ANALYSIS OF

VARIANCE (ANOVA)
One-way and Two-way
REPORTERS:
Cristina C. Faelden
Grochelyn A. Redoble
Chloe M. Escoza
What is an ANOVA?

An ANOVA test is a way to find out if

survey or experiment results are
significant. In other words, they help
you to figure out if you need to reject
the null hypothesis or accept the
alternate hypothesis.
Two main types of Anova:
1. ONE-WAY ANOVA
 a type of statistical test that compares the variance in the group means
within a sample whilst considering only one independent variable or
factor. It is a hypothesis-based test, meaning that it aims to evaluate
multiple mutually exclusive theories about our data. Before we can
generate a hypothesis, we need to have a question about our data that
we want an answer to. For example, adventurous researchers studying a
population of walruses might ask “Do our walruses weigh more in early
or late mating season?” Here, the independent variable or factor (the
two terms mean the same thing) is “month of mating season”. In an
ANOVA, our independent variables are organized in categorical groups.
For example, if the researchers looked at walrus weight in December,
January, February and March, there would be four months analyzed,
and therefore four groups to the analysis.
2. TWO-WAY ANOVA
 is,like a one-way ANOVA, a hypothesis-based test. However, in the
two-way ANOVA each sample is defined in two ways, and resultingly
put into two categorical groups. Thinking again of our walruses,
researchers might use a two-way ANOVA if their question is: “Are
walruses heavier in early or late mating season and does that depend
on the gender of the walrus?” In this example, both “month in mating
season” and “gender of walrus” are factors – meaning in total, there
are two factors. Once again, each factor’s number of groups must be
considered – for “gender” there will only two groups “male” and
“female”.
 The two-way ANOVA therefore examines the effect of two factors
(month and gender) on a dependent variable – in this case weight, and
also examines whether the two factors affect each other to influence
the continuous variable.
 When to use the
test?
The One-way ANOVA
 is use determine the statistical differences
among the means of two or more groups.
 is use to determine the statistical differences
among the means of two or more interventions
 is use to determine the statistical differences
among the means of two or more change
scores.
 When to use the test?

The Two-way ANOVA

 is used to estimate how the mean of
quantitative variable changes according to
the levels of two categorical variables.
 when you want to know how two
independent variables, in combination,
affect a dependent variables.
Statement of the Problem?

* Sample S.O.P Of One-Way ANOVA

Whatare the hypotheses of a One-Way
ANOVA?
 Ina one-way ANOVA there are two possible
hypothesis.
 The null hypothesis (H0) is that there is no
difference between the groups and equality
between means.
 * Sample S.O.P Of One-Way ANOVA
Whatare the hypotheses of a Two-Way
ANOVA?
Because the two-way ANOVA consider the
effect of two categorical factors, and the
effect of the categorical factors on each other,
there are three pairs of null or alternative
hypotheses for the two-way ANOVA.
Sample Data Set
Data for One-way ANOVA

 A manager wants to raise the productivity at his company by increasing

the speed at which his employees can use a particular spreadsheet
program. As he does not have the skills in-house, he employs an external
agency which provides training in this spreadsheet program. They offer 3
courses: a beginner, intermediate and advanced course. He is unsure
which course is needed for the type of work they do at his company, so
he sends 10 employees on the beginner course, 10 on the intermediate
and 10 on the advanced course. When they all return from the training,
he gives them a problem to solve using the spreadsheet program, and
times how long it takes them to complete the problem. He then
compares the three courses (beginner, intermediate, advanced) to see if
there are any differences in the average time it took to complete the
problem.
Data for Two-way ANOVA

 A researcher was interested in whether an individual's interest

in politics was influenced by their level of education and
gender. They recruited a random sample of participants to
their study and asked them about their interest in politics,
which they scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating
a greater interest in politics. The researcher then divided the
participants by gender (Male/Female) and then again by level
of education (School/College/University). Therefore, the
dependent variable was "interest in politics", and the two
independent variables were "gender" and "education".
Conceptual Framework Of The Variable
 Conceptual framework for statistical analyses of data. Of the two kinds of
variables, qualitative (categorical) and quantitative (numerical), qualitative
variables (nominal or ordinal) are not normally distributed. Numerical data that
come from normal distributions are analyzed using parametric tests, if not; the
data are analyzed using non-parametric tests. The most popularly used Student's
t-test compares the means of two populations, data for this test could be paired
or unpaired. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the means
of three or more independent populations that are normally distributed. Applying
t test repeatedly in pair (multiple comparison), to compare the means of more
than two populations, will increase the probability of type I error (false positive).
In this case, for proper interpretation, we need to adjust the P values. Repeated
measures ANOVA is used to compare the population means if more than two
observations coming from same subject over time. The null hypothesis is rejected
with a ‘P’ value of less than 0.05, and the difference in population means is
considered to be statistically significant. Subsequently, appropriate post-hoc tests
are used for pairwise comparisons of population means. Two-way or three-way
ANOVA are considered if two (diet, dose) or three (diet, dose, strain)
independent factors, respectively, are analyzed in an experiment (not described
in the Figure). Categorical nominal unmatched variables (counts or frequencies)
are analyzed by Chi-square test.
Two-fold purpose of ANOVA

 Inone way ANOVA the researcher takes only

one factor.
 As against, in the case of two-way ANOVA,
the researcher investigates two factors
concurrently. For a layman these two concepts
of statistics are synonymous. However, there
is a difference between one-way and two-way
ANOVA.
Assumptions of the test
What are the assumptions of a One-Way
ANOVA?
 
 Normality – That each sample is taken from a
normally distributed population.
 Sample independence – that each sample
has been drawn independently of the other
samples.
 Variance Equality – That the variance of data in
the different groups should be the same.
What are the assumptions of a One-Way ANOVA?

Two-way ANOVA examines the effect of the two factors on the continuous
dependent variable. It also studies the inter-relationship between independent
variables influencing the values of the dependent variable, if any.
 
 
As with other parametric tests, we make the following assumptions when
using two-way ANOVA:
 
The populations from which the samples are obtained must be normally
distributed.
 
 Sampling is done correctly. Observations for within and between groups
must be independent.
 The variances among populations must be equal (homoscedastic).
 Data are interval or nominal.
 One-way ANOVA in SPSS Statistics
 

Test Procedure in SPSS Statistic

The eight steps below show you how to
analyze your data using a one-way ANOVA
in SPSS Statistics when the assumptions in
the previous section have not been
violated At the end of these eight steps,
we show you how to interpret the results
from this:
SPSS Statistics Output of the one-way ANOVA

SPSS Statistics generates quite a few tables in its

one-way ANOVA analysis. In this section, we show you
only the main tables required to understand your
results from the one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc
test. Below, we focus on the descriptive table, as well
as the results for the one-way ANOVA and Tukey post
hoc test only. We will go through each table in turn.
Descriptives Table

The descriptives table (see below) provides some very

useful descriptive statistics, including the mean, standard
deviation and 95% confidence intervals for the dependent
variable (Time) for each separate group (Beginners,
Intermediate and Advanced), as well as when all groups are
combined (Total). These figures are useful when you need
to describe your data.
ANOVA Table

This is the table that shows the output of the ANOVA analysis and
whether there is a statistically significant difference between our group
means. We can see that the significance value is 0.021 (i.e., p = .021),
which is below 0.05. and, therefore, there is a statistically significant
difference in the mean length of time to complete the spreadsheet
problem between the different courses taken. This is great to know, but
we do not know which of the specific groups differed. Luckily, we can
find this out in the Multiple Comparisons table which contains the
results of the Tukey post hoc test.
Multiple Comparisons Table
From the results so far, we know that there are statistically significant
differences between the groups as a whole. The table below, Multiple
Comparisons, shows which groups differed from each other. The Tukey post hoc
test is generally the preferred test for conducting post hoc tests on a one-way
ANOVA, but there are many others. We can see from the table below that there
is a statistically significant difference in time to complete the problem between
the group that took the beginner course and the intermediate course (p = 0.046),
as well as between the beginner course and advanced course (p = 0.034).
However, there were no differences between the groups that took the
intermediate and advanced course (p = 0.989).
Reporting the output of the one-way ANOVA

Based on the results above, you could report the results of the study as
follows (N.B., this does not include the results from your assumptions
tests or effect size calculations):
 
*In General
There was a statistically significant difference between
groups as determined by one-way ANOVA (F(2,27) = 4.467, p = .
021). A Tukey post hoc test revealed that the time to complete
the problem was statistically significantly lower after taking
the intermediate (23.6 ± 3.3 min, p = .046) and advanced (23.4 ±
3.2 min, p = .034) course compared to the beginners course
(27.2 ± 3.0 min). There was no statistically significant
difference between the intermediate and advanced groups (p = .
989).
Two-way ANOVA in SPSS Statistics
 In SPSS Statistics, we separated the individuals into their appropriate
groups by using two columns representing the two independent variables,
and labelled them Gender and Edu_Level. For Gender, we coded "males"
as 1 and "females" as 2, and for Edu_Level, we coded "school" as 1,
"college" as 2 and "university" as 3. The participants' interest in politics –
the dependent variable – was entered under the variable
name, Int_Politics. The setup for this example can be seen below:
Test Procedure in SPSS Statistics

The 14 steps below show you how to analyse your data using a two-way ANOVA in SPSS
Statistics when the six assumptions in the previous section, Assumptions, have not been
violated. At the end of these 14 steps, we show you how to interpret the results from this test.
Descriptive Statistics
 This table provides the mean and standard deviation for each combination of
the groups of he independent variables (what is sometimes referred to as each
"cell" of the design). In addition, the table provides "Total" rows, which allows
means and standard deviations for groups only split by one independent
variable, or none at all, to be known. This might be more useful if you do not
have a statistically significant interaction
Statistical significance of the two-way ANOVA
The actual result of the two-way ANOVA – namely, whether either of the
two independent variables or their interaction are statistically
significant – is shown in the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects table, as
shown below:
Multiple Comparisons Table

You can see from the table above that there is some repetition of the results,
but regardless of which row we choose to read from, we are interested in the
differences between (1) School and College, (2) School and University, and (3)
College and University. From the results, we can see that there is a statistically
significant difference between all three different educational levels.
Reporting the Result of Two-way ANOVA

*General
Simple main effects analysis showed that
males were significantly more interested in
politics than females when educated to
university level (p = .002), but there were no
differences between gender when educated to
school (p = .465) or college level (p = .793).
References:


https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/one-way-
anova-using-spss-statistics-2.php

https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/two-wa
y-anova-using-spss-statistics.php

https://www.technologynetworks.com/informatic
s/articles/one-way-vs-two-way-anova-definition-di
fferences-assumptions-and-hypotheses-306553
THANK YOU 