of stair type B
 Design
dL = D – Cc – ф - ф/2 = 140mm
 Depth check:
𝑀𝑢
𝑑= 0.2952𝑏𝐹𝑐𝑑
Mu = 86.64KNm, b = 1.4m
d = 136.03mm < 160mm……………..ok
 Reinforcement
Table 4-3: Reinforcement calculation of stair type B

 Check for shear
Vrd = 634.48KN > Vsd …………………..ok
K1 = 1 + 50ρ = 1.55 < 2.0…………………..ok
K2 = 1.6 – d = 1.44 > 1 ……………………..ok
Vc = 128.74KN > Vsd(max) = 76.13KN …………ok

4-49
4.1.3. Design of stair case type C

d = 171.063mm and D = 200mm
 Loading
(On the flight)
Dead load
- Steps = 0.5( 1.4 x 0.1625 x 25KN/m3) = 2.844KN/m
3
- Waist = [0.18 x 1.4 x 25KN/m ]/Cos (27) = 7.07KN/m
3
- Marble riser = [0.03 x 1.95 x 1.4 x 27KN/m ]/3.344 = 0.626KN/m
3
3
3
2
Live load = 3KN/m (according to EBCS -2)
LL = 3KN/m2 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m
Pdf = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 25.53KN/m
(On landing)
LL = 3KN/m2 x 1.4 = 4.2KN/m
Pdl = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 18.477KN/m
 Analysis
Figure 4-5: BMD and SFD of stair type C

4-50
 Design
dL = D – Cc – ф - ф/2 = 150mm
 Depth check:
𝑀𝑢
𝑑= 0.2952𝑏𝐹𝑐𝑑
Mu = 93.51KNm, b = 1.4m
d = 141.32mm < 170mm……………..ok
 Reinforcement
Table 4-4: Reinforcement calculation of stair type C
 Check for shear

Vrd = 674.135KN > Vsd …………………..ok
Vc = 0.25fctd x K1 x K2 x b x d > Vsd (max)
K1 = 1 + 50ρ = 1.5 < 2.0…………………..ok
K2 = 1.6 – d = 1.43 > 1 ……………………..ok
Vc = 131.46KN > Vsd(max) = 79.06KN …………ok
Figure 4-6: Reinforcement detail of stair case

4-51
4.2. Design of Ramp
Figure 4-7: General Ramp layout

4.2.1. Design of Ramp
3
Ѳ = tan−1 20
= 8.50
 Depth determination
𝒅 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ ( 𝜷𝒂 ) = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝐦𝐦 ; L eff = 4.55m , βa = 25
d = 154.7mm
D = Cc + d + ф/2
D = 175.7m
 Effective depth:
ds = D – Cc – ф/2 = 159mm
dL = D – Cc – ф - ф/2 = 147mm
 Loading:
Dead Load
180mm Self weight of RC slab = 0.18 x 25KN/m3 = 4.5 KN/m2
35mm top floor finish = 0.035 x 23KN/m3 = 0.805 KN/m2
25mm bottom floor finish = 0.025 x 23 KN/m3 = 0.575 KN/m2
Total DL = 5.88 KN/m2
5.88 KN /m2
DL projected = cos 8.50
= 5.95 KN/m2
Live Load
Distributed: LL d = 2 KN/m2
Concentrated: LL c = 10KN/m (axel load placed at 1.8m)
Design Load
P d = 1.3DL + 1.6 LL d = 10.935 KN/m2 and 10 KN/m moving axel load

4-52
The Support moment before the load traverses the beam section is given by:
𝑷𝒅 𝑳𝟐
𝑴𝑨 = 𝑴𝑩 = = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝑲𝑵𝒎
𝟏𝟐
To find the Maximum bending moment when the wheel axle lies on the beam,
first we have to statically determine the reaction R A at a distance ‘x’ from the left end;
𝟐𝟎𝒎𝟐 𝒙
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎 ==> 𝑹𝑨 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝒎 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟐
− 𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝒎 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
==> 𝑹𝑨 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟓 … … … … … . (𝟏)

The maximum shear force at a distance x from the left section is given by:
𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝑹𝑨 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 … … … … … … … … (𝟐)
Substituting (1) in (2) gives:
𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟓
It is known that the bending moment is maximum at a section where the shear force is zero;
Equating 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎 gives: X = 8.39m from support A.
The moment at a section: 𝑴 𝒙 = 𝑺(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑
𝑴 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟓. 𝟒𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
It is known that the shear force is maximum at a section where the bending moment is zero;
Hence by inspection the maximum shear force occurs at X = 20m
𝑴 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 ==> 𝐶 = −666.7
𝒙𝟑
𝑴 𝒙 = + 𝟓. 𝟒𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕
𝟏𝟐
The maximum moment at X = 8.39:
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝑲𝑵𝒎
Check the adequacy of the section for flexure
𝑴𝒔𝒅,𝒔
𝒅= 𝟎.𝟐𝟗𝟓𝒇𝒄𝒅
= 𝟓𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎
D = 586.75 + 10 + 15 = 611.75mm
Take D = 620mm
d s = 620 – 10 – 15 = 595mm
d L = 620 – 10 – 15 – 20 = 575mm

4-53
4.2.2. Longitudinal reinforcement

i) Support moment = 364.5KNm
𝟎.𝟓 𝟐𝑴 𝒇𝒄𝒅
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 , 𝝆 = 𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝒃𝒅𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒇 𝒇𝒚
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 . . 𝒐𝒌
𝒚𝒌 𝒄𝒅
A s = ρ*b*d = 2466mm2 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎
 Provide ф20 bars C/c 130mm
ii) Span moment = 1150.07KNm

𝟐𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝒄𝒅
𝝆= 𝟏− 𝟏− = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 . . 𝒐𝒌
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝒇𝒚
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟏𝟔
A s = ρ*b*d = 8964.2mm2 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒.𝟐
= 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎
4.2.3. Transverse reinforcement

The transverse reinforcement should be provided to account for shrinkage.
The ratio of secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be ≥ 0.2 (EBCS – 2, 1995)
i) At the support
A s(min) = 0.2A s(main) = 0.2*2466 = 493.2mm2
𝟐𝒅
Using ф = 12mm bars 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ ==> 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟎𝟗𝟕
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟒𝟗𝟑.𝟐
= 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝒎𝒎
ii) For the span

A s(min) = 0.2A s(main) =0.2*8964.2 = 1792.84mm2
𝟐𝒅
Using ф = 12mm bars 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ ==> 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟎𝟗𝟕
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟐.𝟖𝟒
= 𝟔𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝒎𝒎
4.2.4. Shear reinforcement
Figure 4-8: Shear force diagram for shear reinforcement

4-54
The Shear force at a distance d from the face of the support is given by:
V u = -102.76KN
V c = 0.25fctd*K 1*K 2*b w*d
F ctd = 10.3 , ρ = 0.004
K1 = 1 + 50ρ = 1.207 < 2.0…………………..ok
K2 = 1.6 – d = 1.005 > 1 ……………………..ok
Vc = 185.9KN > Vu = 102.76KN …………ok
However all beams, except joints of ribbed slabs, shall be provided with the minimum web
Reinforcement
𝟎. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑
𝒇𝒚𝒌
𝑨𝒔 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∗ 𝒃 ∗ 𝒅 = 𝟕𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
Using ф = 10mm bars to hold the main reinforcement
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟕𝟖.𝟓
𝑺= 𝟕𝟗𝟔.𝟑𝟑
= 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝒎𝒎
 Provide ф10 C/c 90mm

5-55
Chapter 5 ; SWIMMING POOL DESIGN

5-56
5.1. Design of Swimming Pool

(Design using BS 8110 & BS 8007 code)
Figure 5-1: Sectional view of swimming poll
 General design data:

o Material properties
Concrete: (f cu)C- 35 𝒇𝒄𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
Mild Steel bar: (fyk)S- 300 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 , r critical = 0.0064
o Dimensions & thickness
Wall: Slab:
Thickness of Dw = 200mm Thickness of D s = 300mm
Clear cover (top)= 40mm, (bottom)= 20mm Clear cover (top)= 40mm, (bottom)= 20mm
Therefore assume d w = 150mm Therefore assume d s = 250mm
H w = 1.5m
5.1.1. Design of Wall
Unit wt. of water = 9.81KN/m3
Max. Water pressure at the base of the wall:
P max. = 9.81KN/m3 x H w
= 9.81KN/m3 x 1.5
P max. = 14.715KN/m2
Considering 1m length of the wall, the horizontal force on the wall:
F = 0.5 P max. x Hw x 1m
F = 0.5 x 14.715 x 1.5
F = 11.036KN
The serviceability moment from the center of the slab:
M s = F x (H w/3 + D s/4)
= 11.036 x (1.5/3 + 0.3/4)
M s = 6.35KNm

5-57
5.1.1.1. Ultimate limit state

- The partial safety factor on imposed loading due to contained liquid
(According to BS 8007) γ f = 1.4
Ultimate moment: Mu = 1.4 x 6.35KNm
Mu = 8.88KNm
𝐌𝐮 𝟖.𝟖𝟖 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑲 = 𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝐟𝐜𝐮 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝐱𝟑𝟓 = 0.0113 < 0.156 (No compression reinforcement is required)
𝑲
Lever arm: 𝒁 = 𝒅 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎.𝟗 = 148.1mm
𝐌𝐮 𝟖.𝟖𝟖𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
A st(min) = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒁𝒇𝒚 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒙 𝟏𝟒𝟖.𝟏𝒙𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 275.7mm2
2
 This requires 10mm bar at 250mm centers, area = 314mm (read from table 5-2)
5.1.1.2. Serviceability limit state
i) Flexural tension in mature concrete

- Check the service stress f s, in the reinforcement assuming a cracked section and an
2 2
estimated E c = 27KN/mm and E s = 200KN/mm
𝐄𝐬 𝟐𝟎𝟎
Modular ratio: α e = 𝟎.𝟓𝐄 𝐜 = 𝟎.𝟓𝐱𝟐𝟕
α e = 14.8 (includes allowance for creep)
𝛂 𝐞 𝐱 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝟏𝟒.𝟖 𝐱 𝟑𝟏𝟒
αc= = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝒃𝒙𝒅
α c = 0.031
(From figure 5-2) X/d = 0.215  X = 32.25mm
Therefore, the reinforcement bending stress, f s is given by:
𝐌𝐬𝐝 𝟔.𝟑𝟓 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
fs= 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐.𝟐𝟓
𝑨𝒔 𝒅−𝟑 𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝟎−
𝟑
f s = 145N/mm2
2
- for 0.1mm crack width limit, the stress must be limited to 85N/mm (from table 5-1)
145
Thus: A s(min) = 𝑥 314𝑚𝑚2
85
A s(min) = 535.65mm2
 Try 12mm bars at 200mm centers, area = 566mm2, which exceeds ultimate limit state requirements.
Table 5-1: Allowable steel stresses in direct or flexural tension for serviceability limit states

5-58
Figure 5-2: Neutral-axis depths for cracked rectangular sections-elastic behavior
Table 5-2: Sectional area per meter width for various bar spacing (mm2)
ii) Direct tension in Immature Concrete

- To control thermal and shrinkage cracking
𝒇𝒄𝒕 𝟏.𝟔
𝒓𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝒇𝒚
= 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟒
Note: If the steel ratio is less than this value, the steel will yield in tension resulting in a few cracks; however if it is
greater, then more cracks will be formed when the tension stress caused by the bond b/n the steel and the
concrete exceeds the concrete tensile strength.
𝒇𝒄𝒕 𝑨𝒔
Hence, r critical = 𝒇𝒚
= 𝑨𝒄
 A s = r critical x Ac, where A c = b x D w
A s = 0.0064 x 1000 x 200 = 1280mm2/m
Try 12mm bars at 175mm centers are provided in each face, area = 1292mm2
𝟐 𝒙 𝑨𝒔 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟐
r= 𝑨𝒄
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 0.01292
𝒇𝒄𝒕 ф
S max. = 𝒙 , for plain bars f ct = f b
𝒇𝒃 𝟐𝒓
2
Where f b –the average bond strength b/n concrete and steel and f ct -3 day tensile strength = 1.6N/mm for C-35A
𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟐
S max. = = 464.4mm
𝟐 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟗
𝛂 𝐱 𝐓𝟏+𝐓𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐱 𝟐𝟎+𝟐𝟎
(Max. crack width) W max = 𝐒 max. = 𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐
W max = 0.093mm < 0.1mm …………………………….ok.
 Provide12mm bars at 150mm centers, area = 1292mm2

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5.1.2. Design of Slab
Weight of slab + water: W swt = 0.3m x24KN/m3 + 9.81KN/m3 x 1.5m = 21.92 KN/m2
Weight of wall: W wl = 1.8m x 0.2m x 24 KN/m3 = 8.64KN/m
Considering 1m breadth of the slab:

- Moment at the supporting beam (right support)
M sup = 6.35KNm + 8.64KN/m x (2 – 0.25/2)m + 0.5 x 21.915 x [2-(0.25/2 + 0.1)]2
M sup = 57.1KNm
- Moment at the mid span
21.915KN /m 2
M span = - 57.1KNm
8
M span = 23.11KNm
Figure 5-3: BMD drawn on the tension side of the structure
The slab will also carry a direct tensile force of:

= 0.5P max x H w
= 0.5 x 14.715KN/m2 x 1.5m
= 11.04KN/m
The critical section is at the right support
5.1.2.1. Ultimate limit state design

Ultimate moment: Mu = 1.4 x 57.1KNm
Mu = 80KNm
𝐌𝐮 𝟖𝟎 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑲 = 𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝐟𝐜𝐮 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝐱𝟑𝟓 = 0.037 < 0.156
𝑲
Lever arm: 𝒁 = 𝒅 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎.𝟗 = 239.26mm
𝐌𝐮 𝟖𝟎𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
A st(min) = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒁𝒇𝒚 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒙 𝟐𝟑𝟗.𝟑𝒙 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 1537.3mm2
2
 This requires 16mm bar at 125mm centers, area = 1610mm

5-60
5.1.2.2. Serviceability limit state
i) Flexural and Direct tension in Mature concrete

- Try 16mm bars at 125mmcenters, area = 1610mm2
Figure 5-4: position of calculated crack width (where a cr the distance to the surface of the nearest reinforcing bar)
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟐 𝟐
a cr = 𝟐
+ 𝑪𝒄 𝒎𝒊𝒏 - ф/2
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
a cr = 𝟐
+ 𝟒𝟎 - 16/2 = 74.2mm
𝛂 𝐞 𝐱 𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝟏𝟒.𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟎

and α c = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 0.0953
𝒃𝒙𝒅
(From figure 5-2) X/d = 0.34  X = 85mm

Therefore, the reinforcement bending stress, f s is given by:
𝐌𝐬𝐝 𝟓𝟕.𝟏 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
fs= 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟓
𝑨𝒔 𝒅−𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎−
𝟑
f s = 160N/mm2
𝐡−𝐱 𝐟𝐬 𝟑𝟎𝟎−𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟔𝟎

Flexural strain: = 𝐱 = 𝒙 = 1.04 x 10-3
𝐝−𝐱 𝐄𝐬 𝟐𝟓𝟎−𝟖𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝟏𝟏.𝟎𝟒 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟑

Direct tension strain: = = 𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝐱 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 0.017 x 10-3
𝐀𝐬 𝐱 𝐄𝐬
Total strain: Є 1 = (1.04 +0.017) x 10-3

 Є 1 = 1.057 x 10-3
For 0.1mm crack width limit, the average concrete strain: Є m = Є 1 - Є 2
𝟏.𝟓𝒃 𝒙 𝒉−𝒙 𝒂−𝒙 𝟏.𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟎−𝟖𝟓 𝟑𝟎𝟎−𝟖𝟓
Є2= = 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓𝟎−𝟖𝟓
𝟑𝑬𝒔 𝒙 𝑨𝒔 𝒙 𝒅−𝒙
 Є 2 = 0.44 x 10-3
Є m = (1.057 – 0.44) x 10-3
 Є m = 0.617 x 10-3
and the max. Crack width:
𝟑a 𝐜𝐫 𝒙 Є 𝐦 𝟑x 74.2 𝒙 𝟎.𝟔𝟏𝟕 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
W max = 𝐚 𝐜𝐫−𝐂𝐜𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟕𝟒.𝟐−𝟒𝟎
𝟏+𝟐 𝟏+𝟐
𝒉−𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟎−𝟖𝟓
W max = 0.104mm ………………………………………ok
 Provide16mm bars at 125mm centers, area = 1610mm2

5-61
ii) Direct Tension in Immature Concrete

- To control thermal and shrinkage cracking:
𝒇𝒄𝒕 𝟏.𝟔
r critical = 𝒇𝒚
= 𝟐𝟓𝟎
r critical = 0.0064
𝒇𝒄𝒕 𝑨𝒔
and r critical = 𝒇𝒚
= 𝑨𝒄
 A s = r critical x Ac, where A c = b x D w
A s = 0.0064 x 1000 x 300 = 1920mm2/m
Try 16mm bars at 125mm centers are provided in each face, area =2 x 1610mm2 = 3220mm2
𝟐 𝒙 𝑨𝒔 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟎
r= 𝑨𝒄
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 0.0107
𝒇𝒄𝒕 ф
S max. = 𝒙 , for plain bars f ct = f b
𝒇𝒃 𝟐𝒓
𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟔
 S max. = = 748mm
𝟐 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝛂 𝐱 𝐓𝟏+𝐓𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟓+𝟏𝟓
(Max. crack width) W max = 𝐒 max. = 𝟕𝟒𝟖 𝑥 𝟐
𝟐
W max = 0.112mm > 0.1mm
This just exceeds the allowable limit and since continuous construction is required in the direction of
the span, the spacing should be reduced to 115mm centers in both faces.
2
 Provide16mm bars at 115mm centers, area = 3500mm .
Ф12mm Cc 150mm
Ф16mm Cc 115mm
Figure 5-5: Reinforcement details

6-62
Chapter 6 ; LATERAL LOAD DETERMINATION

6-63
6.1. Story Shear from Earth Quack
The base shear is given by the following formula:

𝒇𝒃 = 𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 𝑾
𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 = 𝜶𝜷𝜸
𝜶 = 𝜶𝟎 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑯𝟑/𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟏.𝟐𝑺
𝜷= 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟓
𝑻𝟏 𝟑
𝛄 = 𝜸𝟎 × 𝒌𝑫 × 𝒌𝒓 × 𝒌𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕
𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕 ∗ 𝑾
6.1.1. Calculation of Building Mass and Story Shear
Table 6-1: Story shear from earth quack and building mass from ETABS

6-64
6.2. Story Shear from Wind action
Since the building is of somehow different height and width, we used the maximum height and width.
Figure 6-1: Building layout

 Building Data:
Location: Debre Zeit Terrain Category IV
Elevation: 2300m Zo =1
p = 0.94 Kt = 0.24
V ref = 22m/s Z min = 16m
C t(z) = 1; φ < 0.05
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝛒𝐕𝐫𝐞𝐟𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝑲𝑵
𝒎𝟐
 Case A: Wind from NW direction

Since b < H < 2b, the building will have two parts (according to EBCS-2)
Figure 6-2: Vertical wall alignment for NW direction
i) For the top part: Z =7.38m

Z < Z min
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒓(𝒛) = 𝑲𝒕 ∗ 𝐥𝐧 𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟔
𝑪𝒕 𝒛 𝑪𝒓(𝒛)
𝑾𝒆 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝑪𝒑𝒆 𝑾𝒊 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝑪𝒑𝒊
e = min 2h = 14.76m
b = 27.12m  e = 14.76m e/5 = 2.952m and d > e
𝒅 𝟑𝟎.𝟕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟕.𝟑𝟖 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 > 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔 > 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟐 ==> 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝑪𝒑𝒆(𝟏𝟎)
Table 6-2: The net wind pressure of the top wall for the NW direction

6-65
ii) For the bottom part: Z = 27.12m

Z > Z min
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒓(𝒛) = 𝑲𝒕 ∗ 𝐥𝐧 𝒁
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟐
𝑾𝒆 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝑪𝒑𝒆 𝑾𝒊 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝑪𝒑𝒊

e = min 2h = 54.24m
b = 27.12m  e = 27.12m e/5 = 5.424m and d > e
𝒅 𝟑𝟎.𝟕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 > 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 > 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟐 ==> 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝑪𝒑𝒆(𝟏𝟎)
𝒉 𝟕.𝟑𝟖
Table 6-3: The net wind pressure of the bottom wall for the NW direction
 Case B: Wind from SE direction

Since b < H < 2b, the building will have two parts (according to EBCS-2)
Figure 6-3: Vertical wall alignment for SE direction

i) For the top part: Z = 3.8m
Z < Z min
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒓(𝒛) = 𝑲𝒕 ∗ 𝐥𝐧 𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟔
𝑾𝒆 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝑪𝒑𝒆 𝑾𝒊 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝑪𝒑𝒊
e = min 2h = 7.6m
b = 30.7m  e = 7.6m e/5 = 1.52m and d > e
𝒅 𝟐𝟕.𝟏𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟑.𝟖
= 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒 > 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 > 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟐 ==> 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝑪𝒑𝒆(𝟏𝟎)
Table 6-4: The net wind pressure of the top wall for the SE direction
ii) For the bottom part: Z = 30.7m
Z > Z min
𝟕𝑲𝒕
𝑪𝒓(𝒛) = 𝑲𝒕 ∗ 𝐥𝐧 𝒁
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) = 𝑪𝟐𝒓(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝟐𝒕 𝒛 𝟏 + = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟔
𝑾𝒆 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟕𝑪𝒑𝒆 𝑾𝒊 = 𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∗ 𝑪𝒆(𝒛) ∗ 𝑪𝒑𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟕𝑪𝒑𝒊
e = min 2h = 61.4m
b = 30.7m  e = 30.7m e/5 = 6.14m and d < e

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𝒅 𝟐𝟕.𝟏𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟎.𝟕
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 ≈ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔 > 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟐 ==> 𝑪𝒑𝒆 = 𝑪𝒑𝒆(𝟏𝟎)
Table 6-5: The net wind pressure of the bottom wall for the SE direction
Since for the Top Part: W net (D) = +0.3905KN/m2 and for the Bottom Part: W net (D) = +0.6081KN/m2
W net (E) = -0.3905KN/m2 W net (E) = -0.5145KN/m2
which are of the SE direction  b =30.7m
F D = W net (D) x Area F E = W net (E) x Area
(Here only the Roof floor will lay on the Top part)
Table 6-6: The net Lateral load on the building from wind action
6.3. Lateral load from the governing Story Shear
Table 6-7: Calculation of Center of mass of the building

6-67
6.3.1. Calculation of center of stiffness
Figure 6-4: Elevation A

6-68
Figure 6-5: Elevation B

6-69
Figure 6-6: Elevation C

6-70
Figure 6-7: Elevation D

6-71
Figure 6-8: Elevation E

6-72
Figure 6-9: Elevation F

6-73
Figure 6-10: Elevation 1

6-74
Figure 6-11: Elevation 2 & 3

6-75

6-76

6-77

6-78

6-79
6.3.2. Forces in X and Y direction
Table 6-8: Forces in X direction

6-80
Table 6-9: Forces in Y direction

7-81
Chapter 7 ; DESIGN OF BEAM

7-82
7.1. Structural Design of beams

(Design using Design Chart)
7.1.1. Beam design for 1 st floor slab
 Material data:
Concrete: C-25 & Steel: S-300
b=450mm
Ф16 bar for flexure, Ф8 bar for shear
Cc 25mm
Class I work
 Design Strength
2
f cd = 11.33N/mm
2
f yd = 260.87N/mm
2
f ctd = 1.03N/mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ∗
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = ≤ 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.295 … … .0% redistribution
𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2
 Along Axis - A
Figure 7-1: Bending moment diagram along axis - A
 Design for flexure

- Depth cheek
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝑑≥ 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥𝜇 𝑠𝑑 ∗
N Msd=153.8KN.M
153.8
𝑑≥ = 391.64mm
11.33𝑥300𝑥0.295
D=391.64+25+16/2=424.64
Take D=450mm i.e. d = 417mm>391.64………………….OK
o Support A
Msd=110.5KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = 0.187 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2
Kz=0.887
𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝐴𝑠1
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 1145.19mm2 #= 𝑎𝑏
=7
 Provide 7𝝓14 bars
o Span AB
Msd = 90.37KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.153 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.913
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 909.89 #= 𝑎𝑏
=6
 Provide 6 𝝓14bars

7-83
o Support B
Msd=153.8KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.260 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz= 0.962
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 1469.67𝑚𝑚2 #= 𝐴𝑠1
𝑎𝑏
=10
 Provide 10𝝓14bars
o Span BC
Msd=29.14KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.049 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.961
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 278.74mm2 # = 𝐴𝑠1
𝑎𝑏
=2

o Support C
Msd=71.68KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.121 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.9285
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 709.66𝑚𝑚2 # = 𝐴𝑠1
𝑎𝑏
=5
 Provide 5 𝝓14 bars

o Span CD
Msd= 44.27KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.075 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.95
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 428.38 𝑚𝑚2 # = 𝐴𝑠1
𝑎𝑏
=3

o Support D
Msd= 71.39KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.121 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.9285
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 709.66𝑚𝑚2 #= 𝑎𝑏
=5

7-84
o Span DE
Msd= 28.22KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.048 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.961
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 269.94𝑚𝑚2 # = 𝐴𝑠1
𝑎𝑏
=2

o Support E
Msd= 47.74KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.081 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.947
=3

o Span EF
Msd= 56.93KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.096 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.939
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 557.33𝑚𝑚2 #= =4
𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑎𝑏

o Support F
Msd= 81.94KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.139 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.939
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 818.74𝑚𝑚2 #= =5
𝐾𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑎𝑏

o Span FG
Msd= 13.13KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.022 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.979
=2

o Support G
Msd= 37.39KNm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑏𝑥 𝑑 2 = 0.063 > 0.295 … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝐾
Kz=0.947
=2

7-85
 Design for shear
Figure 7-2: Shear force diagram for beam on axis - A
Vsd1=116.48KN Vsd5= 88.85KN Vsd9=85.12KN

Vsd2=113.24KN Vsd6=104.69KN Vsd10=93.78KN
Vsd3= 53.47KN Vsd7=65.90KN Vsd11=22.75KN
Vsd4= 83.25KN Vsd8=70.82KN Vsd12=36.90KN
 Diagonal Compression resistance of concrete
Vrd= 0.25 x fcd x bw x d
= 0.25 x 11.33 x 300 x 450 = 382.39KN > Vsd ………………………OK
Vc = 0.25 x fctd x K1 x K2 x b x d
𝐴𝑠
K1=1+50ρ = 1.058 ≤ 2.0 , ρ = 𝑏𝑑 = 0.00117
K2=1.6-d = 1.15 ≥ 1.0

Vc =0.25*1.03*1.058*1.15*300*450 = 36.78KN
 Shear Reinforcement
 Maximum spacing
𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑘 76.97∗300
0.4𝑏
= 0.4∗300
= 192.5𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 0.5𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 450 = 225𝑚𝑚  S max = 190mm
300𝑚𝑚
- For Vsd1=116.48KN
Vs1=Vsd1-Vc =116.18-36.78=79.4KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
Spacing (S) = = =113.79mm
𝑉𝑠 79.4
 Provide 8 c/c 110mm
- For Vsd2=113.24KN
Vs2=Vsd2-Vc =113.24-36.78=76.46KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
Spacing (S) = 𝑉𝑠
= 76.46
= 118.17𝑚𝑚

- For Vsd3= 53.47KN
Vs3=Vsd3-Vc =53.47-36.78=16.69KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 16.69
= 541.37𝑚𝑚 > 190𝑚𝑚

7-86
- For Vsd4= 83.25KN

Vs4=Vsd4-Vc =83.25-36.78=46.5KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
Spacing (S) = = = 194.3𝑚𝑚 > 190𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 46.5

- For Vsd5= 88.85KN
Vs5=Vsd5-Vc =88.85-36.78=52.1KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
Spacing (S) = = = 173.42𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 52.1

- For Vsd6=104.69KN
Vs6=Vsd6-Vc =104.69-36.78=67.91K N
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 67.91
= 133.03𝑚𝑚

- For Vsd7=65.90KN
Vs7=Vsd7-Vc =65.9-36.78=29.12KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 29.12
= 310.2𝑚𝑚 > 190𝑚𝑚

- For Vsd8=70.82KN
Vs8=Vsd8-Vc =70.82-36.78=34.04KN N
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 34.04
= 265.44𝑚𝑚 > 190𝑚𝑚

- For Vsd9=85.12KN
Vs9=Vsd9-Vc =85.12-36.78= 48.34KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 48.34
= 186.9𝑚𝑚

- For Vsd10=93.78KN
Vs10=Vsd10-Vc =93.78-36.78=57KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
Spacing (S) = = = 158.5𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 57

- For Vsd11=22.75KN
Vsd11 < Vc Vs11=36.78KN
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 36.78
= 245.6𝑚𝑚 > 190𝑚𝑚

- For Vsd12=36.90KN
Vsd12 ≈ Vc Vs12=36.78KN N
𝑑∗𝐴𝑣∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 450∗76.97∗260.87
= 36.9
= 265.44𝑚𝑚 > 190𝑚𝑚

8-87
Chapter 8 ; DESIGN OF COLUMN

8-88
8.1. Design of Rectangular columns

 Important considerations
 The columns that are going to be designed must be checked for sway mode
𝑁𝑠𝑑
≤ 0.1
𝑁𝑐𝑟
Where: 𝑁𝑠𝑑 : is the design value of the total vertical load
𝑁𝑐𝑟 : is the critical value for failure in sway mode
 In beam-and-column type plane frames in building structures with beams connecting each column at each
story level may be classified as non-sway for a given load case, when first-order theory is used, the
horizontal displacements in each story due to the design loads(both horizontal and vertical), plus the initial
sway imperfection satisfy the following criteria:
𝑁𝛿
≤ 0.1
𝐻𝐿
Where: 𝛿 Is the horizontal displacement at the top of the story, relative to the bottom of the story.
L is the story height
H is the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story
 For buildings, a design method may be used which assumes the compression members to be isolated. The
additional eccentricity induced in the column by its deflection is then calculated as a function of slenderness
ratio and curvature at the critical section.
 The total eccentricity to be used for the design of columns of constant cross section at the critical section is
given by:
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2
𝑒𝑒 is equivalent constant first – order eccentricity of the design axial load
𝑒𝑎 is the additional eccentricity allowance for imperfection
𝑒2 is the second order eccentricity
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01 𝑀 𝑀
𝑒𝑒 ≥ ∶ 𝑒02 = 2 , 𝑒01 = 1
0.4𝑒02 𝑃 𝑃
𝑒02 : Being positive and greater in magnitude.

𝑒01 : Is positive, if the column bents in single curvature and negative, if the column bends in double curvature.
 For different eccentricities at the two ends, the critical end section shall be checked for first order
moments: 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎
𝐿𝑒 𝐾1 𝐿2𝑒 1
𝑒𝑎 ≥
300 , 𝑒2 =
10 𝑟
20𝑚𝑚
Where: 𝐿𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝜆
𝐾1 = − 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 15 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 35
20
𝐾1 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 > 35
1 5 𝑀𝑑
= 𝐾2 10−3 : 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑕, 𝐾2 =
𝑟 𝑑 𝑀𝑏
𝑀𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝑀𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
 Check for slenderness Ratio
 The slenderness ratio of concrete columns shall not exceed 140.
le

i
𝐼= the minimum radius of gyration
𝑙𝑒 = effective length
𝛼 +0.4
= 𝐿 1 + 0.8𝛼𝑚 ≥ 𝐿 For Sway mod = 𝛼 𝑚 +0.8 𝐿 > 0.7𝐿 For Non-sway mode
𝑚

8-89
The second order effect is not taken into account in the following cases,
For Sway frame,
𝟏𝟓
𝝀 < 25 𝝀≤
𝑽𝒅
For Non-sway frames,
𝑴
𝝀 ≤ 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝟏 M1 and M2 as defined previously
𝟐
8.1.1 Representative column selection
 From the 3D analysis result obtained from ETABS the column having maximum element force is
considered and on our case the column with the properties described below is selected
Figure 8-1: Axial force, Moment in the X – X and in the Y – Y

8-90
Material properties
8.1.2. Check for Sway or non-sway mode

 Assuming a sway mode we can calculate le in order to determine the type of the frame
 According to EBCS-2 section 4.4.12 the story buckling Load 𝑁𝑐𝑟 can be determined as follows
 𝐸𝑐 = 1100𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 12.463𝐺𝑝𝑎
 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎
4 4
 𝐼𝑐 = 𝜋𝐷 64 = 𝜋600 64 = 6.36 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
 Assuming 8 ∅ = 24𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 452.389𝑚𝑚2
4 4
 𝐼𝑠 = 8(𝜋𝐷 64 + 𝑎𝑠 𝑑2 ) = 8(𝜋24 64 + 452.389 × 2582 ) = 1.064 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝜋 2 𝐸𝑙 𝑒
 𝑁𝑐𝑟 =
𝑙 𝑒2
 𝐸𝐼𝑒 = 0.2𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 = 0.2 × 12.46 × 106 × 6.36 × 10−3 + 200 × 106 × 1.064 × 10−3 = 228.65𝑥103 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
Table 8-1: Representations of Frame conditions in X and Y directions

Therefore the frame is a non – Sway frame

8-91
8.1.3. Design of roof floor column
 Analysis result
Table 8-2: Analysis results in X and Y direction

 Dimensions in the X and Y direction
 Limits of Slenderness ratio

𝑴𝟏
𝝀 ≤ 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓( )
𝑴𝟐
 Limits of slenderness ratio in the X-direction

𝑴𝟏
 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝝀 ≤ 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟗𝟑
𝑴𝟐
 Limits of slenderness ratio in the y-direction

𝑀1 𝑳𝒆 𝑰𝒈
 = 0.571 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜆 ≤ 0.571 𝝀= , 𝒊=
𝑀2 𝒊 𝑨𝒈
 𝐴𝑔 = 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.36𝑚2 , 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑏𝑕3 12 = 0.6 × 0.63 12 = 0.0108, 𝑖 = 0.173

𝐿𝑒
 𝜆= = 5.774𝐿𝑒
𝑖

8-92
 Effective buckling length
𝛼 +0.4 𝛼 1 +𝛼 2
𝐿𝑒 = 𝛼 𝑚 +0.8 𝐿 ≥ 0.7𝐿 , 𝛼𝑚 = 2
𝑚
𝐼𝐶1 𝐿𝐶1 𝐼𝐶1 𝐿𝐶1 +𝐼𝐶2 𝐿𝐶2
𝛼1 = 𝐼 𝐿𝑏 1 +𝐼𝑏 2 𝐿𝑏 2
𝛼2 = 𝐼𝑏 3 𝐿𝑏 3 +𝐼𝑏 4 𝐿𝑏 4
𝑏1
 Design actions
 Eccentricities in the X-X direction
0.6𝑒𝑜2 ± 0.4𝑒𝑜1
 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.4𝑒𝑜2
 𝑒𝑜1 = 𝑀1 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 352.1𝑚𝑚
 𝑒𝑜2 = 𝑀2 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 639.9𝑚𝑚
 𝑒𝑒 = 523𝑚𝑚
𝐿
 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑒 300 ≥ 20𝑚𝑚 , 𝑒𝑎 = 20𝑚𝑚
 𝑒2 = 0 … … … … … 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 543𝑚𝑚
 Eccentricities in the Y-Y direction
0.6𝑒𝑜2 ± 0.4𝑒𝑜1
 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.4𝑒𝑜2
 𝑒𝑜1 = 𝑀1 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 551𝑚𝑚
 𝑒𝑜2 = 𝑀2 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 903𝑚𝑚
 𝑒𝑒 = 762𝑚𝑚
𝐿
 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑒 300 ≥ 20𝑚𝑚 , 𝑒𝑎 = 20𝑚𝑚
 𝑒2 = 0 … … … … … 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2 = 96.2𝑚𝑚
 Reinforcement calculation
 Design Axial load
 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 1494.3𝐾𝑁
𝑁𝑠𝑑
 𝜈𝑠𝑑 = = 0.6
𝐴𝑐 ×𝑓𝑐𝑑
 Design moment in the X-direction

 𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑋−𝑋 = 0.543𝑚 × 1494.3𝐾𝑁 = 811.37𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀 𝑠𝑑 ,𝑋 −𝑋
 𝜇𝑥𝑥 = = 0.430
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ×𝐴𝑐 ×𝑏
 Design moment in the Y-direction

 𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑦−𝑦 = 0.0962𝑚 × 1494.3 𝐾𝑁 = 143.78𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀 𝑠𝑑 ,𝑦 −𝑦
 𝜇𝑦𝑦 = = 0.076
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ×𝐴𝑐 ×𝑏

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 Reinforcement
 𝑕′ 𝑏 ′
𝑕= 𝑏 = 0.1
 𝜔 = 0.05, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑁𝑂. 18
 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.008𝐴𝑐 = 0.002880𝑚𝑚2
 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.0028800𝑚𝑚2
𝜔𝐴𝑐 𝑓 𝑐𝑑
 𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = = 0.002420𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 … … … 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓 𝑦𝑑
 Provide 8 ф 20 bars at four sides
Design of the rest of the columns is summarized in the table below
Table 8-3: Summary of column design
8.2 Shear reinforcement for columns

 Shear reinforcements are lateral reinforcements that keep in check the shearing effects of loads applied to
the column
 The maximum shear force obtained is 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 410.68𝐾𝑁
 Calculation of shear resistance
0.1𝑏𝑤 𝑑𝑁𝑠𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 + ( )
𝐴𝑐
𝐾1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0 : 𝜌 = 0.007
𝐾1 = 1.349 ≤ 2.0 … … … … 𝑂𝐾!
𝐾2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1.0
𝐾2 = 1.097 ≥ 1.0 … … … … 𝑂𝐾!
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 1.03 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
0.1×550×550×410.68
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 × 1.03 × 1.097 × 1.349 × 550 × 503 + 550×550
= 105.46𝐾𝑁
The diameter of ties shall not be less than 6mm or one quarter of diameter of longitudinal
reinforcement:
6𝑚𝑚
∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ≥ 1
× 28 = 7𝑚𝑚
4
 Use ∅ 8 bars for lateral reinforcement.

8-94
The center to center spacing of the lateral reinforcement shall not exceed:
12 × ∅𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 12 × 20 = 240𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 550𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
 Provide ∅8 C/C 240mm.
8.3 Lap length

 The length of lap shall be at least equal to
𝒍𝒐 ≥ 𝒂𝟏 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 ≥ 𝒍𝒐,𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.3𝑎𝑎1 𝑙𝑏 ≥ 15∅ 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.3𝑎𝑎1 𝑙𝑏 ≥ 200𝑚𝑚
𝑎1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑
 Required anchorage length depends on the type of anchorage and on the stress in the reinforcements
and is calculated as:
𝑨𝒔,𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒂𝒍𝒃 ≥ 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑨𝒔,𝒆𝒇𝒇
 For bars in tension
𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒍𝒃 ≥ 𝟏𝟎∅ 𝒐𝒓 ≥ 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
 For bars in compression
𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒍𝒃 ≥ 𝟏𝟎∅ 𝒐𝒓 ≥ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
Where:
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝐴𝑠,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎=
0.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑕 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑕𝑜𝑜𝑘
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕
 The basic anchorage length is the embedment length required to develop the full design strength of a
straight reinforcing bars.
∅ 𝒇𝒚𝒅
𝒍𝒃 =
𝟒 𝒇𝒃𝒅
 For good bond condition the design bond strength of deformed bars may be taken as twice the value for
plain bars.
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝑴𝒑𝒂
 The percentage of lapped bars in compression in any one section may be 100% of the total steel cross-
section
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒
 For straight bar anchorage we have
𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎
 Therefore
∅ 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝟕
𝒍𝒃 = = × = 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝟒 𝒇𝒃𝒅 𝟒 𝟐
For bars in compression

𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒍𝒃 = 𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝒎𝒎 ≥ 𝟏𝟎∅ = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 ≥ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒍𝒐,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒂𝒂𝟏 𝒍𝒃 = 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝒎𝒎 ≥ 𝟏𝟓∅ = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒐,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝒔,𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟏.𝟗𝟓
𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒂𝒍𝒃 = 𝟏 × 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟏 × = 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝒎𝒎 ≥ 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝒔,𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟏.𝟗𝟓
𝒍𝒐 ≥ 𝒂𝟏 𝒍𝒃,𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≥ 𝒍𝒐,𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒂 𝒍𝒂𝒑 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟏𝒎

9-95
Chapter 9 ; DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL

9-96
9.1. Design Shear Wall-1
 Considerations made in the design of shear walls
The wall is designed as isolated sway element of a frame using the second-order theory of columns.
In the absence of more accurate methods EBCS-2 section 4.4.15.3 recommends the use of
approximate method
For the approximate method, one-fourth of the total reinforcement must either be distributed
along each face of the column or at each corner. The column shall be designed for uniaxial bending
with the following equivalent uniaxial eccentricity of load, 𝑒𝑒𝑞 along the axis parallel to the larger
relative eccentricity:
𝒆𝒆𝒒 = 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕 (𝟏 + 𝒌𝜶)
Where: 𝒆𝒆𝒒 = total eccentricity in the direction of the larger relative eccentricity
K = relative eccentricity ratio
α = is obtained from table 4.1 as a function of the relative normal force,
𝑵𝒔𝒅
𝒗=𝒇 … … … … … … … … 𝑬𝑩𝑪𝑺 − 𝟐, 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟒. 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑
𝒄𝒅 ×𝑨𝒄
The following standard lift shaft and car sizes for center opening electrical traction are taken form DAN techno
craft technical specification
From the above specification the traction with the properties listed below are selected
 Capacity of lift =480 Kg
 No of person to accommodate =6
 Shaft width =1700mm
 Shaft depth =1700mm
 Car width =1200mm
 Clear opening =800*2000
 Pit depth =1500
 Overhead height =3600

9-97
9.1.1. Lateral Load determination
9.1.1.1. Mass determination for shear walls
Table 9-1: Mass determination for shear wall - 1

9-98
Table 9-2: Mass determination for shear wall -2

9-99
9.1.1.2. Determination of base shear

The base shear is given by the following formula:
𝒇𝒃 = 𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 𝑾
𝑺𝒅 𝑻𝟏 = 𝜶𝜷𝜸
𝜶 = 𝜶𝟎 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑯𝟑/𝟒
𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟓
𝑪𝟏 = ; 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍
𝑨𝒄
𝑳𝒘𝒊 𝟐 𝑳𝒘𝒊
𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝒊 𝟎. 𝟐 + ; ≤ 𝟎. 𝟗
𝑯 𝑯
𝟏.𝟐𝑺
𝜷= 𝟐 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟓
𝑻𝟏 𝟑
Case -1:- When the Lateral forces is acting in the Y-axis

𝑳𝒘𝒊 𝟐
L wi = 4m and H = 41.5m  𝟎. 𝟐 +
𝑯
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗
A A = 0.8m2, A G = 0.102m2, A E = 0.114m2, A F = 0.18m2

𝑳𝒘𝒊 𝟐
 𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝒊 𝟎. 𝟐 + = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝒎𝟐 ,
𝑯
 C 1 = 0.148 ≈ 0.15, T 1 = 2.45sec β = 0.659 ≤ 2.5 ………ok

Case -2:- When the Lateral forces is acting in the X-axis
𝑳𝒘𝒊 𝟐
L wi = 2.3m and H = 41.5m  𝟎. 𝟐 +
𝑯
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟑
A B = 0.38m2, A C = 0.38m2, A D = 0.38m2,

𝑳𝒘𝒊 𝟐
 𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝒊 𝟎. 𝟐 + = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟑𝒎𝟐 ,
𝑯
 C 1 = 0.155 ≈ 0.15, T 1 = 2.534sec β = 0.646 ≤ 2.5 ………ok

∴ Conservatively take β = 0.659
Horizontal Seismic actions

The behavioral factor γ introduced to account for every dissipation capacity is given by:
𝛄 = 𝜸𝟎 × 𝒌𝑫 × 𝒌𝒓 × 𝒌𝒘 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕
γ = 0.2
Hence, S d(T1) = 0.0158

 F b = 0.0158W

9-100
(a) (b)
Figure 9-1: (a) Shear wall – 1, (b) Shear wall - 2
Note: W is the total weight of the shear wall plus 25% of the floor live load, for storage and ware house occupancies.
Elevator car is assumed to be there throughout and always serves, hence it can be considered as storage
occupancies to account the 25% allowance for live load.
The base shear force distributed over the height of the structure at each floor level is given by:
𝒇𝒃 −𝑭𝒕 𝑾𝒊 𝒉𝒊
𝑭𝒊 = 𝒏 𝑾 𝒉
𝒊−𝟎 𝒊 𝒊
Where: n – number of stories

F I – the concentrated lateral force at floor i
F t – the concentrated extra force (in addition to F n) at the top of the structure;
𝑾= 𝑾𝒊 + 𝟐𝟓%𝑳𝑳 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟒 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟗𝟏𝑲𝑵

𝒇𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟖 ∗ 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟗. 𝟗𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝑲𝑵
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝑻𝟏 ∗ 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟒 ∗ 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝑲𝑵
𝑾𝒊 𝒉𝒊
𝑭𝒊 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟒 𝒏 𝑾 𝒉
Table 9-3: Story shear for shear wall - 1

9-101
9.1.2. Vertical Load determination

 Shaft roof slab design
𝟎.𝟔𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝑳𝒆
𝒅 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝜷𝒂
L e = 2300mm and β a = 28.2
 d = 69.33mm,
assume Cc = 15mm and ф = 16mm  D = 69.33 + 15 + 8 = 92.33mm
use D = 100mm  d = 77mm
 Load calculation
Dead Load:- self wt.: 0.1 x 25 = 2.5KN/m2
Plastering: 0.023 x 20 = 0.46KN/m2
9.6
Self wt. of elevator car:2 𝑥 4 𝑥 2.3
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝐊𝐍/𝐦𝟐
Total DL = 5.05KN/m2
Live Load: for store/stair case = 5KN/m2
Design Load: P d = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
P d = 14.57 KN/m2
 Analysis
α xf = 0.1, α yf = 0.056 (EBCS – moment coefficients for unsupported roof slab)
M xf = α xf *P d *Lx2 = 7.708KNm
M yf = α yf *P d *Lx2 = 4.32KNm
 Design
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟕.𝟕𝟎𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝁𝒖𝒔 = 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟕𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟒 ==> 𝑲𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
𝒄𝒅 𝒃𝒅
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟕.𝟕𝟎𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝑲 = 𝟎.𝟒𝟓∗𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟕𝟕 = 𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒛 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝒅
Using ф 16 bar, Spacing = 235.6mm, # = 4.24
 Provide 4 ф 16 Cc 230mm
β vx = 0.4788 β vy = 0.33
𝑽𝒙 = 𝜷𝒗𝒙 ∗ 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑳𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝑽𝒚 = 𝜷𝒗𝒚 ∗ 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑳𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟕 𝒙 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟑𝑲𝑵/𝒎
Total vertical load at the top of the shear wall:
𝑵𝒔𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 + 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒘𝒕. 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎

9-102
9.1.3. Design of Individual wall section
 Design of wall A
The effective buckling length to a simply supported top end:

L e = 0.7L = 0.7 x 41.5m = 29.05m
 Determination of design eccentricity in H – direction
 Additional eccentricity due to various imperfections
e a = L e/300 = 29050/300 =96.83mm
 First order eccentricity
e o = M d/ N sd = 1034.62/906.92 = 1140.8mm
 Second order eccentricity
e 2 = 0.4h (L e/10h)2 =843.9mm
 Total eccentricity
e tot = e a + e o + e 2 = 2081.53mm
 Relative eccentricity (h = 4000mm)
e rel = e tot/h = 0.5203
 Determination of design eccentricity in B – direction
e a = L e/300 = 29050/300 =96.83mm
 First order eccentricity (no moment is carried in this direction as in the perpendicular direction)
e o = M d/ N sd = 0
e 2 = 0.4h (L e/10h)2 =843.9mm
e tot = e a + e o + e 2 = 940.73mm
 Relative eccentricity (b = 200mm)
e rel = e tot/b = 4.704

9-103
 Design moment calculation

 Relative eccentricity ratio
𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟑
𝑲 = 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟒.𝟕𝟎𝟕
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑵𝒔𝒅 𝟗𝟎𝟔.𝟗𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑽= = = 𝟎. 𝟏  α = 0.7 (from EBCS -2, Tb. 4.1)
𝒇𝒄𝒅 ∗𝑨𝒄 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
 Equivalent eccentricity
e eq = e tot (1 + Kα) = 2081.53 (1 + 0.1106 x 0.7) = 2242.68mm
 Design moment
M sd = e eq N sd = 2.243 x 906.92 = 2033.93KNm
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟑.𝟗𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝁=𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔
𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝒉
Therefore for V = 0.1 and μ = 0.056  ω = 0.01 (from interaction diagram: uniaxial chart 6)
𝝎𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝟎.𝟎𝟏∗𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
= 𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝟕
= 𝟑𝟒𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
For vertical reinforcement the code provides the following limiting values
A min =0.004*A c = 3200mm2
A min =0.04*A c = 32000mm2
Take A s = 3200mm2  Use 16 ф16 bars
 Shear reinforcement
 Section resistance
V rd = 0.25f ctd b ω d = 2152.7KN………ok
 Section capacity
V c = 0.25f ctd K 1 K 2 b ω d
f ctd =1.03
K 1 = 1.6 – d ≥ 1  K 1 = 1
K 2 = 1 + 50ρ ≤ 2, ρ = A s/bωd = 0.0042  K 2 = 1.21
V c = 236.8KN……………………………..ok
 Here, according to EBCS -2, Sec.7.2.5.3, the area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be less
than one fourth of the vertical reinforcement.
𝑨𝒄 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒
= 𝟒
= 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐
 Spacing ash/As = 3188mm
S= 2t = 400mm assuming ф 10 bar
300mm
 Design of wall B, C and D

L e = 0.7L = 0.7 x 41.5m = 29.05m

9-104
N sd = 424.75 and M sd = 1034.62

Summary of design eccentricity in B & H direction

𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟐.𝟐𝟕
𝑲= = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟐
𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟗.𝟑𝟕
𝑵𝒔𝒅 𝟒𝟐𝟒.𝟕𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑽= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖  α = 0.698 (from EBCS -2, Tb. 4.1)
𝒇𝒄𝒅 ∗𝑨𝒄 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
e eq = e tot (1 + Kα) = 4309.23 (1 + 0.242 x 0.698) = 5037.13mm
 Design moment
M sd = e eq N sd = 2139.52KNm
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟗.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝁=𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟐
𝝎𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝟎.𝟓∗𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
= 𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝟕
= 𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐
A min =0.004*A c = 3200mm2
A min =0.04*A c = 32000mm2
Take A s = 8252mm2  Use 26 ф20 bars
V rd = 0.25f ctd b ω d = 1022.5KN………ok
V c = 0.25f ctd K 1 K 2 b ω d
f ctd =1.03
K 1 = 1.6 – d ≥ 1  K 1 = 1
K 2 = 1 + 50ρ ≤ 2, ρ = A s/bωd = 0.023  K 2= 2
V c = 185.92KN……………………………..ok
 Here, according to EBCS -2, Sec.7.2.5.3, the area of horizontal reinforcement shall not
be less than one fourth of the vertical reinforcement.
𝑨𝒄 𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟐
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟒
= 𝟒
= 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
 Spacing ash/As
S= 2t = 400mm assuming ф 10 bar
300mm

9-105
9.2. Design of shear wall 2

9.2.1. Calculation of base shear
From the above calculation
α = 0.12 T 1 = 2.534 β = 0.659
C 1 = 0.155, (from case 2) γ = 0.2
 S d(T 1) = α*β*γ = 0.0158
The base shear force distributed over the height of the structure at each floor level is given by:
𝒇𝒃 −𝑭𝒕 𝑾𝒊 𝒉𝒊
𝑭𝒊 = 𝒏 𝑾 𝒉
𝑾 = 𝑾𝒊 + 𝟐𝟓%𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟐. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟏𝑲𝑵

𝒇𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝑲𝑵
𝑭𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝑻𝟏 ∗ 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟖𝑾 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝑲𝑵
𝑾𝒊 𝒉𝒊
𝑭𝒊 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔 𝒏 𝑾 𝒉
Table 9-4: Story shear for shear wall - 2
9.2.2. Vertical Load determination

Shaft roof slab design
𝟎.𝟔𝒇𝒚𝒌 𝑳𝒆
𝒅 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝜷𝒂
L e = 2300mm and β a = 28.2
 d = 69.33mm,
assume Cc = 15mm and ф = 16mm  D = 69.33 + 15 + 8 = 92.33mm
use D = 100mm  d = 77mm

9-106
 Load calculation
Dead Load: - self wt.: 0.1 x 25 = 2.5KN/m2
Plastering: 0.023 x 20 = 0.46KN/m2
9.6
Self wt. of elevator car:2 𝑥 2.3 𝑥 2.3 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝐊𝐍/𝐦𝟐
Total DL = 6.59KN/m2
Live Load: for store/stair case = 5KN/m2
Design Load: P d = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
P d = 16.6 KN/m2
 Analysis
For L y/L x = 1 α xf = 0.056, α yf = 0.056 (EBCS – moment coefficients for unsupported roof slab)
M xf = α xf *P d *Lx2 = 4.92KNm
M yf = α yf *P d *Lx2 = 4.92KNm
 Design
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟒.𝟗𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝁𝒖𝒔 = 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟕𝟕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 ==> 𝑲𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟓
𝒄𝒅 𝒃𝒅
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟒.𝟗𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝑲 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟓∗𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝟕∗𝟕𝟕 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒛 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝒅
Using ф 16 bar, Spacing = 258.4mm, # = 4.24

 Provide 4 ф 16 Cc 250mm
β vx = β vy = 0.33
𝑽𝒙 = 𝜷𝒗𝒙 ∗ 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑳𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝑽𝒚 = 𝜷𝒗𝒚 ∗ 𝑷𝒅 ∗ 𝑳𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝑲𝑵/𝒎
Total vertical load at the top of the shear wall
𝑵𝒔𝒅 = 𝑷𝒅 + 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒘𝒕. 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎
9.2.3. Design of individual Wall Section

9-107
 Design of wall A

L e = 0.7L = 0.7 x 41.5m = 29.05m
 Determination of design eccentricity in H – direction

e a = L e/300 = 29050/300 =96.83mm
 First order eccentricity
e o = M d/ N sd = 546.62/506.23 = 1079.8mm
e 2 = 0.4h (L e/10h)2 =1467.7mm
e tot = e a + e o + e 2 = 2644.33mm
 Relative eccentricity (h = 4000mm)
e rel = e tot/h = 1.15
 Determination of design eccentricity in B – direction

e a = L e/300 = 29050/300 =96.83mm
 First order eccentricity (no moment is carried in this direction as in the perpendicular direction)
e o = M d/ N sd = 0
e 2 = 0.4h (L e/10h)2 =1467.7mm
e tot = e a + e o + e 2 = 1564.53mm
 Relative eccentricity (b = 200mm)
e rel = e tot/b = 7.82
𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟏.𝟏𝟓
𝑲 = 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟕.𝟖𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝑵𝒔𝒅 𝟓𝟎𝟔.𝟐𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑽= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟕  α = 0.697 (from EBCS -2, Tb. 4.1)
𝒇𝒄𝒅 ∗𝑨𝒄 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎

9-108
e eq = e tot (1 + Kα) = 1564.53 (1 + 0.15 x 0.697) = 1728.1mm
 Design moment
M sd = e eq N sd = 1.728 x 506.23 = 874.82KNm
𝑴𝒔𝒅 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟑.𝟗𝟑∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝁=𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑
𝝎𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟔∗𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑∗𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝒇𝒚𝒅
= 𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟖𝟕
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐
A min =0.004*A c = 1840mm2
A min =0.04*A c = 18400mm2
Take A s = 1118.8mm2
 Provide 6 ф16 bars
V rd = 0.25f ctd b ω d = 1237.8KN………ok
V c = 0.25f ctd K 1 K 2 b ω d
f ctd =1.03
K 1 = 1.6 – d ≥ 1  K 1 = 1
K 2 = 1 + 50ρ ≤ 2, ρ = A s/bωd = 0.003  K 2 = 1.13
V c = 127.2KN……………………………..ok
 Here, according to EBCS -2, Sec.7.2.5.3, the area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be
less than one fourth of the vertical reinforcement.
𝑨𝒄 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟖
𝑨𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
 Spacing ash/As = 161.4mm

S= 2t assuming ф 10 bar
300mm

10-109
Chapter 10 ; DESIGN OF FOUNDATION AND RETAINING WALL

10-110
10.1 Design of Isolated footing

 LOADING
The loads are determined from ETABS; depending on the loads
we classified the types of footing as followed
Table 10-1: Classification of footing
 Soil Type
γ = 19KN/m3 Ф = 28 C=0
Hence from EBCS-7, Table 6.3 we found the presumed design bearing resistance to be 560KPa
And the soil pressure distribution was assumed to be planar.
 Material Data
Concrete C-25
Steel S-300
10.1.1. Proportioning
Let a = b
- Eccentricities
𝑴𝒙 𝟐.𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝑴𝒚 𝟕.𝟒𝟖𝟐
. 𝒆𝒙 = 𝑷𝒖𝒏𝒇 = 𝟒𝟑𝟎.𝟎 . = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗𝐦 𝒆𝒚 = 𝑷𝒖𝒏𝒇 = 𝟒𝟑𝟎.𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟒𝐦
𝟔𝒆𝒙 𝟔𝒆𝒚 𝟔∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟗 𝟔∗𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟒

𝟏± ± 𝟏± ±
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝒂 𝒃
= 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝑲𝑷𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒃
𝒂∗𝒃 𝒃𝟐
By trial and error we get: a = b = 1.1m

To determine the self weight of the footing and surcharge load on the footing,
let’s assume: - D = 0.5m
- sub soil = 19KN/m3 and 1m depth of soil above the soil
Thus Dead weight of sub soil = (1.12 – 0.42)*0.5*19 = 9.975KN
Dead weight of footing = 1.12 *0.5*25 = 15.125KN
The total design load
P d(tot) = 603.35 + 1.3*(15.12+9.975) = 635.97KN
Punf = 635.97/1.4 = 454.26KN
𝑴𝒙 𝟐.𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝑴𝒚 𝟕.𝟒𝟖𝟐
𝒆𝒙 = 𝐏 = 𝟒𝟓𝟒.𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝒆𝒚 = 𝐏 = 𝟒𝟓𝟒.𝟐𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟓
𝐮𝐧𝐟 𝐮𝐧𝐟
𝟔𝒆 𝟔𝐞 𝐲 𝟔∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟖 𝟔∗𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟓
𝟏± 𝒙 ± 𝟏± ±
𝛔𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝒂 𝒃
= 𝟏.𝟏
𝟐
𝟏.𝟏
= 𝟒𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝐊𝐏𝐚 < 𝛔𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝐊𝐏𝐚 … … 𝐨𝐤
𝐚∗𝐛 𝟏.𝟏

10-111
10.1.2. Structural Design

 Depth determination using punching shear
Assumed bar ф= 20mm
Where: d x = 1000*(D – Cc) – d/2
= 1000*(0.5 – 0.05) – 20/2 = 440mm
d y =1000*( D - Clear cover) – 3(d/2)=420mm
And the earth pressures k1 and k 2 are given by:
k1 = (1+50r) < 2  k1 =1.1
k2 = 1.6-d >1  k 2= 1.17
Punching shear resistance: Vrd= 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*u*d = 946.75 KN (EBCS2, 1995, Sec.4.7.6)
Acting Punching Shear: V p= q*[Lx*Ly-(b+3d)*(h+3d)] = -1051.75 KN
Vrd > V p Which shows our depth is safe
 Check the depth for wide beam shear:

b w = 0.15
Vw = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*L*d = 156.99 KN
Va = q*bw*L = 105.78 KN
 Reinforcement calculation:
 In the X-direction
A s,min = 0.6*b*d/fyk = 946.0mm2
Msd= q max*((L-a)/2)2/2 = 39.13KN-m
msd = Msd / (fcd*b*d2) = 0.02
K z = 0.98 (From EBCS2 design aid table)
Z = K z*d = 422.02
 As = Msd / (Z*fyd) = 355.42mm2 which is less than A s,min
2
Therefore we have As, provided = 946.0mm
Spacing = 1000*(as/ As, provided) = 332.0mm
 Provide ф20 Cc 330mm

 In the Y-direction
A s,min = 0.6*b*d/fyk = 946.0mm2
Msd= q max*((L-a)/2)2/2 = 39.13KN-m
msd = Msd / (fcd*b*d2) = 0.02
K z = 0.98 (From EBCS2 design aid table)
Z = K z*d = 422.02
 As = Msd / (Z*fyd) = 355.42mm2 which is less than A s,min
 Provide ф20 Cc 330mm
NB: Design of other footings is summarized in the following tables

10-112
Table 10-2: Footing design for footing type - 2

10-113

10-114

10-115
Table 10-5: Footing design for footing type -5

10-116

10-117

10-118
Table 10-8: Footing design for footing type -

10-119
10.2. Design of Retaining Wall
Building material data

 Concrete = 𝐶-30
 Steel = 𝑆300
 𝛾𝑐 = 25 𝐾𝑁 𝑚3
The soil data for the back fill of the retaining wall
 ∅ = 28°
 𝐶 = 0𝐾𝑁𝑝𝑎
 𝛾 = 19𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
 Material properties
Steel
 𝒇𝒚𝒌 = 300𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝒇𝒚𝒌 = 156𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝒇𝒔 156
 𝑬𝒔 = 200𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝒓= 𝒇𝒄 = 10.625 = 14.68
 𝒑𝒃 = 𝒏 = 0.008, 𝛒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒑𝒃 = 0.006, 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 0.0015

𝟐𝒓 𝒏 + 𝒓
Concrete
𝒇𝒄𝒌
 𝒇𝒄𝒌 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒇𝒄𝒌 = 10.625𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝒇𝒄𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝟏. 𝟓 = 11.33
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌
 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝟐/𝟑 = 1.5547 , 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓 = 1.0315
𝑬𝒔 𝐧𝐟𝐜
 𝑬𝒄 = 25.491𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝒏= 𝑬𝒄 = 7.85 , 𝐊= 𝐟𝐬 + 𝐧𝐟𝐜 = 0.348
𝑲 𝒙 𝒋 𝒙 𝒇𝒄
 𝒋 = 𝟏 − 𝒌 𝟑 = 0.88, 𝑹= 𝟐 = 1.629
Initial assumptions
0.4 ≤ B/H ≤ 0.8
1/12 ≤ b 2 ≤ 1/8
b 3 ≈ B/3
b 3 ≥ 300mm
Df≥ b2
Hence
Ho = 6m b 1 = 0.5m
D f = 2m b 2 = 1m
Z = 1m b 3 = 2m
B = 6m b 4 = 3m
Figure 10-1: Retaining wall layout

10-120
i) Vertical Loads (Vi)
ii) Lateral Earth Pressure (H)

The lateral earth pressure is computed by using Coulomb’s Equation
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ф + β 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 β−ф
𝑲𝒂 = 𝟐 , 𝑲𝒑 = 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ф+𝛅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ф−𝛂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ф+𝛅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ф+𝛂
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 β 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛃−𝛅 𝟏+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 β 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛃+𝛅 𝟏−
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛃−𝛅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝛂+𝛃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛃+𝛅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝛂+𝛃
𝑲𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟏, 𝑲𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟗
Where:
Wall inclination β =85.9o
Internal friction angle ф =280 = 0.49rad
Wall friction angle δ = 2/3ф = 18.670 = 0.33rad
Surface inclination α = 00
Surcharge Pressure: Pa1 Active Pressure: Pa2 Passive Pressure: Pp

𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝒂𝟏 = 𝑲𝒂 𝒒𝑯 𝑷𝒂𝟐 = 𝑲 𝜸 𝑯𝟐
𝟐 𝒂 𝒔
𝑷𝒑 = 𝟐 𝑲𝒑 𝜸𝒔 𝑫𝒇 𝟐
Pa1 = 28.08KN/m Pa2 = 213.42KN/m Pp = 204.782KN/m
iii) Force of friction at the bottom of the footing

Ff = μ x ΣV I, μ = tan (δ) = 0.338
Ff = 283.5KN
iv) Base adhesion
Ca =0.6C, but cohesion: C = 0
Ca = 0

10-121
Figure 10-2: Lateral earth pressures

 Stability Checks
i) Against Overturning
Ms = 2888.14KNm M0 = 569.16KNm
𝑴
F.S. (overturning) = 𝑴 𝒔 ≥ F.S.(allowable)
𝟎
5.07 ≥ 1.5 ……………………………………………………..ok

ii) Against Sliding
ΣF Resisting = Ff + BCa + Pp ΣF acting = Pa1 + Pa2
= 283.5 + 0 + 204.78 = 28.08 + 213.41
ΣF R = 488.28KN/m ΣF a = 241.49KN/m
𝚺𝐅
F.S. (sliing) = 𝚺𝐅 𝑹 ≥ F.S.(allowable)
𝒂
2.288 ≥ 1.5 …………………………………………..…………..ok
iii) Against Bearing

- The bearing capacity existing under the wall:
q Allowable = 280KPa (for non-cohesive sand soil, with medium compactness EBCS-7, Tb. -6.3)
ΣV i = 839KN
ΣM cw = ΣM s + M Pp ΣM ccw = ΣM Pa1 + ΣM Pa2
ΣM cw = 2888.14KNm/m + 136.59KNm/m ΣM ccw = 112.32KNm/m + 569.16KNm/m
ΣM cw = 3024.73KNm/m ΣM ccw = 681.48KNm/m
- Resultant Moment at the bottom of footing

M total = ΣM cw - ΣM ccw
M total = 2343.25KNm/m
𝑴𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
- The distance from the toe: X = = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟗
𝚺𝐕𝒊

10-122
- The eccentricity: e = 0.5B – X = 0.21

- The maximum bearing stress:
𝚺𝐕 𝐢 𝟔𝒆
𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏+ = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝑲𝑷𝒂 < 𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝑲𝑷𝒂 … … … . 𝒐𝒌
𝑩 𝑩
- The minimum bearing stress:

𝚺𝐕 𝐢 𝟔𝒆
𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑩
𝟏− 𝑩
= 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝑲𝑷𝒂 > 0 … … … . . . 𝒐𝒌
10.2.1. Structural Design

Using Working Stress Design Method
Surcharge q = 10KPa
10.2.1.1Design of Stem
q t = Ka x q surcharge
= 0.351 x 10KPa
= 3.52KPa/m
q a1 = q t = 3.51KPa/m
q a2 = K a x γ x Z
= 0.351 x 19KN/m3 x 6m
= 40.01KPa/m
q a-a = 0.5 K a x γ x Z + q t
= 20.01KPa/m + 3.52KPa/m
= 23.53KPa/m
q b-b = K a x γ x Z + q t
= 43.53 KPa/m
A) At section A-A
𝑍
Since the slant length 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 −𝛽
= 3.009𝑚 ≈ 3𝑚 , no need to project the lateral load.
F 1 = 3m x 3.51KPa/m
= 10.56KN/m
F 2 = 0.5 x 3m x 20.01KPa/m
= 30.02KN/m
M A-A = 1.5 F 1 + F 2 V A-A = F 1 + F 2

= 45.86KN/m = 40.58KN/m
 Check the depth for flexure

D provided =750mm,
ø = 16mm,  d available = D pro – ø/2 – Cc = 662mm
Cc = 80mm
𝑴
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 ≥ = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟕𝟖𝒎𝒎  D req = d req + ø/2 + Cc = 255.78mm
𝑹𝒃
∴ D req < D pro ……………………….ok

10-123
 Reinforcement Calculation
As min = ρ min b*d avail
= 0.0015 x 1000 x 662
= 993mm2
 Main Reinforcement
𝑀𝐴 −𝐴
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 ∗𝑗 ∗𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
= 504.63𝑚𝑚2 As used =993mm2
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
Spacing: 𝑆= 𝐴𝑠
= 202.4𝑚𝑚
∴ Use ø16 C/c 200mm
 Check the effective depth for shear

𝑉𝐴 −𝐴
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑏𝑑
= 0.0613𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 0.0594 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.297𝐾𝑃𝑎
∴ Acting < Resisting ………………………………ok

Shear Shear
B) At section B-B
F 1 = 6m x 3.52KPa/m
= 21.12KN/m
F 2 = 0.5 x 6m x 40.01KPa/m
= 120.03KN/m
M B-B = 3 F 1 + 2F 2 V A-A = F 1 + F 2
= 303.42KN/m = 141.15KN/m

D provided =1000mm,
Cc = 80mm
𝑴
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 ≥ 𝑹𝒃
= 𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎  D req = d req + ø/2 + Cc = 526.58mm
∴ D req < D pro ……………………….ok

= 0.0015 x 1000 x 905
= 1357.5mm2

10-124
𝑴𝑩−𝑩
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒇𝒔 ∗𝒋∗𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍
= 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐 As used =2442.24mm2
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
= 289.4𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝐵 −𝐵 141.15∗10 3
= 1000 ∗0.905 = 0.156𝐾𝑃𝑎
Shear Shear
C) At front face
Minimum Reinforcement should be provided both in the vertical and horizontal direction.
Use ø16mm Cc = 80mm and As min = 1357.5mm2
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
= 148𝑚𝑚
10.2.1.2Design of Heel
Ws1 = 432.25KN/3m = 144.08KN/m
𝒒𝒄 𝟑𝒎
= 𝟔𝒎 ==> 𝒒𝒄 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝑲𝑵
𝟓𝟖.𝟕
𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝑲𝑷𝒂

𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝑲𝑷𝒂 𝒒𝒄−𝒄 = 𝒒𝒄 + 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟖𝟓𝐊𝐍/𝐦
𝒒𝟐 = 𝒘𝒔𝟏 − 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟖𝑲𝑵/𝒎

𝒒𝟏 = 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒒𝒄−𝒄 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎
Figure 10-3: Design of heel
A) At section C-C
F1 = 3m x q1 = 88.05KN F2 = 0.5 x 3m x (q2 – q1) = 6.35KN

M c-c = 1.5 F1 + 2 F2 = 144.78KNm V c-c = F1 + F1 = 94.4KN

10-125

D provided =1000mm,
Cc = 80mm
𝑴
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 ≥ 𝑹𝒃
= 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎  D req = d req + ø/2 + Cc = 388.12mm
∴ D req < D pro ……………………….ok

= 0.0015 x 1000 x 910
= 1365mm2/m
𝑴𝒄−𝒄
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒇𝒔 ∗𝒋∗𝒅𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍
= 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟐 As used =1365mm2
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
= 230.04𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑐−𝑐 94.4∗10 3
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = 0.104𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗0.91
Shear Shear
B) At front face
Use ø16mm Cc = 80mm and As min = 1365mm2/m
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
= 147.2𝑚𝑚
10.2.1.3 Design of Toe
Ws2 = 38KN/2m = 19KN/m

𝒒𝑫 𝟒𝒎
𝟓𝟖.𝟕
= 𝟔𝒎 ==> 𝒒𝑫 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟑𝑲𝑵
𝒒𝑫−𝑫 = 𝒒𝑫 + 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟔𝟑𝐊𝐍/𝐦

Figure 10-4: Design of toe

10-126
𝒒𝟏 = 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 − 𝒘𝒔𝟐 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎

𝒒𝟐 = 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒒𝑫−𝑫 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝑲𝑵/𝒎
A) At section D-D
F1 = 0.5 x 2m x (q1 – q2) = 71.93KN F2 = 2m x q2 = 88.05KN
M D-D = 4/3mx F1 + 1mx F2 = 135.05KNm V D-D = F1 + F1 = 111.07KN
D provided =1000mm,
Cc = 80mm
𝑴
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒 ≥ = 𝟐𝟖𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝒎𝒎  D req = d req + ø/2 + Cc = 377.93mm
𝑹𝒃
∴ D req < D pro ……………………….ok
= 0.0015 x 1000 x 910
= 1365mm2/m
𝑀𝑐−𝑐
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 ∗𝑗 ∗𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙
= 1081.05𝑚𝑚2 As used =1365mm2
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
= 230.04𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝐷 −𝐷 111.07∗10 3
= 1000 ∗0.91
= 0.122𝐾𝑃𝑎

Shear Shear
B) At front face
Use ø16mm Cc = 80mm and As min = 1365mm2/m
𝑎 𝑠 ∗𝑏
= 147.2𝑚𝑚

10-127

10-128
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

One of the greatest virtues that one needs to uphold in building construction is the economical use of
resources. In structures that especially tend to be costly due to special structural members used in anticipation
of different types of loads for reasons justified in the design process, it is wise to make sure the most
economical solutions are implemented without compromising the desired task.
It is therefore from this understanding that we derive our recommendation. And hence, the conditions
at hand show that the use of ribbed slabs instead of solid slabs would have been a more economical approach.
The wide spacing between columns clearly indicates that ribbed slabs were the intended types of slabs to be
used.
In conclusion, we would not forget the learning experience we gained from the project. In addition to this it
has helped us in developing our ability to work as a team.

10-129
REFERENCE
 EBCS-1
 EBCS-2
 EBCS-3
 EBCS-7
 EBCS-8
 Reinforced Concrete Design, 4th Edition, W.H. Mosley and J.H. Bungey
 Handbook of structural steel work, 3rd Edition, jointly published by the British constructional steel work
association Ltd. And steel construction institute.

10-130
A. Reinforcement Details
A.1. Reinforcement detail for Flat Concrete Roofs
Figure 0-1: Reinforcement Detail of roof type - 1

10-131
Figure 0-2: Reinforcement Detail of roof type - 2

10-132
Figure 0-3 Reinforcement Detail of roof type - 3

10-133
A.2. Reinforcement detail for Stair Case
Figure 0-4: Reinforcement Detail of Stair case

10-134
A.3. Reinforcement detail for Basement Mizzen
Figure 0-5: Reinforcement Detail of basement mizzen slab

10-135
A.4. Reinforcement detail for Beam
Figure 0-6: Reinforcement Detail of Beam

10-136
A.5. Reinforcement detail for Column

10-137
Continued ………
Figure 0-7: Reinforcement Detail of Column

10-138
A.6. Reinforcement detail for Retaining Wall
Figure 0-8: Reinforcement Detail of Retaining Wall

10-139
A.7. Reinforcement detail for Shear Wall
Figure 0-9: Reinforcement Detail of Shear Wall

10-140
A.8. Reinforcement detail for Shear Wall along section X – X
Figure 0-10 Reinforcement Detail of Shear Wall – Section X - X

2004 Project D.D. (GROUP - 2)

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I

Report On: Structural design of G + 4 Hotel building

Advisor: Ato. Daniel Habetamu

Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................................................ VIII

5.1.2.1. Ultimate limit state design .................................................................................................................... 5-59

10.2. Design of Retaining Wall ................................................................................................................................... 10-119

Table 2-16: Adjusted support moments of roof type -3 .................................................................................................... 2-24

Figure 1-1: Roof layout......................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

Figure 6-8: Elevation E ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-71

Final year project 2004 E.C.

Final year project 2004 E.C.

Final year project 2004 E.C.

Flat concrete roof and Duo-Pitched roof.

1.1. Wind load analysis

Figure 1-1: Roof layout

Final year project 2004

Table 1-1: Dimensions of the four roof types

1.1.1. Wind load analysis of roof -1

b d e/2 e/4 e/10

Since the building is with curved eaves of R = 0.7m

Final year project 2004

1.1.2. Wind load analysis of roof -2

b d e/2 e/4 e/10

Final year project 2004

WHERE: Internal wind pressure coefficients

Internal wind pressure

Net wind pressure

1.1.3. Wind load analysis of roof -3

Figure 1-2: Roof type -3 layouts

Table 1-3: Roof-3 Zones dimensions

1.1.3.1. Geometric data of Zone -3A

Final year project 2004

b d e/2 e/4 e/10

1.1.3.2. Geometric data of Zone -3B

Final year project 2004

Since the building is with curved eaves of R = 0.7m

WHERE: External wind pressure

1.1.3.3. Geometric data of Zone -3C

Final year project 2004

(+ve) = 0.0921KN/m2 (+ve) = 0.368kN/m2 = (+ve) = 0.3224kN/m2

(+ve) = 0.3224kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.2713kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.3224kN/m2

1.1.4. Wind Load Analysis of Roof Type- 4 (Duo-Pitched Roof)

1.1.4.1. Geometric data of Roof type -4 (ѳ= 00)

Final year project 2004

WHERE: External wind pressure

1.1.4.2. Geometric data of Roof type -4 (ѳ= 900)

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WHERE: External wind pressure

(+ve) = 0.337kN/m2 (+ve) = 0.00kN/m2

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Chapter 2 ; DESIGN OF ROOF

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Design for Roof

Support moment adjustment

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2.1. Design of Roof type - 1

Table 2-1: Depth calculation for roof type- 1

Use d max =170.71mm

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Figure 2-1: Unadjusted support moments of roof type - 1

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 Support moment adjustment