Balochistan University of Engineering & Technology, Khuzdar

Department of Electrical Engineering

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session 2--------

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-I

Code No: EE-394

For
Class Third Year (Six Semester )Electrical

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 1

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
 EXPERIMENT NO: 01

OBJECT: TO MEASURE THE AMPLITUDE OF D.C SIGNAL, AMPLITUDE OF A.C

SIGNAL, FREQUENCY, PEAK VOLTAGE (VP), PEAK TO PEAK VOLTAGE (VPP), R.M.S
VOLTAGE (VRMS), AND AVERAGE VOLTAGE (VAVG).
APPARATUS: D.C Source, D.C Voltmeter, A.C Source (Function Generator), A.C
Voltmeter and Oscilloscope.
THEORY:
DIRECT CURRENT (DC):
Direct Current (DC) always flows in the same direction, but it may increase and
decrease. A DC voltage is always positive (or always negative), but it may increase and
decrease. Electronic circuits normally require a steady DC supply which is constant at
one value or a smooth DC supply which has a small variation called ripple. Cells,
batteries and regulated power supplies provide steady DC which is ideal for electronic
circuits.

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC):

Alternating Current (AC) flows one way, then the other way, continually reversing
direction. An AC voltage is continually changing between positive (+) and negative (-).
The rate of changing direction is called the frequency of the AC and it is measured in
hertz (Hz) which is the number of forwards-backwards cycles per second.

FREQUENCY AND TIME PERIOD:

Frequency is the number of cycles that a sine wave completes in one second. The
more cycles completed in one second, the higher the frequency. Frequency (f) is
measured in units of Hertz, Hz. One Hz is equivalent to one cycle per sec; 60Hz is 60
cycles per second and so on.
The formulas for the relationship between frequency (f) and time period (t) are as
follows;
f=1/t
t=1/f

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 2

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
PEAK VOLTAGE (VP) : The peak value of sine wave is the value of voltage or
current at the positive or the negative maximum with respect to zero, since the peaks
are equal in magnitude.

PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE (VPP): The peak to peak value of sine wave is the
voltage or current from the positive peak to the negative peak. It is always twice the
peak value as expressed in the equation.
VPP = 2 VP
IPP = 2 IP

RMS (TRUE) VOLTAGE:

The term R.MS stands for root mean square. It refers to the mathematical process by
which this value is derived the R.M.S value is also referred to as the effective Value.
Most as Voltmeter display the R.M.S value of a voltage. For example the voltmeters
display the R.M.S value of a voltage 110 V at your all outlet is an R.M.S value. The
R.M.S value of a sine wave is actually a measure of the heating effect of the sine wave
the R.M.S value of a sine wave is equal to the voltage that produces the same amount
of heat in a resistance, as does the sinusoidal voltage.
Vrms = 0.707VP
Irms = 0.707IP

AVERAGE VOLTAGE:
The average value of a sine wave when taken over one complete cycle is always zero,
because the positive value (above the zero crossing) offset the negative values (below
the zero crossing).
Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 3
Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
To be useful for comparison purposes and in determine the average value of a rectified
voltage such as found in power supplies. The average value of a rectified voltage such
in power supplies, the average value of a sine wave is defined over a half cycle rather
than over a full cycle the . The average value is expressed in terms of the peak value
as follows for both voltage and current sine waves:
Vavg = 0.637 VP
Iavg = 0.637 IP

PROCEDURE:
1) D.C VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT:
1. First of all connect the D.C voltage signals with Oscilloscope, than calculate the
signal amplitude.
2. Next connect the D.C voltmeter with D.C voltage source, to measure the amplitude.
3. Finally check the out put of the signal on oscilloscope and voltmeter the both
readings of the signals are same.
CALCULATIONS:
S.NO Volts in Voltage Volts in voltmeter Volts in
Source Oscilloscope
01
02
03

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

2) A.C VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT:

1. First of all connect the A.C signals with oscilloscope, to measure the signal
amplitude.
2. Then connect the A.C voltmeter with A.C voltage source.
3. Finally check out the signals on oscilloscope and voltmeter the both readings of
the signals are same.

CALCULATIONS:

S.NO Supply Voltage Readings in Measurement of Volts on Oscilloscope

Voltmeter
01
02
03

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 4

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

3) FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT:
1. Bring the brightness and focus at optimum positions for easy read out.
2. Connect the Function Generator and press the mode of Sine wave.
3. Display the sinusoidal waveform as large as possible to minimize the read.
4. Suppose 1000 Hz on Function Generator, you observe Time div/milli second on
oscilloscope is 0.5 ms and no of boxes on vertical axis on oscilloscope is 2
t = time/div * Boxes of vertical axis
t = 0.5 * 10-3 * 2
t = 10-3 sec
f = 1/t = 1/10-3 = 1000 Hz

CALCULATIONS:
S.NO Frequency on Function Time period in milli Frequency on
Generator second Oscilloscope
01 100 Hz
02 500 Hz
03 1000 Hz

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 5

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
4) PEAK VOLTAGE, PEAK TO PEAK VOLTAGE, RMS VOLTAGE AND AVERAGE
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT:

1. First of all generate the sine wave on oscilloscope with the help of function
generator.
2. Then measure the value with the help of given formula

CALCULATIONS:

VP = 4.5 V
VPP = 2 * VP = 2 * 4.5 = 9V
Vrms = 0.707VP = 0.707 * 4.5 = 3.18 V
Vavg = 0.637 VP = 0.637 * 4.5 = 2.87 V

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 6

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
EXERCISE: 1: In the Diagram below calculate the DC Voltage Signal?

CALCULATION:

EXERCISE: 2: In the Diagram below calculate the AC Voltage Signal?

CALCULATION:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 7

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
EXERCISE: 3: In the Diagram below calculates the Frequency of AC Voltage
Signal?

CALCULATION:

EXERCISE: 4: In the Diagram below calculates the VP, VPP, Vrms and Vavg of
the Sine Wave Signal?

CALCULATION:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 8

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
 EXPERIMENT NO : 02

OBJECT: TO DRAW THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE OF LOW PASS

FILTER.

APPARATUS: D.C voltage source, A.C voltage source, Resistance, Voltmeter.

THEORY:
A certain type of filter whereby low frequencies are passed and higher frequencies are
rejected, is called Low pass filter.

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all connected the circuits properly with 10 V DC voltage source , having
zero frequency, so the output is also 10 volt.
2. Then increase the frequency up to 1K Hz and then check the output voltage,
which is 8.437 volt.
3. Next to increase the frequency up to 10K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 1.552 volt.
4. Finally change the frequency up to 20K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 0.7832 volt.

OBSERVATION :

S.No Vin R C f Vout

Volt (Ω) F Hz (V)
1 10 100 1 0
2 10 100 1 1000
3 10 100 1 10,000
4 10 100 1 20,000

RESPONSE CURVE OF LOW PASS FILTER:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 9

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 10

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
 EXPERIMENT NO: 03

OBJECT: TO DRAW THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE OF HIGH PASS

FILTER.

APPARATUS: D.C voltage source, A.C voltage source, Resistance, Voltmeter.

THEORY:
A certain type of filter whereby higher frequencies are passed and lower frequencies
are rejected is called How Pass Filter.

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all connected the circuits properly with 10 V DC voltage source , having
zero frequency, so the output is also zero volt.
2. Then increase the frequency up to 100 Hz and then check the output voltage,
which is 0.635 volt.
3. Next to increase the frequency up to 1K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 5.368 volt.
4. Finally change the frequency up to 10K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 9.879 volt.

OBSERVATION :

S.No Vin R C f Vout

Volt (Ω) F (V)
1 10 100 1 0
2 10 100 1 100
3 10 100 1 1000
4 10 100 1 10,000

RESPONSE CURVE OF HIGH PASS FILTER:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 11

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 12

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
 EXPERIMENT NO: 04

OBJECT: TO DRAW THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE OF BAND PASS

FILTER.

APPARATUS: D.C voltage source, A.C voltage source, Resistance, Voltmeter.

THEORY:
A filter that passes a range of frequencies lying between two critical frequencies and
rejects frequencies above and below that range is called Band Pass Filter.

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all connected the circuits properly with 10 V DC voltage source , having
zero frequency, so the output is also zero volt.
2. Then increase the frequency up to 100 Hz and then check the output voltage,
which is 0.635 volt.
3. Next to increase the frequency up to 1K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 5.368 volt.
4. Finally change the frequency up to 10K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 9.879 volt.

OBSERVATION:

S.No Vin R L C f Vout

Volt Ω mH F kHz (V)
1 10 100 10 0.01 10
2 10 100 10 0.01 20
3 10 100 10 0.01 30
4 10 100 10 0.01 40
5 10 100 10 0.01 50

RESPONSE CURVE OF BAND PASS FILTER:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 13

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 14

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
 EXPERIMENT NO: 05

OBJECT: TO DRAW THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE OF BAND STOP FILTER.

APPARATUS: D.C voltage source, A.C voltage source, Resistance, Voltmeter.
THEORY:
A filter that reject a range of frequencies lying between two critical frequencies and
passes frequencies above and below that range is called Band Stop Filter.
PROCEDURE:
1. First of all connected the circuits properly with 10 V DC voltage source ,
having zero frequency, so the output is also zero volt.
2. Then increase the frequency up to 100 Hz and then check the output voltage,
which is 0.635 volt.
3. Next to increase the frequency up to 1K Hz and then check the output
voltage, this is 5.368 volt.
4. Finally change the frequency up to 10K Hz and then check the output voltage,
this is 9.879 volt.

OBSERVATION:

S.No Vin R L C f Vout

Volt Ω mH F Hz (V)
1 10 47 100 1 100
2 10 47 100 1 200
3 10 47 100 1 300
4 10 47 100 1 400
5 10 47 100 1 500
6 10 47 100 1 600
7 10 47 100 1 700
8 10 47 100 1 800
9 10 47 100 1 900
10 10 47 100 1 1000
11 10 47 100 1 1100
12 10 47 100 1 1200
13 10 47 100 1 1300
14 10 47 100 1 1400
15 10 47 100 1 1500
16 10 47 100 1 1600
17 10 47 100 1 1700
18 10 47 100 1 1800
19 10 47 100 1 1900
20 10 47 100 1 2000

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 15

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar
RESPONSE CURVE OF BAND STOP FILTER:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Prepared By Engr. Wazir Muhammad Laghari, 16

Lecturer EED, BUET, Khuzdar