CJA 1999 No.

of Pages 16
15 April 2021
Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, (2021), xxx(xx): xxx–xxx
1

Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics

& Beihang University
Chinese Journal of Aeronautics
cja@buaa.edu.cn
www.sciencedirect.com

3 Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex

4 assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic
5 modes
6 Chengwei FEI a, Haotian LIU a, Rhea PATRICIA LIEM b, Yatsze CHOY c,
7 Lei HAN a,*

a
8 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
b
9 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077,
10 China
c
11 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China

12 Received 11 October 2020; revised 25 October 2020; accepted 6 December 2020

13

15 KEYWORDS Abstract In structural simulation and design, an accurate computational model directly determi-
16
17 Aeroengine casings; nes the effectiveness of performance evaluation. To establish a high-fidelity dynamic model of a
18 Assembled structures; complex assembled structure, a Hierarchical Model Updating Strategy (HMUS) is developed for
19 Correlated mode pair; Finite Element (FE) model updating with regard to uncorrelated modes. The principle of HMUS
20 Hierarchical model updating; is first elaborated by integrating hierarchical modeling concept, model updating technology with
21 Objective function; proper uncorrelated mode treatment, and parametric modeling. In the developed strategy, the cor-
22 Uncorrelated modes rect correlated mode pairs amongst the uncorrelated modes are identified by an error minimization
procedure. The proposed updating technique is validated by the dynamic FE model updating of a
simple fixed–fixed beam. The proposed HMUS is then applied to the FE model updating of an aero-
engine stator system (casings) to demonstrate its effectiveness. Our studies reveal that ① parametric
modeling technique is able to build an efficient equivalent model by simplifying complex structure in
geometry while ensuring the consistency of mechanical characteristics; ② the developed model
updating technique efficiently processes the uncorrelated modes and precisely identifies correct Cor-
related Mode Pairs (CMPs) between FE model and experiment; ③ the proposed HMUS is accurate
and efficient in the FE model updating of complex assembled structures such as aeroengine casings
with large-scale model, complex geometry, high-nonlinearity and numerous parameters; ④ it is
appropriate to update a complex structural FE model parameterized. The efforts of this study pro-
vide an efficient updating strategy for the dynamic model updating of complex assembled structures

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: han_lei@fudan.edu.cn (L. HAN).
Peer review under responsibility of Editorial Committee of CJA.

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Please cite this article in press as: FEI C et al. Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes, Chin J Aero-
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15 April 2021
2 C. FEI et al.

23 with experimental test data, which is promising to promote the precision and feasibility of
24 simulation-based design optimization and performance evaluation of complex structures.
29
25
26 Ó 2021 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Chinese Society of Aeronautics and
27 Astronautics. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
28 licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

30 1. Introduction dynamics, respectively.20–21 Zona et al. performed the FE 83

model updating of timber-concrete composite beams from 84

31 Computational models were used to enable performing engi- probabilistic perspective.22 Wroblewski et al. carried out rotor 85

32 neering analyses.1 Finite Element (FE) modeling and simula- model updating and validation for an active magnetic bearing 86

33 tion technologies are effective in evaluating structural based high-speed machining spindle.23 Schwingshackl et al. 87

34 dynamic characteristics in structural design.2 FE modeling performed the modeling and validation of bolted flange joints 88

35 and simulation can significantly reduce experimental time with nonlinear dynamic behaviors.24 Modak investigated a 89

36 and costs in the research and development of products, to model updating technique with respect to uncorrelated modes 90

37 improve the market competitiveness of products.3 A high mod- and demonstrated it on the FE model of a beam structure.5 91

38 eling accuracy is thus expected to ensure the effectiveness of Zhai et al. also researched FE model updating technique of 92

39 evaluating the mechanical characteristics in product design. complex structures with parametric modeling and static exper- 93

40 Generally, structural models can be derived based on FE anal- imental data.25–26 The above works contributed to the devel- 94

41 ysis or modal testing. In most cases, however, achieving a high opment of structural dynamic model updating technique. It 95

42 accuracy of FE models for complex structures is challenging, is noted that the uncorrelated modes indicate that the FE 96

43 owing to unavoidable modeling error caused by uncertain fac- model or analytical modes are not correlated with the experi- 97

44 tors and excessive assumptions such as the approximation of ment modes in fact. 98

45 mechanical characteristics, boundary conditions, nonlinearity, In general, model updating techniques can be categorized 99

46 material properties, etc.4 As such, there have been growing into direct methods and iterative methods. Direct methods 100

47 research efforts to develop model updating technologies which adopt one-step procedure to make a minimum change in struc- 101

48 aims at reducing the errors between analytical models and test tural matrices. However, the model obtained by this method is 102

49 data, to improve modeling accuracy. typically inefficient in handling vibration spurious modes in 103

50 In the past thirty years, demand of high computational model updating.27–31 Iterative methods adaptively involve 104

51 accuracy promotes the rapid development of structural experimentally identified modal data or measured Frequency 105

52 dynamic model updating techniques, to reduce parameter Response Functions (FRFs) in the model updating procedure. 106

53 error and improve FE modeling accuracy by evaluating the Iterative method is a universal model updating method, owing 107

54 correlation of vibration mode between analytical value and to it select the appropriate updating parameters from incom- 108

55 experimental value.1 As such, the final high-fidelity FE model plete measured modal data.6,32–34 The key objective in the 109

56 is obtained by iterative optimization.5 Structural dynamic methods is to reduce the difference between FE modes and 110

57 model updating based on experimental mode data were first experimentally identified modes. The simple structures of iter- 111

58 investigated in 1971.6 Collins et al. proposed a systematic FE ative methods are particularly attractive among researchers. 112

59 model updating approach on mass and stiffness matrix by However, the iterative method has one challenge in han- 113

60 using experimental natural frequencies and modes.7 In the past dling complex engineering problems like assembled structure 114

61 decades, research efforts to advance model updating strategies defined as a system consisting of various substructures or com- 115

62 have been at the forefront in structural dynamics in theoretical ponents.35 For example, the stator system of an aeroengine is 116

63 development and application. Berriet and Cogan employed composed of many casings and multiple bolted joint struc- 117

64 static test data to update FE model.8 Imregun et al. discussed tures.36 Therefore, analyzing a complex assembled structure 118

65 the theory and application of FE model updating approaches must firstly deals with complex geometry, large-scale FE 119

66 based on frequency response function data.9–10 Ahmadian model, many joint structures and strong coupling among sub- 120

67 et al. studied parameter selection strategies in FE model updat- structures.37 The complexity limits a high modeling accuracy 121

68 ing and performed modeling and updating of large surface-to- acquired by the traditional updating strategies. Up to now, 122

69 surface joints in the AWE-MACE structure.11–12 Chen et al. we have not yet found the effective updating methods in the 123

70 discussed the structural uncertain dynamic model updating model updating of complex assembled structures. Moreover, 124

71 based on response surface model and sensitivity analysis.13 it is important to identify the correct correlated modes between 125

72 Mottershead et al. reviewed FE model updating in structural experimentally identified mode shapes and FE model mode 126

73 dynamics and proposed sensitivity method for FE model shapes. In stochastic updating of complex structures, mode 127

74 updating by minimizing natural-frequency errors.14–15 Sanayei shape pairs may dynamically change throughout the iterative 128

75 et al. investigated structural static model updating based on procedure, because the derived parameters may change at each 129

76 test data.16 Marwala and Sibisi derived an FE model updating iteration. 38–39 The effectiveness of a model updating strategy 130

77 strategy using Bayesian framework and modal properties.17 depends on the correct identification of the correlated pairs.5,40 131

78 Zang and Ewins explored model validation of structural It is thus imperative to seek an efficient method to process 132

79 dynamics for aeroengine design.18 Ricci et al. discussed model- uncorrelated modes and accurately recognize correct Corre- 133

80 ing and updating of torsional behavior of an industrial steam lated Mode Pairs (CMPs) in the dynamic model updating of 134

81 turbo generator.19 Ren et al. analyzed FE model updating complex assembled structures. Lastly, modeling the connection 135

82 based on response surface method for structural statics and between substructures in a complex assembled system like 136

Please cite this article in press as: FEI C et al. Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes, Chin J Aero-
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 CJA 1999 No. of Pages 16
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Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes 3

137 bolted joints25 easily incurs large and unacceptable errors. The HMUS is proposed to address the dynamic model 196
138 Therefore, it is important to derive an accurate model that updating of a complex assembled structure. Following this 197
139 can emulate the connection structure in the model updating strategy, the complex assembled structure is decomposed into 198
140 of complex assembled structures. a series of substructures in multiple layers. These substructures 199
141 To address the above-mentioned challenges, this paper aims are individually FE-modeled, and subsequently updated. By 200
142 to develop a Hierarchical Model Updating Strategy (HMUS) following this approach, the large-scale complex model of 201
143 that synergistically combined hierarchical modeling princi- assembled structure with high nonlinearity, strong coupling 202
144 ple35,41 and parametric modeling method25,42 into a novel and numerous parameters is divided into multiple simpler mod- 203
145 model updating technology. By decomposing the complex els of substructures with low nonlinearity, weak coupling and 204
146 assembled structure into a series of substructures under many fewer parameters, to improve the modeling accuracy of sub- 205
147 layers, these substructures are accurately FE-modeled and structures and complex assembled structure. In the proposed 206
148 updated which can enhance the modeling accuracy of the com- HMUS, the model updating technology with uncorrelated 207
149 plex structure once combined. The derived updating strategy is modes is developed by introducing an objective function to 208
150 called HMUS which is extended from hierarchical concept in automatically recognize the correct CMPs of FE model modes 209
151 model validation38,41 and the reliability design of mechanical referencing test modes. The updating method enables dealing 210
152 assemble relationship.35 In the proposed HMUS, an efficient with uncorrelated modes in model updating of complex assem- 211
153 model updating technology is developed by introducing an bled structures, instead of the traditional model updating meth- 212
154 objective function to automatically recognize the correct ods. For modeling of complex assembled structures with bolted 213
155 CMPs of FE model modes and the corresponding test modes, joints, the parametric modeling technology26,42–43,45 is adopted 214
156 and deal with the uncorrelated modes in the model updating of by simulating equivalent mechanical characteristics. The basic 215
157 complex assembled structures. To establish the model of con- procedure of HMUS with uncorrelated modes for complex 216
158 nection structures (i.e., bolted joints) in complex assembled assembled structure is shown in Fig. 1. 217
159 structures, parametric modeling technology is adopted to For the dynamic model of complex assembled structure, the 218
160 model the connection structures by the equivalent simplifica- HMUS integrates hierarchical thinking, parametric modeling 219
161 tion of mechanical characteristics.26,42–43 approach and model updating technique with uncorrelated 220
162 This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses modes. In the model updating of structural dynamics, it is 221
163 HMUS procedure for the dynamic model updating of complex important to determine the correct CMPs by handling the 222
164 assembled structures. In Section 3, a model updating technique uncorrelated modes between experiment and FE model. A 223
165 is developed to handle uncorrelated modes and correctly iden- novel model updating technique considering uncorrelated 224
166 tify correct CMPs by minimizing an objective function. A modes is discussed in Section 3. 225
167 detailed model updating of a fixed–fixed beam structure based
168 on testing data is investigated in Section 4, to validate the pro- 3. Model updating theory using modal shapes 226
169 posed model updating method. In Section 5, the hierarchical
170 FE model updating of an aeroengine stator system (casings) In this section, the model updating strategy is presented to 227
171 is discussed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed HMUS. properly identify uncorrelated modes, by adopting an opti- 228
172 Some conclusions on this study are summarized in Section 5. mization problem to minimize the errors between FE model 229
(analytical modes) and experimental modes. 230
173 2. Hierarchical model updating strategy
3.1. Correlation analysis of vibration modal data 231
174 Assembled structures are typically characterized by complex
175 geometry, numerous components and multiple design parame- For a free undamped vibration, motion equation can be 232
176 ters. Deriving a single model to represent the complex struc- described as 233
177 ture as a whole typically has a large modeling error. 234

178 Recently, a distributed collaborative surrogate model method M€

x þ Kx ¼ 0 ð1Þ 236

179 was proposed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of where M and K are matrixes of mass and stiffness, respectively; 237
180 mechanical dynamic assembly reliability design,35 which was x and x€ indicate the vectors of displacement and acceleration, 238
181 also applied to the probability-based design of other structures respectively. The eigenvalue and eigenvector in Eq. (1) are 239
182 by combining advanced surrogate models and intelligent algo- denoted as kA and uA respectively, where the structure is rep- 240
183 rithms.1,27,41 This method adopts a layering approach by divid- resented by FE models. kE and uE denote the eigenvalues and 241
184 ing the complex structure into numerous substructures and the corresponding eigenvector obtained by modal measure- 242
185 models each substructure with a simple model before coordi- ment. Note that A and E in superscripts or subscripts represent 243
186 nating the analytical responses of the submodels to obtain the analytical/FE results and experimental data respectively. 244
187 the design of the complex large-scale model. The layering This convention is used throughout this paper. Experimental 245
188 approach has recently been introduced into a model updating eigenvectors from a modal test are typically too complex to 246
189 process to improve the computational efficiency, by decompos- directly be applied in updating the undamped model.5 The cor- 247
190 ing one stochastic updating problem into a series of determin- relation between the two sets of eigenvalues and eigenvectors 248
191 istic ones.38 The application of the approach to solve should be improved by model updating. The eigenvalues and 249
192 experimental validation of a complex and large-scale rigid- eigenvectors of FE model are defined as a function of these 250
193 body mechanism has also been explored.44 These works can updating parameters, i.e., 251
194 potentially offer a useful insight into the model updating of
A A 252

195 complex assembled structures or systems. k ; u ¼ fðu1 ; u2 ;    ; uNu Þ ð2Þ 254

Please cite this article in press as: FEI C et al. Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes, Chin J Aero-
naut (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.03.023
 CJA 1999 No. of Pages 16
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4 C. FEI et al.

Fig. 1 Hierarchical model updating procedure of complex assembled structure with uncorrelated modes.

255 where Nu refers to the number of updating parameters selected the corresponding analytical mode. Thus, relying on MAC 282
256 for FE model updating and u = [u1 ; u2 ;    ; uNu ] is the vector of matrix alone may lead to incorrect updating of FE models. 283
257 updating parameters. These updating parameters correspond For symmetrical structures such as disk, cylinder, etc.,[48–50] 284
258 to the fractional correction in the physical parameters of the the MAC values of two similar mode vectors on experiment 285
259 model. In the traditional model updating strategies, the Modal and FE model are sometime very small, which is not consistent 286
260 Assurance Criterion (MAC)5,46–47 is commonly used to quan- with the actual situation. 287
261 tify the degree of correlation. For the pair of ith FE model The existing updating methods only depend upon precise 288
262 mode uA i and the jth measured modes uj , the MAC matrix
E
experimental data and do not focus on the information of 289

263 MAC is uncorrelated modes, resulting in suboptimal models. To 290

264
 T 2 address the issues, a novel model updating approach is pro- 291
  uA
i uj
E posed by considering the FE model updating as a constrained 292
MAC uA i ; uj
E
¼  T 
T  ð3Þ minimization problem. In this optimization problem, an objec- 293
266 uA
i uj
A
uEi uEj tive function F is minimized subject to boundary conditions to 294
find the optimal updating parameters. 295
267 The values in the matrix MAC refer to the mode correlation
268 coefficients indicating the degree of correlation between FE
3.2. Objective function of model updating with modal correlation 296
269 model modes and experimental modes. The values vary
270 between zero and one. MAC = 1 indicates an absolute corre-
271 lation between the pair of modes, whereas MAC = 0 denotes Let IkC and IkU be the indices of percentage error in the FE 297

272 zero correlation. Thus, the correlation between the two modes model eigenvalues corresponding to CMPs and Uncorrelated 298

273 becomes stronger as MAC increases. Reasonable correlation is Mode Pairs (UMPs), while IuC and IuU indicate the indices 299

274 indicated by a diagonally MAC matrix, where all the diagonal of percentage error in the FE model eigenvectors correspond- 300

275 elements are larger than 70% and the off-diagonal elements ing to CMPs and UMPs. The objective function F can be for- 301

276 are less than 10%.47 Using the information in MAC matrix mulated as a weighted combination of the error indices IkC, 302

277 might lead to erroneous judgment on degree of correlation IkU, IuC and IuU, with the corresponding constant scalar 303

278 when there are systemic errors and local modes on the FE weighting factors xkC, xkU, xuC and xuU, respectively. The 304

279 model of structures. In some cases, one experimental mode objective function F is expressed as: 305
306
280 could be correlated with other analytical/FE model modes, F ¼ xkC IkC þ xkU IkU þ xuC IuC þ xuU IuU ð4Þ 308
281 such as the previous- or posterior-order modes, instead of

Please cite this article in press as: FEI C et al. Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes, Chin J Aero-
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Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes 5

309 where an experimental mode in LE, which is not identified as a CMP. 359
310
8 It is assumed that the number NkUE,i of experimental modes in 360
>
> P
NkC
ðkAC
j kj Þ
EC 2
>
> IkC ¼ ; the list LE are determined in such a way to consider possible 361
>
> ðkj Þ
EC 2

>
>
j¼1
correlation with the ith mode LAi in the list LA. The fractional 362
>
> ! 1
>
> NkUE;i  AU EU 2  NkUE;i error in the eigenvalue kAU of the mode LAi and eigenvalue kEU
>
> NP Q ðki kr;i Þ i r;i 363
>
> IkU ¼
kUA
; of rth mode from the list LEi is denoted as
>
> 364
ðkEU
r;i Þ
2
< 365
i¼1 r¼1
 2
ð5Þ kAU  kEU
>
> P ðuAC
NuC
j Þ
2
>
> IuC ¼
uEC
; bir ¼
i

r;i
2 ð7Þ
>
j
>
> ðu j Þ
EC 2
>
> j¼1 kEU
>
>
r;i 367
>
>  AU EU 2 !NuUE;i
>
1
>
> P NQ
NuUA uUE;i
ðki kr;i Þ When the rth experimental mode in LE,i corresponds to the
> 368
: IuU ¼
>
ðkEU Þ
2 :
analytical mode LAi, the error function bir is zero at u = u*, 369
312 i¼1 r¼1 r;i
and nonzero. For r = 1,2, . . ., NkUE,i, aAiEi is 370
371
313 In Eq.(4) and Eq.(5), C and U, both as subscripts and  2
YNkUE;i ki  kr;i
AU EU
314 superscripts, correspond to CMPs and UMPs, respectively; YNkUE;i
315 the subscripts k and u denote eigenvalues and eigenvectors, aAiEi ¼ r¼1
bri ¼ r¼1
 2 ð8Þ
316 respectively; NkC is the number of eigenvalues corresponding kEU
r;i 373
317 to CMPs which are applied in the function F; NkUA denotes
318 the number eigenvalues of FE model modes that are uncorre- whereaAiEi is the product of errors between eigenvalue of FE 374

319 lated with experimental modes; NkUE,i indicates the number of mode LAi and experimental eigenvalues in LE,i. aAiEi is zero 375

320 experimental uncorrelated eigenvalues considered as possible when one bir functions for r ¼ 1; 2; :::; NkUE;i is zero, i.e., when 376

321 correlation with the ith FE model eigenvalue; NuC refers to a mode in list LE,i correctly matches with a mode LAi at 377

322 the number of eigenvectors corresponding to CMPs which u = u*. The error function IkU is then defined as the sum of 378

323 are adopted in F; NuUA is the number of uncorrelated eigen- all aAiEi for i ¼ 1; 2; :::; NkUA : 379
380
324 vectors of the FE model in F; NuUE,i is the number of experi- XNkUA 1

325 mental uncorrelated eigenvectors chosen for considering IkU ¼ i¼1

ðaAiEi ÞNkUE;i ð9Þ 382
326 possible correlation with the ith FE model eigenvector.
327 As illustrated in Eq.(4) and Eq.(5), the objective function F As indicated in Eq.(9), at u = u* all elements in faAiEi gN kUA
i¼1 383

328 includes both the correlated and uncorrelated information have a common zero and thus the error function IkU is zero, 384

329 between FE model modes and experimental modes. The design while the sum of all aAiEi , which is not the case when u – u*. 385

330 variables for the optimization formulations are the updating

1
The exponent NkUE;i as the power of each aAiEi is to obtain the 386
331 parameter vector u, the lower and upper bounds (uL, uU) of average percent error in one eigenvalue since aAiEi is the pro- 387
332 which is defined as duct of NkUE,i error functions, keeping the definition of IkU 388
333
consistent with the definition of error function IkC. 389
335 u 2 ½uL ; uU  ð6Þ
The four error functions IkC, IkU, IuC and IuU can be eval- 390
336 These variable bounds represent the maximum degree of uated by the above analysis. At u = u*, all the error functions 391
337 variation or uncertainty in the fractional correction factors are zero so that the objective function F is also zero. Since F is 392
338 at updating stage. a non-negative function, the optimization procedure achieves 393
339 From the above analysis, the minimization problem is sta- the global optimum at this point. Thus, by minimizing the 394
340 ted by minimizing the objective function F in Eq. (4), subject to objective function F, we can achieve the correct value u* of 395
341 the variable bounds in Eq.(6). Let u* denote the correct vector the unknown solution vector u. 396
342 of the unknown updating parameters. Error functions IkC and
343 IuC quantify, respectively, the difference between the FE model
344 and experimental data for CMP, both for eigenvalues and 4. Model updating with uncorrelated modes 397

345 eigenvectors. For the eigenvectors, the error is quantified by

346 the norm of difference between the two eigenvectors. With this In this section, the performance of the developed model updat- 398
347 formulation, the error functions IkC and IuC should be zero at ing method using uncorrelated modes is tested by the FE 399
348 u = u*. model updating of a simulated beam structure. 400

349 3.3. Model updating procedure

4.1. FE modeling of a fixed–fixed beam structure 401

350 As illustrated in Section 3.2, minimizing the objective function

An undamped FE model of a fixed–fixed beam structure in 402
351 in Eq. (4) is the main procedure of model updating using
Fig. 3 is studied in this section. The beam geometry is 1 403
352 uncorrelated modes, subject to the solutions of four error func-
000 mm in length, 50 mm in width and 5 mm in height. For 404
353 tions in Eq. (5).[52] The procedures to evaluate the error func-
the beam, the modulus of elasticity E, Poisson ratio m and den- 405
354 tion are described in details in Fig. 2.
 sity q are 2.0  1011N/m2, 0.3 and 7800 kg/m3, respectively. 406
355 For the evaluation of IkU, let LA ¼ LA1 ; LA2 ;    ; LNkUA
 The beam is modeled using six two-nodded beam elements (de- 407
356 and LE ¼ LE1 ; LE2 ;    ; LNkUE be the lists of analytical modes noted by E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6) as shown in Fig. 4, with 408
357 and experimental modes and NkUA  NkUE, there exists an lateral and axial displacement and rotation at each node as 409
358 analytical mode in LA that has the same vibration mode with degrees of freedom. The initial FE model and its six FE com- 410

Please cite this article in press as: FEI C et al. Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes, Chin J Aero-
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 CJA 1999 No. of Pages 16
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6 C. FEI et al.

Fig. 2 The procedure of dynamic model updating with uncorrelated modes.

Fig. 3 Fixed-fixed beam structure (mm).

Fig. 4 Simulated fractions of beam structure.

411 ponents are shown in Fig. 5 where different colors indicate the
412 different material properties and boundary conditions consid-
413 ered to match those in the real structure. The natural frequen-
414 cies and modes acquired by FE model analysis are considered
415 as analytical/FE model data. Fig. 5 FE model of beam structure.

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Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes 7

416 4.2. Experiment and simulation of beam structure

Table 2 Correlation of mode shapes between FE and
experiment.
417 The true elastic moduli of the six FE pieces as shown in Fig. 4
FE model/Analytical(A) Experiment modes (E) with which
418 are listed in the second line in Table 1. Known discrepancies in
mode No. correction is considered
419 the third line in Table 1, in percentage with respect to the true
420 values, are introduced in the moduli of elasticity of all six FE 1 1
2 2 3
421 components, where the signs correspond to how the predicted
3 2 3
422 values compare to the true values (positive or negative). Due to
423 the limitations of performing actual experiments, we simulate
424 the true values by performing FE analysis using the correct
425 parameters. By completing the numerical analysis of the simu- The variation of the error function IkC with the updating 466
426 lated model, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the model are parameter u1 is shown in Fig. 6. The minimum value of IkC 467
427 considered as the actual experimental data, which will be used is zero at u1 = –0.1, which is the correct value according to 468
428 as the true values for demonstration purposes. For each com- Table 1. There are NkUA ¼ NkUE;1 ¼ NkUE;2 ¼ 2. 469
429 ponent, we assign an updating parameter ui, which quantifies Regarding Eqs. (8)–(10), the error function IkU in the eigen- 470
430 the discrepancy between the true value (in this case, from the values of UMPs of two FE model modes and aAiEi is 471
472
431 simulated experiment) and the predicted value (from FE anal- 1 1
432 ysis with erroneous parameters). The correct values of these IkU ¼ ðaA2E2 Þ þ ðaA3E3 Þ
2 2
ð11Þ 474

433 updating parameters are tabulated in the last line of Table 1,

475
434 in which the values in fractions correspond to the percentage aA2E2 ¼ b22  b23
ð12Þ
435 errors in the second line. aA3E3 ¼ b32  b33 477

where 478
436 4.3. Model updating process considering uncorrelated modes 479

2
2
kAU  kEU kAU  kEU
b22 ¼ 2 2

EU 2 ; b23 ¼ 2 3

EU 2 ; b32
437 In respect of the model updating procedure in Section 3.3, the k2 k3
438 1st FE model eigenvalue/eigenvector is considered to be corre-
2
2
439 lated with the 1st measured eigenvalue/eigenvector. However, kAU  kEU kAU  kEU
¼ 3 2

EU 2 ; b33 ¼ 3 3

EU 2 ð13Þ
440 we assume that a reliable pairing of the 2nd and 3rd FE model k2 k3 481
441 modes cannot be obtained. The correlation matrix is shown in
442 Table 2, where the correct correlations for the 2nd and 3rd FE By evaluating b22, b23, b32 and b33 based on updating of FE 482
443 model modes are yet to be identified. model with u1 varying in [–1, 1], the variations of b22 and b23 483
444 As shown in Table 2, mode pair (1A, 1E) is regarded as a are shown in Fig. 7(a)-(b). Fig. 7(c) shows the variation of 484
445 CMP, while mode pairs (2A, 2E), (2A, 3E), (3A, 2E) and the function aA2E2 ¼ b22  b23 with u1, which is essentially the 485
446 (3A, 3E) are considered as UMPs, because the actual correla- product of the functions plotted in Fig. 7(a)–(b). Similar to 486
447 tion among them are not confirmed. According to the model b22 and b23, the variations of b32 and b33 with u1 are presented 487
448 updating strategy using correlated and uncorrelated modes, in Fig. 7(d)–(e), respectively. Fig. 7(f) depicts the variation of 488
449 the initial FE model of the beam is updated by minimizing the function aA3E3 ¼ b32  b33 to u1. It is found that the func- 489
450 the objective function F. The constant scalar weighting factors tion aA3E3 also has a zero at u1 = -0.1 and exhibits upward 490
451 xkC, xkU, xuC and xuU are all set to 1, i.e., they all have equal trends on either side of this point. 491
452 weightings. The function F is constructed by four error func- In the process of updating, the variation of the error func- 492
453 tions (IkC, IkU, IuC and IuU) which contain information on cor- tion IkU with u1 is shown in Fig. 8. As shown in Fig. 8, the 493
454 related and uncorrelated modes. For the updating process of error function IkU also has a zero at u1 = –0.1 and increases 494
455 the beam model using correlated and uncorrelated modes, on either side of this point. Similarly, IuC and IuU can be 495
456 the variation of F and its error functions with updating param- acquired. With the acquired error functions, the objective 496
457 eters are studied. Variation of error functions with the first function F can then be computed by 497
498
458 updating parameter u1 is first considered by assigning the cor- F ¼ IkC þ IkU þ IuC þ IuU ð14Þ 500
459 rect values of other updating parameters, i.e., u2 = 0.5,
460 u3 = 0.25, u4 = –0.3, u5 = 0.2 and u6 = 0.6 as listed in The evaluating results of the objective function F is shown 501
461 Table 1. In light of correlation matrix in Table 2, the error in Fig. 9. It can be seen that the objective function reaches its 502
462 IkC in the eigenvalues of CMPs is minimum value, which is zero, at u1 = –0.1, which is the cor- 503
463

AC 2 rect value. 504
k  kEC The above discussion shows how to find one updating 505
IkC ¼ 1
12 ð10Þ
465 kEC parameter u1 in FE mode of beam structure using uncorrelated 506
1

Table 1 The updated parameters of six components between FE model and experiment.
Fractions Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 Component 4 Component 5 Component 6
Elastic modulus (true value), Ei (105) 1.8 3.0 2.5 1.4 2.4 3.2
Error of elastic modulus (%) –10 +50 +25 –30 +20 +60
Correct value for updating parameter, ui –0.1 +0.5 +0.25 –0.3 +0.2 +0.6

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8 C. FEI et al.

Fig.9 Variation of objective function F with parameter u1.

Fig. 6 Variation of the error function IkC with updating
parameter u1.
4.4. Discussions 518

It is illustrated in Fig. 7: (i) b22 has a zero and b23 has a positive 519
value at u1 = -0.1, because the 2nd analytical mode indeed 520
correlates with 2nd measured mode and does not correlate 521
with 3rd measured mode. The b23 decreases with rising u1 since 522
the 2nd analytical eigenvalue increases and approaches the 3rd 523
measured eigenvalue; (ii) b33 reaches the minimum point at 524
u1 = -0.1, since the 3rd analytical and the 3rd measured modes 525
are indeed correlated; (iii) The 3rd analytical mode does not 526
correlate with 2nd measured mode so that function b32 in 527
Fig. 7(d) has a positive non-zero value at u1 = –0.1. Similar 528
to b23, b32 increases with the increase of u1 because the 3rd ana- 529
lytical eigenvalue increases and gets further away from the 2nd 530
measured eigenvalue; (iv) aA2E2 ¼ b22  b23 reaches zero at the 531
Fig. 7 Variation of the error functions to u1. correct value of the updating parameter u1, since b22 is zero at 532
this point. If the 2nd analytical mode correlates with 3rd mea- 533
sured mode, b23 would have a zero at the correct value of the 534
updating parameter u1. In this case, the function 535
aA2E2 ¼ b22  b23 would still have a zero at the correct value 536
of u1 even though not all component values are zero. This con- 537
clusion is very important and useful, because this property 538
ensures that the minimization process automatically form a 539
pair of modes which is actually correlated, i.e., the error func- 540
tionsaA2E2 and aA3E3 are convergent. In other words, when the 541
correlation of FE model modes with experimental modes can- 542
not be correctly paired, the correlated and uncorrelated modes 543
in experimental modes with respect to analytical/FE model 544
modes can be automatically identified by the term bir in the 545
objective function F. Therefore, model updating should be per- 546
formed when the correct pairs of modes from the two sets of 547
Fig. 8 Variation of error function IkU with updating parameter data are unknown. 548
u1. As indicated in the analysis on the objective function F with 549
parameter u1, all the error functions (IkC, IkU, IuC and IuU) in 550
507 modes. Similarly, the other five parameters (u2, u3, u4, u5 and the objective function F reach zero at the correct value of u1, as 551
508 u6) can be updated in a similar manner. After minimizing the shown in Fig. 9. As such, F also reaches the minimum value 552
509 objective function F, the correct values of all updating param- (zero) at this point. Therefore, minimizing the non-negative 553
510 eters are objective function F can find the correct value of the updating 554
511
parameter u1. 555
u1 ¼ 0:1; u2 ¼ 0:5; u3 ¼ 0:25; u4 ¼ 0:3; u5 ¼ 0:2; u6 ¼ 0:6
As illustrated in Eq. (15), all the updating results are consis- 556
513 ð15Þ tent with the data in Table 1, demonstrating the correctness 557

514 To further support the effectiveness of the updating tech- and efficiency of the results acquired by handling uncorrelated 558

515 nique, the comparison of the first five natural frequencies modes in model updating. As revealed in Table 3, both natural 559

516 before and after updating for the experiment and FE model frequencies and MAC values show a perfect correlation for the 560

517 is shown in Table 3, regarding MAC values. updated model, not only for the modes used in updating (the 561

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Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes 9

Table 3 Experimental and FE model natural frequencies before and after updating.
Mode No. Measured natural Frequency (Hz) Before updating After updating
Natural frequency (Hz) Error (%) MAC Natural frequency (Hz) Error (%) MAC
1 27.35 26.20 4.2 0.999 27.35 0.0 1.00
2 76.70 72.20 5.9 0.996 76.70 0.0 1.00
3 152.05 141.53 6.9 0.993 152.05 0.0 1.00
4 249.05 233.96 6.1 0.993 249.05 0.0 1.00
5 267.95 256.41 4.3 0.999 267.95 0.0 1.00

562 first three modes shown in shade) but also for those not used in intermediate casing and compound external duct, compound 608
563 updating. A MAC value of 1.0 for the 2nd and 3rd modes indi- external duct and load-bearing external casing, and load- 609
564 cate that the proposed model updating method can automati- bearing external casing and afterburning casing, are indicated 610
565 cally identify the correct CMPs. by green in Fig. 11 (similarly hereinafter). 611
566 Therefore, the proposed updating method is demonstrated
567 to be efficient in FE model updating with both CMPs and 5.2. Model updating using the traditional methods 612
568 UMPs. The upcoming section implements the hierarchical
569 model updating of complex assembled structure, the stator cas- In this section, the FE model updating of structural dynamics 613
570 ings of an aeroengine, with the assistance of parametric mod- for an aeroengine stator system (casings) are investigated by 614
571 eling and hierarchical thinking. using the traditional method, by relying on the MAC matrix. 615
The three locations of bolt jointed in the initial FE model of 616
572 5. Hierarchical updating for stator structure (casings) the casings are regarded as the sources of modeling errors. 617
In light of experimental measurements, the stiffness of the 618
573 The stator system of aeroengine is formed by assembling sev- three bolt jointed structures are K1 = 2.3  108N/m, 619
574 eral casings via bolted joints. The modeling and updating of K2 = 1.5  108N/m and K3 = 1.0  108N/m, respectively. 620
575 the stator system involve complex geometry of joint structures, Besides, the intrinsic frequencies of stator casings system 621
576 large-scale model, a large number of parameters, high- obtained from experiment are listed in Table 4. The initial stiff- 622
577 nonlinearity, and strong coupling between substructures. ness of the three bolt jointed structures computed with the FE 623
578 Updating the whole model of stator system simultaneously will model are K1 = 1.5  103N/m, K2 = 1.5  103N/m and 624
579 incur expensive computational cost and with low modeling K3 = 1.0  103N/m, respectively. From the FE model analy- 625
580 accuracy. Additionally, the stator system (casings) of an aero- sis, the intrinsic frequencies of stator casings system are sum- 626
581 engine is a symmetrical thin-walled cylinder structure.[48–51] marized in Table 4. The MAC matrix between experimental 627
582 Modes of casings are typically complicated so that uncorre- modes and FE modes is shown in Table 5. Based on Table 5 628
583 lated modes like close modes exist which might adversely affect and the traditional method without the consideration of 629
584 the model updating process. In this case, available model uncorrelated modes, the maximum MAC values and modal 630
585 updating techniques based on experimental test natural fre- correlation of FE modes and experimental modes are shown 631
586 quencies and mode shapes are inefficient to quantify the corre- in Table 6. 632
587 lation of test modes with FE model modes. To achieve the As indicated in Table 4, some errors exist between the nat- 633
588 accurate FE model of aeroengine casings, we attempt to adopt ural frequencies of initial FE and the natural frequencies of 634
589 the developed HMUS to address the above issues by combin- experimental measurements with a maximum error of 22.7% 635
590 ing the parametric modeling of bolted joint structures and for an aeroengine stator system. As revealed in Table 5, the 636
591 model updating of substructures by considering both corre- discordance also appears between experimental vibration 637
592 lated and uncorrelated modes.

593 5.1. FE modeling of an aeroengine casings

594 Generally, the stator system comprises four parts of intermedi-

595 ate casing, compound external duct, load-bearing external cas-
596 ing, and afterburning casing. These casings are assembled as
597 whole stator casing system by bolt structures. The initial FE
598 model of the casings with 49,152 elements and 91,485 nodes
599 is shown in Fig. 10, in which the main installation section on
600 the left of the casings restrains three directions and the auxil-
601 iary installation section on the right of the casing constrains
602 one direction. The FE model is established in Workbench envi-
603 ronment in Ansys software.
604 Following the parameterized modeling theory and spring
605 element method,42,43 the mechanical characteristics of bolt
606 jointed structures contacting adjacent casings are equivalently
607 simulated by spring elements. The spring elements between Fig. 10 Initial FE model of casings structure of an aeroengine.

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10 C. FEI et al.

Fig. 11 Disassembling of the casings structure model.

Table 4 Experimental and FE model modes of casings Table 6 Results of matching pairs between experimental and
structure. FE modes with MAC matrix.
Mode Experimental modes Analytical modes Error Analytical modes Experimental modes MAC values
No. (Hz) (Hz) (%)
A1 E1 0.982
1 57.525 53.982 6.2 A2 E2 0.546
2 91.091 78.404 14.0 A3 E3 0.490
3 96.218 85.734 10.9 A4 E4 0.532
4 97.739 94.808 3.0 A5 E7 0.331
5 153.45 118.56 22.7 A6 E8 0.297
6 156.51 140.05 10.5 A7 E5 0.658
7 161.71 148.36 8.3 A8 E6 0.876
8 162.94 149.36 8.3 A9 E12 0.403
9 164.55 154.57 6.1 A10 E9 0.907
10 169.3 162.19 4.2 A11 E11 0.349
11 171.69 163.18 5.0 A12 E10 0.477
12 174.01 166.58 4.3

638 shapes and the corresponding FE vibration shapes. As seen consistent with the corresponding FE modes, so that the 646

639 from MAC values listed in Table 5, the analytical modes mechanical characteristics of the initial FE model are unable 647

640 A5–A10 and A12 are ineffectively matched with the corre- to accurately reflect the actual dynamical characteristics of 648

641 sponding experimental modes based on the maximum MAC the stator casings. Therefore, it is urgent to update the initial 649

642 values. As demonstrated in Table 5, the analytical modes of FE model by using dynamical test data to improve the accu- 650

643 the initial FE model from A3 to A12 have two or more poten- racy of FE models and thereby make the mechanical charac- 651

644 tially correlated experimental modes. These results reveal that teristics of the FE model be more consistent with those of 652

645 the experimental modes of the casings are indeed not always the stator casings. 653

Table 5 MAC matrix between experimental modes and FE model modes.

Analytical modes Experimental modes
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12
A1 0.982 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009
A2 0.000 0.546 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000
A3 0.000 0.000 0.490 0.421 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.000
A4 0.000 0.000 0.466 0.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A5 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.245 0.000 0.331 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.077
A6 0.000 0.000 0.035 0.040 0.000 0.055 0.000 0.297 0.011 0.060 0.011 0.000
A7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.658 0.000 0.280 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.023
A8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.876 0.000 0.015 0.000 0.068 0.000 0.000
A9 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.311 0.001 0.011 0.403
A10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.907 0.073 0.001 0.002
A11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.277 0.036 0.247 0.349 0.010
A12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.036 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.477 0.423 0.005

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Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes 11

Fig. 12 Model decomposition process of the stator structure (casings).

Fig. 14 Model updating process of compound external duct and

load-bearing external casing.

Fig. 13 Model updating procedure of Intermediate case and

compound external duct. it is also revealed that some adjacent orders of intrinsic fre- 664
quencies or mode shapes are very close, namely close modes, 665
because the stator system is a typical symmetrical thin-walled 666
cylinder structure which is complex and large-scale that the 667
654 Table 5 shows that only the first two modes can be accu-
mode shapes are very complicated. Therefore, it is difficult to 668
655 rately matched between the experimental and analytical
precisely match an experimental mode and the corresponding 669
656 modes, and therefore the CMPs of the first two orders of
FE mode. Although the large-scale and complex structure of 670
657 modes can be correctly determined. However, it is not yet pos-
the stator system may be updated based on the proposed 671
658 sible to accurately recognize the correlation of other orders of
method, the updating process must be tedious so that the 672
659 modes. As such, it is one alternative for the dynamical FE
updating efficiency is unacceptable. Therefore, the model 673
660 model updating of the stator casings with the uncorrelated
updating of the stator system should be performed by HMUS 674
661 modes to employ the developed updating technique in this
with updating technique using uncorrelated modes. The 675
662 paper to update the dynamical FE model of the casings, by
updated results will be presented in Section 5.4. 676
663 using the information on the uncorrelated modes. In addition,

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12 C. FEI et al.

Table 8 Maximum MAC values of FE modes and experi-

mental modes with traditional method.
Analytical modes Experimental modes MAC values
A1 E1 0.993
A2 E2 0.988
A3 E3 0.595
A4 E4 0.620
A5 E6 0.830
A6 E5 0.881
A7 E7 1.000
A8 E8 1.000
A9 E11 0.926
A10 E9 0.941
A11 E10 0.945
Fig. 15 Model updating procedure of load-bearing external
A12 E12 0.998
casing and afterburning casing.

677 5.3. FE model updating of the casings (substructures) with in Table 7 based on FE model analysis and experimental mea- 702
678 uncorrelated modes surement. Similarly, as our discussion in Section 5.2, the max- 703
imum MAC values and modal correlation of FE modes and 704
679 In light of the hierarchical model updating concept, the stator experimental modes are shown in Table 8. 705
680 system (casings) of an aeroengine is divided into multiple sim- As shown in Table 8, it is inefficient for the traditional 706
681 ple substructures or components by three layers as shown in method to match FE model modes and the corresponding 707
682 Fig. 12. experimental modes, because uncorrelated modes between 708
683 Based on test data, the intermediate casing, compound experiment and FE model just like close modes are not effec- 709
684 external duct, load-bearing external casing and afterburning tively processed in FE model updating. Based on the data of 710
685 casing are updated separately, to achieve a more accurate FE uncorrelated modes in Table 7, the proposed model updating 711
686 model for each substructure. Next, intermediate casing and technique using uncorrelated modes is adopted to update the 712
687 compound external duct, compound external duct and load- FE model of intermediate casing and compound external duct. 713
688 bearing external casing as well as load-bearing external casing The updated results are shown in Table 9. 714
689 and afterburning casing are analyzed as connected structures As indicated in Table 9, all FE model modes after updating 715
690 by bolted joints. Similarly, the bolted joint structures are can now be accurately matched to experimental modes, 716
691 updated by using experimental test data to gain their accurate because the match errors on natural frequency is rather small 717
692 FE models. Finally, the high-fidelity FE model of the stator with 0.39% in the maximum error and 0.06% in the minimum 718
693 casings of aeroengine is obtained by integrating the four error. In other words, the correct CMPs between FE modes 719
694 updated casings. and measured modes can be identified for the FE model of 720
695 The FE model updating of intermediate casing and com- intermediate casing and compound external duct. These results 721
696 pound external duct, compound external duct and load- demonstrate that the proposed model updating using uncorre- 722
697 bearing external casing, and load-bearing external casing and lated modes is suitable to identify correct CMPs in dynamic 723
698 afterburning casing using uncorrelated modes on level 2 in model updating of complex structures with uncorrelated 724
699 Fig. 12 are shown in Figs. 13–15. modes. Following the same model updating approach, the 725
700 For intermediate casing and compound external duct, the FE model updating of compound external duct and load- 726
701 MAC values of FE modes and experimental modes are listed bearing external casing as well as load-bearing external casing 727

Table 7 MAC matrix of experimental and FE model modes with traditional method.
Analytical modes Experimental modes
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12
A1 0.993 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A2 0.006 0.988 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A3 0.000 0.005 0.595 0.340 0.002 0.041 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A4 0.000 0.000 0.379 0.620 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A5 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.029 0.116 0.830 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.881 0.118 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A7 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
A9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.054 0.926 0.000
A10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.941 0.016 0.005 0.000
A11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.945 0.056 0.000
A12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.998

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Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes 13

728 and afterburning casing are performed. The results are listed in ings with bolted joint structures of aeroengine stator system, 733
729 Table 10 and Table 11, respectively. with notable error reduction from before updating, specially 734
730 As revealed in Tables 9–11, the results after updating by the from 40.63% to 1.83% for 8th mode in Table 11. It is demon- 735
731 proposed updating technology are accurate and all FE model strated again that the proposed mode updating strategy is 736
732 modes can be accurately matched with test modes for all cas- workable in the model updating of casing structures 737

Table 9 Model updating results of intermediate case and compound external duct using uncorrelated modes.
Mode No. Natural frequency
Experiment (Hz) Before updating (Hz) Error (%) After updating (Hz) Error (%)
1 163.74 162.91 0.51 163.36 0.23
2 164.06 163.67 0.24 163.93 0.08
3 178.75 173.10 3.17 178.51 0.13
4 180.75 179.33 0.79 180.26 0.27
5 191.69 189.68 1.05 191.39 0.16
6 192.04 190.24 0.94 191.76 0.15
7 199.39 198.42 0.49 198.98 0.21
8 202.22 200.44 0.88 202.41 0.09
9 227.86 225.38 1.09 226.97 0.39
10 228.67 226.67 0.87 227.92 0.33
11 228.77 227.18 0.70 228.11 0.29
12 239.00 238.56 0.18 239.14 0.06

Table 10 Model updating results of compound external duct and load-bearing external casing using uncorrelated modes.
Mode No. Natural frequency
Experiment (Hz) Before updating (Hz) Error (%) After updating (Hz) Error (%)
1 115.95 110.06 5.08 114.93 0.88
2 117.38 116.84 0.46 117.64 0.22
3 117.54 117.00 0.46 117.41 0.11
4 163.20 161.91 0.80 163.15 0.03
5 163.20 161.91 0.80 162.87 0.20
6 191.58 190.73 0.44 191.42 0.08
7 191.78 190.93 0.44 191.83 0.03
8 204.23 196.20 3.93 202.66 0.77
9 204.26 196.23 3.93 203.21 0.51
10 222.41 207.32 6.78 224.57 0.97
11 222.41 207.32 6.78 224.62 0.99
12 264.61 209.52 20.82 257.44 2.71

Table 11 Model updating results of load-bearing external casing and afterburning casing.
Mode No. Natural frequency
Experiment (Hz) Before updating (Hz) Error (%) After updating (Hz) Error (%)
1 139.04 137.97 0.77 139.04 0.0
2 208.16 184.21 11.51 205.03 1.50
3 215.70 184.75 14.35 213.32 1.10
4 231.07 185.68 19.64 226.75 1.87
5 231.20 186.14 19.49 226.99 1.82
6 276.22 195.31 29.30 269.28 2.51
7 276.29 196.36 28.93 270.13 2.23
8 338.92 201.22 40.63 332.71 1.83
9 339.01 214.45 36.74 333.12 1.74
10 348.66 221.81 36.38 339.69 2.57
11 348.68 229.01 34.32 339.81 2.54
12 357.99 229.14 36.0 348.97 2.52

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14 C. FEI et al.

Table 12 Updating results of whole FE model of aeroengine casings.

Mode No. Natural frequency
Experiment (Hz) before updating (Hz) Error (%) After updating (Hz) Error (%)
1 57.525 53.982 6.2 56.658 1.51
2 91.091 78.404 14.0 87.926 3.47
3 96.218 85.734 10.9 93.529 2.79
4 97.739 94.808 3.0 96.554 1.21
5 153.45 118.56 22.7 147.21 4.07
6 156.51 140.05 10.5 153.83 1.71
7 161.71 148.36 8.3 158.79 1.81
8 162.94 149.36 8.3 160.80 1.31
9 164.55 154.57 6.1 163.01 0.94
10 169.3 162.19 4.2 167.85 0.86
11 171.69 163.18 5.0 170.31 0.8
12 174.01 166.58 4.3 172.76 0.72

738 5.4. Model updating of stator system nonlinearity under different layers, validating the effec- 779
tiveness and feasibility of HMUS by ensuring a high 780

739 By the updated FE models of the whole casings with the devel- accuracy of the updated FE model. Besides, the model 781

740 oped HMUS, the results are summarized in Table 12. updating technique using uncorrelated modes is further 782

741 As shown in Table 12, the modes of FE model of the cas- demonstrated to be effective in processing uncorrelated 783

742 ings have large errors from experimental modes before updat- modes, including close modes. Therefore, the HMUS 784

743 ing. The maximum error is 22.7% and the minimum one is is capable of building a high-fidelity FE model of aero- 785

744 3%, which indicates that the FE model of the stator system engine casings (stator system) and to apply the updated 786

745 is unacceptable and cannot accurately represent the real stator model to dynamic analysis and aeroengine health mon- 787

746 structure, although the models of substructures (casings) are itoring in future work. Lastly, parametric modeling is 788

747 accurate after updating. Therefore, the whole model of stator also an efficient tool in model updating of structures 789

748 system still needs to be updated to minimize the deviation from with complex geometry, by simulating mechanical char- 790

749 the true assembled structure. After updating by HMUS, the acteristics of bolted joints in aeroengine stator casings. 791

750 accuracy of the whole FE model notably improves for all (4) The works in this paper offer a useful insight into the 792

751 modes, basically consistent with the corresponding experimen- challenges in updating FE models in a complex structure 793

752 tal modes, because the errors are reduced largely. For instance, and how a novel model updating strategy can help pro- 794

753 22.7% in the error of 5th mode before updating is reduced to vide accurate and reliable FE modeling of any complex 795

754 4.07% after updating. Here, we have successfully demon- structures, which are not limited to aeroengine stator 796

755 strated that the HMUS is efficient and accurate in the model casings. Such a development can help reduce the compu- 797

756 updating of complex assembled structures, such as the stator tational time, costs, and manpower required to perform 798
800
757 system (casings) of gas turbine engine, with uncorrelated analysis and design-based model of complex structures. 799
801
758 modes.
Declaration of Competing Interest 802
759 6. Conclusions
The authors declare that they have no known competing 803
761
760 (1) A hierarchical model updating strategy (HMUS) is pro- financial interests or personal relationships that could have 804
762 posed for dynamic model updating of complex assem- appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 805
763 bled structure with uncorrelated modes and bolted
764 joints, by fusing hierarchical concept, parametric model- Acknowledgements 806
765 ing method and model updating technique using uncor-
766 related modes. This study was co-supported by National Natural Science 807
767 (2) The HMUS can effectively handle uncorrelated modes Foundation of China (Grant No. 51975124), Shanghai Inter- 808
768 and precisely identify automatically the correct CMPs national Cooperation Project of One Belt and One Road of 809
769 (uncorrelated mode pairs) in model updating by intro- China (Grant No. 20110741700) and Major Research Special 810
770 ducing an objective function with four error indicators, Project of Aeroengine and Gas Turbine of China (Grant No. 811
771 which is helpful to address the difficulties of identifying J2019-IV-0016). The authors would like to thank them. 812
772 correct CMPs in structural dynamic model updating in
773 complex mechanical systems. References 813
774 (3) the proposed HMUS accurately updates the FE model
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778 ple substructures with fewer parameters and low- 105466. 817

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naut (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.03.023
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Please cite this article in press as: FEI C et al. Hierarchical model updating strategy of complex assembled structures with uncorrelated dynamic modes, Chin J Aero-
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