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Water resources
WATER RESOURCES

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RIVER KOSI, ALSO KNOW AS THE ‘SORROW OF BIHAR’, HAS BEEN NOTORIOUS FOR FREQUENTLY
CHANGING ITS COURSE. THE KOSI BRINGS HUGE QUANTITY OF SEDIMENTS FROM ITS UPPER REACHES
AND DEPOSITS IT IN THE PLAINS. THE COURSE GETS BLOCKED, AND CONSEQUENTLY, THE RIVER
CHANGES ITS COURSE.
POTWAR PLATEAU (DELHI RIDGE)

INDUS SYSTEM
INDUS-

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ORIGINATES FROM A GLACIER NEAR BOKHAR CHU@ TIBETAN REGION, KAILASH MOUNTAIN. @ TIBET
NAME IS SINGI KHAMBAN.
FLOWING IN THE NORTHWEST DIRECTION BETWEEN THE LADAKH AND ZASKAR
PASSES THROUGH LADAKH AND BALTISTAN
CUTS ACROSS LADAKH RANGE- GORGE @ GILGIT
ENTERS INTO PAKISTAN NEAR CHILLAR IN THE DARDISTAN
TRIBS- SHYOK, GILGIT, ZASKAR, HUNZA, NUBRA, SHIGAR, GASTING AND DRAS.
OUT OF THE HILLS @ATTOCK- RECEIVES KABUL RIVER ON ITS RIGHT BANK.
RIGHT BANK TRIBS- SULAIMAN RANGE- KHURRAM, TOCHI, GOMAL, VIBOA AND SANGAR.
PANJNAD’ A LITTLE ABOVE MITHANKOT
ARABIAN SEA, EAST OF KARACHI
FLOWS IN INDIA ONLY THROUGH THE LEH DISTRICT IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

JHELUM

A SPRING AT VERINAG AT THE FOOT OF PIR PANJAL

SRINAGAR AND THE WULAR LAKE BEFORE ENTERING PAKISTAN THROUGH A DEEP NARROW GORGE.
JOINS CHENAB NEAR JHANG IN PAKISTAN.

CHENAB

LARGEST TRIBUTARY OF THE INDUS

CHANDRA + BHAGA- JOINING @TANDI NEAR KEYLONG, HP = CHANDRABHAGA.

RAVI

RISES- WEST OF THE ROHTANG PASS IN THE KULLU HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
FLOWS THROUGH THE CHAMBA VALLEY OF THE STATE
JOINS CHENAB NEAR SARAI SIDHU IN PAK
DRAINS SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE PIR PANJAL AND THE DHAULADHAR

BEAS

BEAS KUND NEAR THE ROHTANG PASS

KULLU VALLEY, GORGES @ KATI AND LARGI IN THE DHAOLADHAR RANGE
PUNJAB PLAINS WHERE IT MEETS THE SATLUJ NEAR HARIKE.

SATLUJ

RAKAS LAKE NEAR MANSAROVAR

TIBET- LANGCHEN KHAMBAB
COMES OUT OF A GORGE AT RUPAR,
SHIPKI LA ON THE HIMALAYAN RANGES AND ENTERS THE PUNJAB PLAINS.
ANTECEDENT RIVER
CANAL SYSTEM OF THE BHAKRA NANGAL PROJECT.

GANGA SYSTEM

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GANGA

GANGOTRI GLACIER NEAR GAUMUKH, UTTARKASHI DISTRICT OF UTTARANCHAL = BHAGIRATHI

ALAKNANDA
SATOPANTH GLACIER ABOVE BADRINATH
DHAULI + VISHNU GANGA @ JOSHIMATH OR VISHNU PRAYAG.
PINDAR JOIN @ KARNA PRAYAG
MANDAKINI OR KALI GANGA MEETS@ RUDRA PRAYAG

@DEVPRAYAG BHAGIRATHI MEETS THE ALAKNANDA= GANGA.

GANGA ENTERS THE PLAINS AT HARIDWAR.
SOUTH, THEN TO THE SOUTH-EAST AND EAST- BHAGIRATHI AND THE HUGLI.
25% OF INDIA IS GANGA BASIN
LARGEST RIVER SYSTEM-INDIA- PERENNIAL RIVERS @ HIMALAYAS AND NON-PERENNIAL
RIVERS @ PENINSULA
SON- RIGHT BANK TRIB
LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES- RAMGANGA, GOMATI, GHAGHARA, GANDAK, KOSI AND MAHANADA.
@ BOB- SAGAR ISLAND.

YAMUNA

YAMUNOTRI GLACIER- BANDERPUNCH RANGE

JOINS GANGA @ PRAYAG (ALLAHABAD).
CHAMBAL, SIND, BETWA AND KEN-RIGHT BANK
TONS, HINDAN, RIND, SENGAR, VARUNA @ LEFT
OTHER TRIBS- GIRI, UTTANGAN
WESTERN AND EASTERN YAMUNA AND AGRA CANALS
UTTAR PRADESH, UTTARAKHAND, HIMACHAL PRADESH, HARYANA, RAJASTHAN, MADHYA PRADESH &
DELHI

CHAMBAL

RISES NEAR MHOW IN THE MALWA PLATEAU OF MADHYA PRADESH

NORTHWARDS @ GORGE UP WARDS OF KOTA- GANDHISAGAR DAM HAS BEEN CONSTRUCTED
BUNDI, SAWAI MADHOPUR AND DHOLPUR
BADLAND TOPOGRAPHY CALLED CHAMBAL RAVINES.
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GANDAK

KALIGANDAK AND TRISHULGANGA

RISES- @NEPAL HIMALAYAS BETWEEN THE DHAULAGIRI AND MOUNT EVEREST- DRAINS THE CENTRAL
PART OF NEPAL.
ENTERS GANGA PLAIN IN CHAMPARAN, JOINS GANGA AT SONPUR NEAR PATNA.

GHAGHARA

MAPCHACHUNGO GLACIER
TILA, SETI AND BERI- TRIBS
COMES OUT OF THE MOUNTAINS- @ DEEP GORGE @ SHISHAPANI.
SARDA (KALI OR KALI GANGA) AND RAPTI- JOIN IT IN THE PLAINS
MEETS THE GANGA AT CHHAPRA

KOSI-

ANTECEDENT
SOURCE TO THE NORTH OF MOUNT EVEREST IN TIBET- MAIN STREAM ARUN RISES.
CROSSES CENTRAL HIMALAYAS IN NEPAL, IT IS JOINED BY THE SON KOSI (WEST) AND TAMUR KOSI
(EAST)
SAPT KOSI AFTER UNITING WITH THE RIVER ARUN

RAMGANGA

GARHWAL HILLS @ GAIRSAIN- UK

JOINS THE GANGA NEAR KANNAUJ

DAMODAR

EASTERN MARGINS OF THE CHOTANAGPUR PLATEAU

FLOWS THROUGH A RIFT VALLEY AND FINALLY JOINS THE HUGLI.
BARAKAR- TRI
SORROW OF BENGAL

SARDA OR SARYU-

RISES- MILAN GLACIER IN THE NEPAL HIMALAYAS= GORIGANGA

INDO-NEPAL BORDER- KALI OR CHAUK

MAHANANDA

RISING IN THE DARJILING

LAST LEFT BANK TRIBUTARY IN WEST BENGAL

SON

LARGE SOUTH BANK TRIBUTARY, ORIGIN- AMARKANTAK PLATEAU.

ARRAH, WEST OF PATNA, TO JOIN THE GANGA.

BRAHMAPUTRA-

CHEMAYUNGDUNG GLACIER- KAILASH RANGE- NEAR MANSAROVAR LAKE, CALLED TSANGPO IN

CHINA
RANGO TSANGPO-RIGHT BANK TRIBUTARY
DEEP GORGE IN THE CENTRAL HIMALAYAS NEAR NAMCHA BARWA- NAME SIANG OR DIHANG
ENTERS INDIA WEST OF SADIYA TOWN IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH
LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES- DIBANG OR SIKANG AND LOHIT, BURHI DIHING, DHANSARI (SOUTH) AND
KALANG
RIGHT BANK TRIBS- SUBANSIRI (ORIGIN IN TIBET, ANTECEDENT), KOPILI (LARGEST @ ASSAM),
KAMENG, MANAS AND SANKOSH.
ENTERS INTO BANGLADESH NEAR DHUBRI
TISTA JOINS IT ON ITS RIGHT BANK- NOW IT IS CALLED JAMUNA
FINALLY MERGES WITH RIVER PADMA AND DRAINS IN BOB
FLOODS, CHANNEL SHIFTING AND BANK EROSION.

PENINSULAR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

OLDER THAN THE HIMALAYAN- BROAD, LARGELY-GRADED SHALLOW VALLEYS

WESTERN GHATS ACT AS THE WATER DIVIDE

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ABSENCE OF MEANDERS

NARMADA AND THE TAPI FLOW IN TROUGH FAULTS AND FILL THE ORIGINAL CRACKS WITH THEIR
DETRITUS MATERIALS. HENCE, THERE IS A LACK OF ALLUVIAL AND DELTAIC DEPOSITS IN THESE RIVERS.
DETRITUS IS PARTICLES OF ROCK DERIVED FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCK THROUGH PROCESSES OF
WEATHERING AND EROSION. DETRITAL PARTICLES CAN CONSIST OF LITHIC FRAGMENTS (PARTICLES OF
RECOGNISABLE ROCK), OR MINERAL GRAINS. THESE PARTICLES ARE OFTEN TRANSPORTED THROUGH
SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES INTO DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS SUCH AS RIVERBEDS, LAKES OR THE OCEAN,
FORMING SEDIMENTARY SUCCESSIONS

MAHANADI

SIHAWA IN RAIPUR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH, RUNS THROUGH ORISSA; BASIN @ MADHYA

PRADESH, CHHATTISGARH, ODISHA

GODAVARI

DAKSHIN GANGA
LARGEST PENINSULAR RIVER- RISES IN THE NASIK DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA
MAHARASHTRA, MADHYA PRADESH, CHHATTISGARH, TELENGANA, KARNATAKA, ORISSA AND ANDHRA
PRADESH
PENGANGA, INDRAVATI, PRANHITA, AND MANJRA
FLOODS IN ITS LOWER REACHES TO THE SOUTH OF POLAVARAM
AFTER RAJAMUNDRI SPLITS INTO SEVERAL BRANCHES FORMING A LARGE DELTA

KRISHNA

SECOND LARGEST EAST FLOWING PENINSULAR RIVER, RISES @ MAHABALESHWAR IN SAHYADRI

TRIBS- KOYNA, TUNGBHADRA AND BHIMA
MAHARASHTRA, KARNATAKA, TELEGANA AND AP

KAVERI

BRAHMAGIRI HILLS, KOGADU DISTRICT IN KARNATAKA

PERENNIAL- UPPER CATCHMENT AREA RECEIVES RAINFALL DURING THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON
SEASON (SUMMER) AND THE LOWER PART DURING THE NORTHEAST MONSOON SEASON (WINTER)
KERALA, KARNATAKA AND TAMIL NADU.
LEFT HAND TRIBUTARIES: HERANGI, HEMAVATI, SHIMSHA, AND AKRAVATI
RIGHT HAND TRIBUTARIES: LAKSHAMANTIRTHA, KABINI, AMRAVATI, BHAWANI, NOYYAL

NARMADA-

WESTERN FLANK OF THE AMARKANTAK

RIFT VALLEY BETWEEN THE SATPURA IN THE SOUTH AND THE VINDHYAN RANGE
PICTURESQUE GORGE IN MARBLE ROCKS AND DHUANDHAR WATERFALL NEAR JABALPUR.
ARABIAN SEA SOUTH OF BHARUCH
SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT

TAPI-

RISES @ MULTAI IN THE BETU, MP

MAHARASHTRA, MADHYA PRADESH AND GUJARAT

LUNI

LARGEST @ RAJASTHAN- WEST OF ARAVALI

ORIGINATES NEAR PUSHKAR IN TWO BRANCHES = SARASWATI + SABARMATI- JOIN AT GOVINDGARH
FLOWS TOWARDS THE WEST TILL TELWARA; JOIN THE RANN OF KUCHCHH

SMALLER RIVERS FLOWING TOWARDS THE WEST-

GUJARAT-

SHETRUNIJI- DALKAHWA IN AMRELI

BHADRA- ANIALI VILLAGE IN RAJKOT
DHADHAR- GHANTAR VILLAGE IN PANCHMAHAL DISTRICT
SABARMATI AND MAHI

MAHARASHTRA: VAITARNA- TRIMBAK HILLS IN NASIK DISTRICT, KALINADI- BELGAUM DISTRICT FALLS
IN KARWAR BAY.
KARNATAKA: BEDTI- HUBLI DHARWAR, SHARAVATI- SHIMOGA DISTRICT
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GOA: MANDOVI, JUARI
KERALA:

LONGEST = BHARATHAPUZHA/PONNANI- ANNAMALAI HILLS,

PERIYAR = SECOND LARGEST RIVER OF KERALA
PAMBA- FALLS IN THE VEMOBANAD LAKE
BEYPORE IS ANOTHER RIVER

SMALL RIVERS FLOWING TOWARDS THE EAST

SUBARNREKHA, BAITARNI, BRAHMANI, VAMSADHARA, PENNER, PALAR AND VAIGAI

THALWEG: THE MIDDLE OF THE CHIEF NAVIGABLE CHANNEL OF A WATERWAY, A LINE FOLLOWING THE
LOWEST POINTS OF A VALLEY

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