Assignment

Date: 4th November, 2015

What is ANOVA?
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests the hypothesis that the means of two
or more populations are equal. ANOVAs assess the importance of one or
more factors by comparing the response variable means at the different
factor levels. The null hypothesis states that all population means (factor
level means) are equal while the alternative hypothesis states that at least
one is different.
To perform an ANOVA, we must have a continuous response variable and
at least one categorical factor with two or more levels. ANOVAs require
data from approximately normally distributed populations with equal
variances between factor levels. However, ANOVA procedures work quite
well even if the normality assumption has been violated, unless one or
more of the distributions are highly skewed or if the variances are quite
different. Transformations of the original dataset may correct these
violations.

ANOVA is categorized into two types:

1- One way ANOVA.

2- Two way ANOVA.

In this assignment I will be using the one way ANOVA.

What does one-way ANOVA test do?

The one-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are
interested in and determines whether any of those means are significantly
different from each other. Specifically, it tests the null hypothesis:

where µ = group mean and k = number of groups but when the one-way
ANOVA returns a significant result, we accept the alternative hypothesis
(H1), which is that there are at least 2 group means that are significantly
different from each other.

One-way ANOVA cannot tell you which specific groups were significantly
different from each other, only that at least two groups were. To determine
which specific groups differed from each other, we use a post hoc test.

Problem Description:

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A researcher has decided to carry out an experiment on the mean to
assess the IQ level of students enrolled in different subjects as a major.
Sample data collected from school about the IQ level of students enrolled.
The data that I am using in this assignment is divided into 3 major subjects
Physics, Chemistry and mathematics. Our null hypothesis is that mean IQ
level of students from three different majors have the same IQ level. The
alternate hypothesis is that the mean IQ of any group of students is
different from any other.

Hypothesis:
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3

H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3 (for any 1 pair)

Data Source and Description:

The data has been obtained from the website of “Statistics for Psychology”.
The data set contains the observational data from the sample of 45
students from the same school with the information of each student about
his/her IQ and the major he/she has chosen as a subject.

Assumptions and Pre Processing:

These are the assumptions that are usually taken into account while
performing ANOVA:

 Independent variable should consist of two or more

categorical, independent groups. Typically, a one-way ANOVA is
used when you have three or more categorical, independent groups,
but it can be used for just two groups.

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  There should be no significant outliers. Outliers are simply single data
points within your data that do not follow the usual pattern.

 Dependent variable should be approximately normally distributed for

each category of the independent variable.

 There needs to be homogeneity of variances. We can test this

assumption in SPSS Statistics using Levene's test for homogeneity of
variances.

Description of data:
IQ scores from three groups of undergraduate students of different
disciplines have been collected. The different disciplines are Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry. Random sample of 15 from each major has been
tested. The total sample size that has been tasted is of 45 and the data has
been compiled using SPSS.

We have taken two variables into account while perform this test. IQ and
Group, IQ has been taken has a dependent variable and Group has been
taken as a factor.

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SPSS Analysis:

Means Plot:

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ANOVA Analysis:
The mean square refers to the estimate of population variance; it is
calculated by dividing sum of square by corresponding degree of freedom.
In this case the variance of the IQ level within group of students is 38.203
and variance of IQ level between all three groups is 764.689.

The sum of squared differences of IQ level within the groups of students is

1604.533 and sum of squared differences between groups of students is
1529.378. Since there are three different majors, degree of freedom is n-
1=2 and since there are 45 observations in total, the degree of freedom
within group is n-3=42.

The F ratio is the ratio between mean square between group and mean
square within group, which is 20.016.

The sig value or the P value is 0.000. Since this value is less than alpha
(0.05) we can reject the H0 at 95% confidence interval.

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Conclusion:
Since P value is less than alpha (0.000 < 0.05) we have sufficient evidence
to reject H0 so we accept the alternate hypothesis which is that not all or
any mean is same.

Now as we have confirmed through the ANOVA test that the mean IQ level
of all the groups of students are not same and therefore we rejected the
null hypothesis but currently we do not know which mean is bigger and
which is smaller. To check this we use post-hoc test.

Post-hoc Analysis:
We have concluded this test using Tukey post-hoc analysis.

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H0: µPhysics = µMaths
H1: µPhysics ≠ µMaths
As we can see from the above table that the Sig. value is more than 0.05,
(1.000 > 0.05) we can accept the null hypothesis and conclude that the
mean IQ score of Physics student is equal to mean IQ score of Maths
students.

H0: µPhysics = µChemistry

H1: µPhysics ≠ µChemistry
As we can see from the above table that the Sig. value is less than 0.05,
(0.000 < 0.05) we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean IQ
score of Physics student is not equal to mean IQ score of Chemistry
students.

Decision:
Since we are rejecting H0 and accepting H1, we can say that the mean of all
three IQ score are not same and after conducting the Post-hoc test we can
conclude that the mean of IQ score of Physics students and Maths
Students is same but the mean score of IQ level of Physics students and
Chemistry Students is not same. The mean score of Physics students is
greater than the mean of IQ score of Chemistry students.