6%251Ë.35$&Ë),/2=2),&.e)$.8/7<%51ċ16.

e81,9(5=,7<
678',$0,125$)$&8/7$7,63+,/2623+,&$(81,9(56,7$7,6%581(16,6
6²%512678',(6,1(1*/,6+

3(7(51(:0$5.

A NEW THEORY OF TRANSLATION

1. Introduction: The Wider Context

$IWHUWKHVXEVWDQWLDOFKDQJHVERWKLQWKHQXPEHUVRIFRXQWULHVDQGWKHGLPHQ
VLRQVRISRSXODWLRQJURXSVVLQFHWKHFROODSVHRIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQLQWKH
RSHQLQJXSRIWKHYLUWXDOFRPSXWHUODQJXDJHVRIEORJJLQJHPDLOVWKHZHEDQG
WKHLSRGVDQGWKHKXJHLQFUHDVHLQHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOJOREDOPLJUDWLRQV
± WUDQVQDWLRQDO WUDQVFRQWLQHQWDO DQG LQWUDFRQWLQHQWDO ± WKH IDFH RI WKH ZRUOG¶V
OLQJXLVWLFPDSVWDUWHGRQDUDGLFDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ(FRQRPLFDQGDV\OXPVHHNHUV¶
PLJUDWLRQVZHQWKDQGLQKDQGILUVWZLWKWKHQHHGIRUSXEOLFVHUYLFHLQWHUSUHWHUV
DQGWUDQVODWRUVDWWKHQDWLRQDOIURQWLHUVDQGWKHQDWWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWKHDOWK
DQGHGXFDWLRQRIILFHVIROORZHGLQSULQFLSOHDWOHDVWE\PDVVIRUHLJQODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJFODVVHVIRUWKHQHZLPPLJUDQWV3ROLWLFDOPLJUDWLRQVRUDV\OXPVHHNLQJ
VRPHWLPHV LQ WKH PXUGHURXV IRUP RI HWKQLF FOHDQVLQJ LPSRVHG VLPLODU FRQVH
TXHQFHVWKRXJKWRRRIWHQWKHIDQDWLFDODQGRUHOGHUO\LPPLJUDQWVZHUHUHOXFWDQW
DQGVRPHWLPHVUHIXVHGWRDFTXLUHWKHLUQHZµKRPH¶ODQJXDJHV
7KHVH PDVV PLJUDWLRQV KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ DVWHHS GHFUHDVH LQ WKH 8. LQ WKH
QXPEHURIWUXO\QDWLYHVSHDNHUVDQGDULVHLQWKHQXPEHURIµVHPLQDWLYH¶VSHDN
HUVZKRDUHRIWHQXVHGDVLQWHUSUHWHUV$VLQWHUSUHWHUVWKH\DUHXVXDOO\FRPSHWHQW
EXWDVWUDQVODWRUVWKH\DUHQRW6HPLQDWLYHWUDQVODWLRQV¶RIDXWKRULWDWLYHWH[WVDUH
GDQJHURXVLQWRXULVWDQGSXEOLFLW\PDWHULDOZKHUHWKH\DUHFRPPRQWKH\PD\
EH IXQQ\ EXW ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU SXEOLF QRWLFHV UHSXWDEOH KRWHOV
UHVWDXUDQWVDQGSODFHVRIHQWHUWDLQPHQWZKHUHVXFKVHPLQDWLYHWUDQVODWLRQVDUH
DWODVWGHFOLQLQJVKRXOGDYRLGWKHP
&RQFRPLWDQWO\WKHUHKDVEHHQDVXEVWDQWLDOLQFUHDVHLQWKHDXWKRULW\RILQWHU
QDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVWKH81WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ81(6&2:+2DQGWR
DOHVVHUH[WHQWWKH$UDE/HDJXHDQGWKH2UJDQLVDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ6WDWHV)XU
WKHUWKHUHKDVEHHQDQHQRUPRXVJDLQLQZRUOGSURPLQHQFHLQWKH1*2VQRQ
JRYHUQPHQWDORUJDQLVDWLRQVDQGLQSDUWLFXODUWKHZRUOGFKDULWLHVDQGIRXQGD
WLRQVVXFKDV$PQHVW\,QWHUQDWLRQDO2[IDP&DWKRG$FWLRQ$LG/LYH$LGWKH
3DXO+DPO\Q)RXQGDWLRQ±DOOWKHVHRULJLQDWLQJSOHDVHQRWHLQWKH8.±DVZHOO
DV 0pGHFLQV VDQV )URQWLqUHV 06) DQG WKH 6RURV )RXQGDWLRQ 7KHVH DUH QRZ
 3(7(51(:0$5.

TXLWHRSHQO\µSROLWLFL]HG¶RQWKHEDVLVRIWKH81¶V8QLYHUVDO'HFODUDWLRQRI+X
PDQ5LJKWV7KHLUµLQWHUYHQWLRQ¶FDQQRORQJHUEHUHJDUGHGDVµLQWHUIHU
HQFH¶µ1RFRXQWU\KDVDULJKWWRLQWHUIHUHLQWKHLQWHUQDODIIDLUVRIDQRWKHU¶VDLG
+DUROG0DFPLOODQLQKLVµZLQGVRIFKDQJH¶VSHHFK«DQGWKHQFDPHWKH
ER\FRWWV7KHYLUWXHRIµREHGLHQFH¶EHJDQWRIDGHDQGµIRUNLQJDQGFRXQWU\¶
ORQJDJRPRFNHGE\WKHSRHW:LOIUHG2ZHQRQO\VXUYLYHGDVDIDGHGPHWDSKRU
5RELQ&RRNWKH%ULWLVK)RUHLJQ6HFUHWDU\PDGHDSLRQHHULQJVSHHFKLQGH
FODULQJWKDW%ULWLVKIRUHLJQSROLF\ZRXOGIURPWKHQRQKDYHDQHWKLFDOGLPHQVLRQ
DQGZRXOGQRORQJHUEHJXLGHGE\SXUHO\QDWLRQDOLQWHUHVWVKXPDQULJKWVZRXOG
EHSXWDWWKHKHDUWRILWVSROLF\DIWHUKLVGHDWKWKHSROLF\ZDVKDUGO\SXUVXHG
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZLWKWKHSUHVHQWH[FHSWLRQRIWKHRQHZRUOGSRZHUWKHLQ
IOXHQFHRIWKHQDWLRQVWDWHDQGZLWKLWLQVRPHFDVHVQDWLRQDOLVPKDVGHFOLQHG
ZKLOVW WKDW RI WZR RI WKH UHOLJLRXV FLYLOL]DWLRQV WKH 0RVOHP LQ $VLD DQG WKH
(YDQJHOLFDO&KULVWLDQLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVKDVLQFUHDVHG)HZZRXOGQRZGLHµIRU
NLQJDQGFRXQWU\¶EXWHYHU\GD\VRPHGLHIRU$OODK
$VDUHVXOWRIDOOWKHVHGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\OLQJXLVWLFIDFWRUVDVZHOODVWKH
KXJHDGYDQFHVLQWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVSRUWDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVOHDGLQJWRJOREDOL
]DWLRQ WKDW LV JOREDO WUDGH JOREDO LQYHVWPHQWV DQG JOREDO ODERXU LQWHUFKDQJH
WKHUHLVQRWRQO\DQLQFUHDVHGQHFHVVLW\IRUIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVDQGUHDGHUV
µOLQJXLVWV¶RIWZRRUWKUHHODQJXDJHVDQGIRUYDULRXVPRGHVRILQWHUOLQJXLVWLF
FRPPXQLFDWLRQQRWDEO\IRUWUDQVODWLRQWKHUHLVDOVRWKHQHHGDQGWKHUHFRJQL]HG
SUHVHQFHRIDQLQWHUQDWLRQDODX[LOLDU\OLQJXDIUDQFD
(QJOLVKKDVIRUGHFDGHVEHHQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOODQJXDJHRIDLUWUDQVSRUWDQG
RIPHWHRURORJ\*HRJUDSKLFDOO\RZLQJWRWKHSRVLWLRQVRFFXSLHGE\WKHGHFOLQ
LQJ%ULWLVK(PSLUHRQZKLFKWKHVXQQHYHUXVHGWRVHWDQGWKHFRPSOHPHQWDU\
GRPLQDQFHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV(QJOLVKFRXOGQRWKDYHDPRUHIDYRXUDEOHVWDUW
LQJSRLQWDVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOODQJXDJH)XUWKHUPRUHLWVPRVWXVHIXOFKDUDFWHULV
WLFVDUH
,WVPRQRV\OODELVPZKLFKHQKDQFHVLWVFRQFLVLRQDQGLWVHPSKDWLFTXDOLW\
,WVIOH[LEOHZRUGRUGHUZKLFKHQDEOHVLWWRYDU\LWVHPSKDVLVDVIOH[LEO\
,WVZRUGFODVVFKDQJHVRIPRQRV\OODEOHVIRUH[DPSOHWRURXQGWKHURXQG
URXQGWKHFRUQHUDURXQGUXQWXUQURXQG±RIWHQVWUHQJWKHQLQJWKHIRUFHRIDYHUE
E\FRQYHUWLQJLWWRDQRXQHJLW¶VDFRQDUHDGDOHWGRZQ
,WVSKUDVDOYHUEVVRPHWLPHVFRQYHUWHGWRSKUDVDOQRXQVDµUXQGRZQ¶DQG
RFFDVLRQDOO\ DGMHFWLYHV µUXQ GRZQ¶ WKHVH DUH IUHTXHQWO\ ERWK PHWDSKRULFDO
DQGSK\VLFDOLQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHPLQGDQGWKHEUDLQDQGWKHUHIRUHRIWHQZLGHO\
SRO\VHPDQWLFDQGVRPHWLPHVVXEWO\DPELJXRXV
 ,WV HQRUPRXV XQLTXH YRFDEXODU\ FRPELQLQJ WKH LQ SULQFLSOH LQWHOOHFWXDO
SRO\V\OODELF*UHFRODWLQZLWKWKHLQSULQFLSOHSK\VLFDOPRQRV\OODELF$QJOR6D[RQ
ZRUGV
,WVSRURXVQDWXUHGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWXQOLNHPDQ\RWKHUODQJXDJHVLWVFRQ
WDFWVZLWKPRVWRWKHUODQJXDJHVKDYHUDUHO\H[FHSWIRUDSHULRGLQWKHWKFHQ
WXU\EHHQUHVLVWHGWKXVHQVXULQJLQSULQFLSOHWKDWRQO\WKHILWWHVWZRUGVKDYH
VXUYLYHGWKRXJKPDQ\EHDXWLIXOZRUGVKDYHEHHQORVW
 $1(:7+(25<2)75$16/$7,21 

7KHXQLTXHµLQJ¶FRPELQDWLRQZKLFKFDQEHXVHGDVDQDGMHFWLYHDSUHVHQW
SDUWLFLSOHDQRXQDYHUEQRXQVHHLQJ\RXZDVDVXUSULVH¶WKHILYHLPSHUIHFWLYH
DFWLYHWHQVHV,VKDOOEHGRLQJ,DPGRLQJ,ZDVGRLQJ,KDYHEHHQGRLQJ,KDG
EHHQGRLQJDQGWKHSUHVHQWSDVVLYHWHQVHWKLVLVEHLQJGRQH
6KDNHVSHDUH¶VXQLYHUVDOPRUDOZLVGRPKLVSKLORVRSKLFDOWKRXJKWDQGKLV
SRHWLF DQG HXSKRQLRXV ZRUGV LQFOXGLQJ DERXW  QHRORJLVPV ZKLFK KH FUH
DWHGDQGDERYHDOOWKHLQIOXHQWLDOVHPLSURYHUELDOLGLRPVWKDWDUHVRIUHTXHQWO\
TXRWHG ZLWKRXW DWWULEXWLRQ LQ KLV ZRUN FKDUDFWHULVH WKH ODQJXDJH 7KHUH DUH
DERXW6KDNHVSHDUHTXRWDWLRQVLQWKH&KDPEHUVDictionary of Quotations
PDQ\RIZKLFKPD\EHUHJDUGHGDVNH\ZRUGVLQWKHODQJXDJH+LVLQWURGXFWLRQ
RIQHZPHDQLQJVIRUH[LVWLQJZRUGVDQGRI/DWLQDQG)UHQFKZRUGVLVDOVRQRWD
EOH>,WKDQN'DYLG&U\VWDOIRUWKHILUVWVWDWLVWLF@7KHPHDQLQJRIKLVO\ULFVKDV
EHHQHQKDQFHGQRWRQO\E\)LQ]L*XUQH\9DXJKDQ:LOOLDPV%ULWWHQLQA Mid-
VXPPHU1LJKW¶V'UHDPDQGRWKHUVDQGE\6FKXEHUWKLPVHOILQµ:KRLV6\OYLD"¶
DQGµ+DUN+DUNWKHODUN¶
 7KH H[WUDRUGLQDU\ ZHDOWK RI SRHWU\ IURP /DQJODQG DQG &KDXFHU WKURXJK
.HDWVDQG6KHOOH\WR$XGHQDQG/DUNLQRIZKLFKPDQ\TXRWDWLRQVKDYHPHUJHG
LQWRSURVHDQGKDYHEHFRPHSDUWRIWKHODQJXDJH
6SHOOLQJ7KHRUWKRJUDSK\LVPRUHUHPRWHIURPLWVVRXQGVHTXHQFHWKDQ
LW LV LQ DQ\ RWKHU ODQJXDJH ZKLFK LV DQ REVWDFOH WR WKH QRQQDWLYH VSHDNHU ,WV
DGYDQWDJHLVWKDWLQVRPHFDVHVWKHVSHOOLQJUHYHDOVWKHHW\PRORJ\RIDZRUGDQG
KHOSVWKHOHDUQHUWRILQGDEULGJHZRUGHJWKURXJK±WKRURXJK±durch*HUWR
PHPRUL]HLWEXWVSHOOLQJLVVWLOODFRQVLGHUDEOHKDQGLFDSWRWKHODQJXDJHOHDUQHU
7KHQRQFXOWXUDOQRQDOOXVLYHYDULDWLRQRI(QJOLVKVHUYHVDVDQDYDLODEOH
DX[LOLDU\OLQJXDIUDQFDZKLFKLVPRUHUHDGLO\WUDQVODWDEOHWKDQWKHXVXDOPRUH
FRPSUHKHQVLYHLGLRPDWLFYHUVLRQ

2. The Closer Context

7KHFORVHUFRQWH[WIRUDIUHVKDSSURDFKWRWUDQVODWLRQVKRZVWKDWWKHSUHVHQWSUH
YDLOLQJWKHRULHVRIWUDQVODWLRQDUHQRWKHOSIXO,JLYHVRPHLOOXVWUDWLRQV
µ7KHWUDQVODWRUPXVWUHSURGXFHHYHU\IDFWDQGLGHDLQWKHRULJLQDOHYHQLILW¶V
DEODWDQWOLH,W¶VQRWKLVMREWRPDNHDPRUDOMXGJHPHQW+HKDVWRUHSURGXFHWKH
RULJLQDODVWKRXJKLW¶VWKHJRVSHOWUXWK¶-'*UDKDPLQ7KH7UDQVODWRU¶V+DQG-
book$6/,%
µ,DPZDU\RILQWURGXFLQJWKHPRUDOGLPHQVLRQLQWRWUDQVODWLRQ«WKHUHPXVW
EH QR VKLUNLQJ HYHQ ZKHQ WKH WUDQVODWRU LV DFWLQJ IRU DFLJDUHWWH PDQXIDFWXUHU
ZDQWLQJWRSURPRWHKLVSURGXFWVLQ7KLUG:RUOGFRXQWULHV«KHPXVWSXWDFURVV
KLVFOLHQWV¶YLHZVKRZHYHUUHSXJQDQW¶*HRIIUH\.LQJVFRWWLQLanguage Inter-
national9RO1R'HF>,ILQGWKHVHWZRDSSURDFKHVWRWUDQVODWLRQWUXO\
VKRFNLQJDQG,GRXEWZKHWKHUPRUHWKDQDIHZWUDQVODWRUVZRXOGGDUHWRDGRSW
WKHPLQ@
$FFRUGLQJWR'HVFULSWLYH7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHVWKHWUDQVODWLRQVFKRODU¶VWDVN
 3(7(51(:0$5.

LVWRDQDO\]HREMHFWLYHO\WKHWUDQVODWLRQVWKDWDUHSXEOLVKHGDQGQRWWRUHODWHWKHP
WRDQ\VWDQGDUGVRITXDOLW\RURIPRUDOYDOXH
,QWKHUHFHQW,QVWLWXWHRI7UDQVODWLRQDQG,QWHUSUHWLQJ,7,DQQXDOJHQHUDO
PHHWLQJ$*0-HDQ3LHUUH0DLOKDFUHVWULFWHGµSXUHWKHRU\¶WRGHVFULSWLRQDQG
FRQILQHGµDSSOLHGWKHRU\¶WRWUDQVODWLRQWUDLQLQJWKHUHE\LPSO\LQJWKDWGHGXFWLRQ
VKRXOGSUHFHGHLQGXFWLRQDQGSDVVLQJRYHUWKHµKXQFK¶WKHK\SRWKHVLVWKDWSUH
FHGHVWKHRU\0DLOKDFZKRLVDGGLFWHGWRFOLFKpVDFFHSWVWUDQVODWLRQWKHRU\EXW
KHDSSHDUVWREHXQDZDUHRIWKHQHZIDFWRUVWKDWKDYHWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
DQGRIWKHQHFHVVLW\RIDQHZWUDQVODWLRQWKHRU\LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIVRPXFKGLVD
JUHHPHQWDERXWWKHSXUSRVHDQGPHWKRGVRIWUDQVODWLRQ
7KHIXQFWLRQDOLVWRUVNRSRVWKHRU\RI.XVVPDXO9HUPHHU1RUG5HLVVHWF
ZKLFKUHJDUGVDWH[WDVDWHQGHUDQGWKHUHDGHUFRPPLVVLRQHUDVDFOLHQWWKHSXU
SRVHRIWKHWKHWH[WLVRYHUULGLQJDQGH[FOXGHVVW\OLVWLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
$QLGHRORJLFDORUSRVWPRGHUQLVWDSSURDFKWRWUDQVODWLRQUDQJLQJIURPµPD
QLSXODWLYH¶+HUPDQV3HWHU)UDQFH9HQXWLHWFWRSRVWFRORQLDOLVWDQGFDQQLEDO
LVWLFERWKDSSURDFKHVVHHWKHWUDQVODWRUDVHVVHQWLDOO\GLVWRUWLQJWKHQDUUDWLYHDQG
WKHVW\OHRIWKHVRXUFHODQJXDJHWH[WIRUKHURZQSURSDJDQGLVWRUFRPPHUFLDORU
FXOWXUDOSXUSRVHV>1RWUDQVODWRUFDQFRPSOHWHO\HOLPLQDWHWKLVHIIHFWEXWDJRRG
WUDQVODWRUDVVKHUHYLVHVLVDOZD\VDWWHPSWLQJWRUHGXFHLW@
%RWK:LWWJHQVWHLQ¶VIDPRXVUHPDUNµ,QPRVWFDVHVWKHPHDQLQJRIDZRUG
LVLWVXVH¶DVZHOODVPXFKRIWKHZRUNLQFRUSXVDQDO\VLVLQWKHODVWWKLUW\\HDUV
HJLQ-RKQ6LQFODLU¶VVWLPXODWLQJTrust the Text 5RXWOHGJHKDYHOHIWWKH
LPSUHVVLRQSDUWLFXODUO\RQWUDQVODWLRQVFKRODUVWKDWWKHPHDQLQJRIDZRUGFDQ
DOZD\VEHIRXQGLQWKHµOLYLQJODQJXDJHRIDWH[WRUDFRUSXVZKLFKLVWKHRQO\
DXWKRULW\ RQ WKH ZD\ ZRUGV DUH XVHG DQG PDNH WKHLU PHDQLQJ¶ WKH GLFWLRQDU\
LV DOZD\V VHFRQGDU\ 7KLV LV PLVWDNHQ :RUGV LQ WUDQVODWLRQ WH[WV DQG FRUSRUD
DUHQRWLQIUHTXHQWO\PLVXVHGDQGPLVSODFHGDQGLWPD\UHTXLUHWKHDFFXPXODWHG
DXWKRULW\RIDGLFWLRQDU\WRFRUUHFWWKHP$VPDOOH[DPSOHIRUPRVWRIP\OLIH
,WKRXJKWWKDWWKHPHDQLQJRIµPHUFHQDU\¶ZDVµPHDQ¶DVLWLVDSHMRUDWLYHZRUG
LWILWWHGYDULRXVFRQWH[WVDQGFROORFDWLRQVDQG,QHYHUOHDUQHGLWVWUXHPHDQLQJ
µLQIOXHQFHGE\JUHHGRUGHVLUHIRUJDLQ¶XQWLO,ORRNHGLWXSLQDGLFWLRQDU\PXFK
ODWHU,KDGVXUPLVHGLWVPHDQLQJRQO\IURPDQXPEHURIFRQWH[WVDQGQRRQHKDG
H[SODLQHGLWWRPH,ZRXOGVD\WKDWLQPRVWEXWQRWLQDOOFDVHVDODUJHXSWRGDWH
GLFWLRQDU\LVPRUHWUXVWZRUWK\WKDQDQ\VLQJOHLWHPLQDFRUSXV$OOZRUGVKDYH
VLQJOHEDVLFPHDQLQJVZKLFKPD\EHQHXWUDOLVHGE\VRPHRIWKHFROORFDWLRQVRU
SKUDVHVRULGLRPVRIZKLFKWKH\IRUPDSDUWWKHPRUHIUHTXHQWO\XVHGDZRUGWKH
PRUHVXEVLGLDU\PHDQLQJVLWLVOLNHO\WRGHYHORS6HH*=LSI¶VEULOOLDQWERRNThe
Psychobiology of LanguageUHSULQWHG%RVWRQ0,73UHVV
6RPHRIWKHVHLGLRPVPD\EHPRUHIUHTXHQWO\XVHGWKDQWKHLULQGHSHQGHQW
IRUPVPace-RKQ6LQFODLUWKHEDVLFPHDQLQJRIµWREHW¶LVµWRZDJHU¶DQGWKDW
LVKRZLWLVQRUPDOO\YLVXDOL]HGWKHIDFWWKDWLWLVPRUHFRPPRQO\XVHGLQWKH
WZRLGLRPVµ,EHW¶ZKHUHLWPHDQVµ,JXHVV¶RUµ,SUHGLFW¶DQGµ<RXEHW¶ZKHUH
LWPHDQVVOLJKWO\PRUHIDPLOLDUO\DQGLQVLVWHQWO\µ&HUWDLQO\¶RUµ<RXFDQEHVXUH
WKDWǦ ZLWKRXW YLVXDOL]DWLRQ LV LUUHOHYDQW 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH DQDO\VLV RI ODUJH
 $1(:7+(25<2)75$16/$7,21 

WH[WV DQG WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH Cobuild series GLUHFWHG DQG LQVSLUHG E\ -RKQ
6LQFODLUKDYHUHYLWDOL]HGOH[LFRJUDSK\DQGEHQHILWHGWUDQVODWRUV
 µ7UDQVODWLRQ WKHRU\" 6SDUH XV« 7KDW¶V WKH UHDFWLRQ WR EH H[SHFWHG IURP
PRVWSUDFWLVLQJWUDQVODWRUVǦ(PPD:DJQHU

3. Language Learning and Translation

*LYHQWKHUHFHQWDQGSUHVHQWJOREDOPLJUDWLRQVP\WKHVLVLVWKDWODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
DQGWUDQVODWLRQERWKRIZKRVHSUDFWLWLRQHUVLQWKHSDVWKDYHRIWHQVKRZQDFHUWDLQ
PXWXDOKRVWLOLW\WRZDUGVHDFKRWKHU±WKH\VRPHWLPHVWU\WRGRHDFKRWKHURXWRI
WKHLUMREV±ZLOOKDYHWREHUHFRQVLGHUHGUHDVVHVVHGDQGUHSURJUDPPHGLQPRVW
FRXQWULHVLQWKHZRUOG7KHPDMRULW\RIUHFHQWLPPLJUDQWVZLOOKDYHDULJKWWRWKH
VHUYLFHVRISXEOLFVHUYLFHLQWHUSUHWHUVDQGWUDQVODWRUVDWWKHIURQWLHUVDWWKHORFDO
JRYHUQPHQWRIILFHVDQGDWKRVSLWDOVDQGVRFLDOVHUYLFHRIILFHV7KHVHVHUYLFHVDV
LVQRZHYLGHQWLQWKH8.DUHH[SHQVLYHDQGLPPLJUDQWVDVQHZFLWL]HQVKDYH
WKHGXW\WROHDUQDWOHDVWKRZWRVSHDNOLVWHQWRDQGUHDGWKHQDWLRQDOODQJXDJH
DWVD\WKUHHPRQWKLPPHUVLRQFRXUVHV'HVLUDEO\WKLVZRXOGEHZLWKRXWFRVWWR
WKHPVHOYHVDQGLWZRXOGDYRLGODWHUH[SHQVHWRWKHSXEOLF0DQ\HOGHUO\ELJRWHG
XQHGXFDWHGDQGRUGLVDEOHGSHRSOHZLOOREMHFWWRWKLVREOLJDWLRQDQGDFDVHFDQ
EHPDGHIRUVRPHH[HPSWLRQVRQKHDOWKJURXQGV%XWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHVHLP
PLJUDQWV VKRXOG WDNH WKHVH ODQJXDJH FRXUVHV VHHLQJ WKHP DV DQHFHVVDU\ WDVN
DJULQGQRWDQDUWRUDVNLOOLQLWLDOO\XVLQJWKHLURZQODQJXDJHDVDVWHSSLQJVWRQH
PDNLQJXVHRIWUDQVODWLRQviaWHDFKHUVDQGUHIHUHQFHERRNV7KH\ZRXOGEHJLQ
ZLWKZRUGVDQGZLWKOLWHUDOO\DVZHOODVLGLRPDWLFDOO\WUDQVODWHGSKUDVHV±SKUDVHV
DQGVHQWHQFHVLQWRXULVWSKUDVHERRNVVKRXOGDOZD\VEHWUDQVODWHGLGLRPDWLFDOO\
DQGOLWHUDOO\EXWWKH\QHYHUDUH±OHDUQLQJZRUGJURXSVFDWHJRUL]HGE\EDVLFVXE
MHFWVDQGE\IUHTXHQF\7KH\VKRXOGDVIDUDVSRVVLEOHDFTXLUHDµVHPDQWLFL]HG¶
JUDPPDUHJµDWUDQVLWLYHYHUE¶DVµDYHUEUHTXLULQJDQREMHFW¶WRDFKLHYHVKRUW
FXWVDQGVWDQGQRQRQVHQVHDERXWVXSSUHVVLQJWKHLURZQODQJXDJHVLQFHLWUH
PDLQVVRXVHIXODVWKHSRLQWRIUHVHPEODQFHWRRURIFRQWUDVWZLWKWKHQHZKRPH
ODQJXDJH
7KHODQJXDJHZRUOGRIWRGD\UHIOHFWVDSHQGXOXPZLWKODQJXDJHFRPSHWHQFH
DWWKHHQGRIRQHSROHDQGWUDQVODWLQJDWLWVRWKHUHQGWKHPRUHODQJXDJHSUDF
WLFHWKHOHVVWUDQVODWLQJDQGYLFHYHUVDWKHPRUHODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVWKHIHZHU
WUDQVODWRUVDQGYLFHYHUVD,QSULQFLSOHWKHILUVWDOWHUQDWLYHVRIWKHWZRSDLUVDUH
SROLWLFDOO\PRUHKHDOWK\DQGOHVVFRVWO\WRWKHVWDWH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHUHLVDODUJH
TXDQWLW\RILPSRUWDQWDQGVHULRXVFRQWHPSRUDU\QRQOLWHUDU\DQGOLWHUDU\ZULWLQJ
± ,FDQ KDUGO\ FDOO LW DUHVLGXXP DOWKRXJK LW LV DIUDFWLRQ RI µSRSXODU¶ QRQOLW
HUDU\ZULWLQJ ± WKDWDOZD\V QHHGV WUDQVODWLQJ$FHUWDLQDPRXQWRIQRQOLWHUDU\
VSHDNLQJDOVRQHHGVLQWHUSUHWLQJDWFRQIHUHQFHVDQGIRUPDOLQWHUYLHZVPHHWLQJV
IXUWKHUPRUHDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIWKHVHULRXVOLWHUDU\ZRUNRIWKHSDVWQHHGV
UHWUDQVODWLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\HYHU\WKLUW\\HDUVRUVRPHWLPHVHDUOLHULILWKDVQRW
EHHQZHOOGRQH,WLVWRWKLVVHULRXVZULWLQJWKDW,QRZWXUQ
 3(7(51(:0$5.

4. The Non-literary and the Literary

%\QRQOLWHUDU\ZULWLQJ,PHDQIDFWXDOZULWLQJQRQILFWLRQSachbücherVXEMHFWV
UHODWLQJWRWKHH[WHUQDOUHDOLW\WKHSURGXFWRIWKHµEUDLQ¶DVRSSRVHGWRWKHµPLQG¶
EHJLQQLQJZLWKOHJDOVFLHQWLILFDQGWHFKQRORJLFDOWH[WVDQGH[WHQGLQJWRDOOGH
VFULSWLRQVRIWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOGRFFXSDWLRQVOHLVXUHDFWLYLWLHVDQGVRFLDOHYHQWV
,QSULQFLSOHVXFKZULWLQJRQO\DGPLWVRIRQHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDOWKRXJKWKLVLVLQIDFW
QRWVRRZLQJWRWKHGLIIHUHQWFDVWRIWUDQVODWRUV¶PLQGVDQGWKHPDUNHGO\GLIIHUHQW
OH[LFDODQGJUDPPDWLFDOUHVRXUFHVRIDOOODQJXDJHV+RZHYHUVLQFHJRRGQRQOLW
HUDU\RUVSHFLDOL]HGRUWHFKQLFDORUJHQHUDOWUDQVODWLRQVVKRXOGEHDVDFFXUDWH
DVLVSRVVLEOHWKHWUDQVODWLRQLVOLNHO\WRFORVHO\UHVHPEOHWKHRULJLQDOXQOHVVWKH
ODWWHULVGHILFLHQWLQLWVYHUDFLW\DQGLWVVW\OH7KHWUDQVODWRURULQVRPHFDVHVWKH
UHYLVHULVWKHRQO\SHUVRQXOWLPDWHO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHWUXWKWKHFRQWHQWDQGWKH
VW\OHRIDQRQOLWHUDU\WUDQVODWLRQVKHFDQQRWLQP\RSLQLRQRIIORDGWKLVUHVSRQ
VLELOLW\RQWRWKHDXWKRURIWKHRULJLQDO
%\OLWHUDU\ZULWLQJ,PHDQLPDJLQDWLYHZULWLQJWKDWLVWKHFUHDWLQJRILPDJHV
LQWKHPLQGDQGWKHLUUHDOL]DWLRQRQSDSHUWKHFUHDWLRQRIµILFWLRQ¶7KLVZULWLQJ
QRUPDOO\LPSOLHVDFULWLFDOFRPPHQWRQOLIHRQLQGLYLGXDOVDQGVRFLHW\±µ$UWLV
DFULWLFLVPRIOLIH¶0DWWKHZ$UQROG±RUDGHOLEHUDWHWXUQLQJDZD\IURPWKHP
DOO'LUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\LWHYDOXDWHVJRRGDQGHYLOULJKWDQGZURQJ,WLVLQWKH
ILUVWSODFHVHULRXVSRHWU\VKRUWVWRULHVQRYHOVDQGSOD\VLHWUDJHGLHVGUDPDV
FRPHGLHVIDUFHVDOORIZKLFKDUHHVVHQWLDOO\DOOHJRULFDOILJXUDWLYHRUPHWDSKRU
LFDO 7KHVH JHQUHV DUH SRVLWLRQHG RQ DFOLQH VWUHWFKLQJ EHWZHHQ VHULRXV SRHWU\
±ZKLFKLVFUHDWHGWKURXJKWKHWUDQVODWRU¶VFORVHZRUNLQJRQWKHSRHPZLWKKLP
VHOIDVWKHUHDGHU±DQGDWWKHRWKHUHQGIDUFHZKLFKPD\DOVREHVHULRXVDVLQLe
bourgeois GentilhommeRU-RH2UWRQ¶VSOD\VEXWZKHUHWKHDFWLYHHQJDJHPHQWRI
WKHDXGLHQFHLVDQHVVHQWLDOIDFWRU
,PDJLQDWLYH OLWHUDWXUH LV WKH SURGXFW RI WKH µPLQG¶ ZKLFK WUDQVODWHV DV WKH
µVSLULW¶RUWKHµVHQVH¶LQ*HUPDQWKHµVSLULW¶LQ)UHQFKµNQRZOHGJH¶LQ5XVVLDQ
µWKLQNLQJ¶LQ&]HFKEXWKDVGLUHFWHTXLYDOHQWVLQ6SDQLVK,WDOLDQDQG3RUWXJXHVH
,QIDFWWKHµPLQG¶LVWKHVSLULWXDOHOHPHQWLQDSHUVRQ±)UHXGUHIHUVWRLWDVGDV
SeelischeWKHµVRXOIXOµHOHPHQW±VLQFHDVLQWKHLQVWDQFHRIWKHYRLFHRIDFKHU
LVKHGSHUVRQZKRKDVGLHGPDQ\\HDUVDJRLWLVQHLWKHUYHULILDEOHQRUDPHQDEOH
WRVFLHQFHDOWKRXJKRQHLVHQWLUHO\FRQVFLRXVRILWVH[LVWHQFH
$VOLWHUDU\ZULWLQJUHODWHVWKHPLQGWRWKHH[WHUQDOZRUOGLWLVEDVLFDOO\SRO\VH
PDQWLFZLWKHOHPHQWVRIDPELJXLW\µWKLVLVVRLVQ¶WLW"¶±)5/HDYLVEXWLWFDQ
RQO\EHLQWHUSUHWHGZLWKLQFHUWDLQOLPLWVLURQ\KRZHYHUZKLFKPD\DSSHDUDQ\
ZKHUHFDQVXEYHUWDQGPD\DPELJXDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQ\VHQWHQFH±XQH[SHFW
HGO\LIWKHWUDQVODWRULVQRWZDU\$GYHUWLVLQJDQGPRVWNLQGVRI79DQGUDGLR
ILFWLRQZKLFKFRQYHUWZULWWHQWH[WVWRVRXQGDUHJHQUHVRILPDJLQDWLYHZULWLQJ
7KHWUDQVODWRULVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUSURGXFLQJDYDOLGDQGZHOOZULWWHQLQWHUSUHWD
WLRQRIDOLWHUDU\WH[WLQWUDQVODWLQJQRYHOVDQGVKRUWVWRULHVWKHPDLQLPSDFWRI
WKHZRUNRQWKHUHDGHUZLOOXVXDOO\EHWKDWRIWKHDXWKRULQWUDQVODWLQJRUDGDSW
LQJSRHWU\RUGUDPDWKHWUDQVODWRU¶VFUHDWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQZLOOQRUPDOO\EHPXFK
 $1(:7+(25<2)75$16/$7,21 

JUHDWHUEXWWKHPRUHVHULRXVWKHZRUNWKHPRUHFORVHO\LWVXQLYHUVDOFRPSRQHQW
ZLOOEHWUDQVODWHGWKHILUVWOLQHRI+DPOHW¶VPRVWIDPRXVPRQRORJXHLVXVXDOO\
WUDQVODWHGDOPRVWOLWHUDOO\

7REHRUQRWWREHWKDWLVWKHTXHVWLRQ
Sein oder nicht sein, das ist hier die Frage

)DFWDQGLPDJLQDWLRQPD\EHPHUJHGLQOLWHUDU\WH[WVLQSDUWLFXODUDXWRELRJUDSK\
RUKLVWRULFDOQRYHOVZKHUHWKHWUDQVODWRUPD\GHFLGHWRHPSKDVL]HWKHIDFWXDOFRP
SRQHQWWRDJUHDWHUGHJUHHWKDQWKHRULJLQDOE\UHLQIRUFLQJWKHUHOHYDQWDOOXVLRQ
3RHWU\LVWKHPRVWFRQFLVHDQGPRVWH[SUHVVLYHIRUPRIOLWHUDU\ODQJXDJHVLQFH
LWEULQJVLQWKHYRFDOIDFWRUPRVWFRPSHOOLQJO\,WLVUHEDUEDWLYHWRWKHPDMRULW\
RISHRSOHRZLQJWRLWVµDUWLILFLDO¶WRQHRIYRLFH±LWVUK\WKPVUHTXLUHDSDUWLFXODU
YRFDOHIIRUW,WVSHFXOLDUFRQVWUDLQWVLPSRVHGE\LWVYDULRXVIRUPVVRPHRIZKLFK
DUHPRUHOLPLWLQJWKDQRWKHUVPDNHSRHWU\WKHPRVWGLIILFXOWDQGWKHPRVWUH
ZDUGLQJOLWHUDU\JHQUHWRWUDQVODWHLQSDUWLFXODUZKHUHDVLQWKHHamletTXRWDWLRQ
DERYHLWFRPHVFORVHVWWRSURVH
,QWHUPVRIWUDQVODWLRQDVRSSRVHGWRDGDSWDWLRQ,VXUPLVHWKDWWKHWUDQVODWRU
RISRHWU\LVWRFUHDWLYHRUXSWRLIOLNH5LONHKHLPSURYHVRQ
DGHIHFWLYH RULJLQDO 7KH WUDQVODWRU RI ILFWLRQ LV SHUKDSV  WR  FUHDWLYH
DQGWKHWUDQVODWRURIIDFWXDOWH[WVWR7KHYDULDWLRQVLQSHUFHQWDJHDUH
UHODWHGWRWKHGHJUHHRIGLIILFXOW\RIWKHWH[WV
,KDYHKD]DUGHGWKHVHILJXUHVILUVWWRUHFRUGP\EHOLHIWKDWDOOWUDQVODWLRQKDV
DQHOHPHQWRIFUHDWLYHQHVVVHFRQGO\WKDWLQWUDQVODWLQJVHULRXVLPDJLQDWLYHOLW
HUDWXUHWKHDXWKRULVDOZD\VPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQWKHWUDQVODWRUEHFDXVHWKHWUDQV
ODWRUVHUYHVWKHDXWKRU±H[FHSWVRPHWLPHVLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQRILQIHULRUSRHWU\
WKLUGO\WRVKRZFOHDUO\P\RZQSHUVSHFWLYHRQWUDQVODWLRQZKLFKPD\ZHOOEH
TXLWHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHUHDGHU¶V
7KHWUDQVODWRU¶VGHJUHHRIFUHDWLYLW\LVLQQRZD\FRUUHODWLYHZLWKWKHDPRXQW
RIWLPHVKHGHYRWHVWRKHUZRUN$WRXJKWHFKQLFDOWH[WUHTXLULQJORQJSHULRGVRI
UHVHDUFKDQGFRQVLGHUDEOHZULWLQJVNLOOVZLOOEHFRUUHVSRQGLQJO\ZHOOSDLGEXW
ZLOOQRWQRUPDOO\UHTXLUHH[WHQVLYHFUHDWLYHSRZHUV

5. Writing and Speaking

,WKLQNWKDWWKHUHFHLYHGYLHZDPRQJPRVWOLQJXLVWVLVVWLOOWKDWVSHDNLQJLVPRUH
LPSRUWDQWWKDQZULWLQJDQGLQIDFWWKDWZULWLQJVLQFHLWIROORZVVSHDNLQJLQWLPH
LVPHUHO\DSDOHLPLWDWLRQRIVSHHFKWKHJUHDWSKRQHWLFLDQ+HQU\6ZHHWZKRZDV
%HUQDUG6KDZ¶VPRGHOIRU3URIHVVRU+LJJLQVLQPygmalionWKHSOD\RIMy Fair
LadyDQGWKHQRWHGSKLORVRSKHU-DFTXHV'HUULGDH[FHSWLRQDOO\GLVVHQWHGIURP
WKLVYLHZDQGJDYHSUHFHGHQFHWRZULWLQJ
,EHOLHYHWKDWERWKZULWLQJDQGVSHDNLQJZKLFKWRDGHJUHHUXQSDUDOOHOWRERWK
OLWHUDU\DQGQRQOLWHUDU\ZULWLQJDQGWUDQVODWLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\PRUHRIWHQWKDQQRW
 3(7(51(:0$5.

KDYHGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVZULWLQJLVXVHGWRGRFXPHQWVSHDNLQJRUWKLQNLQJ,QUHOD
WLRQWRVSHHFKZULWLQJLVPRUHODVWLQJPRUHFRQFLVHPRUHIRUPDOPRUHVWXGLHG
VSHDNLQJLVPRUHVSRQWDQHRXVPRUHQDWXUDOPRUHGLIIXVHXQOHVVLWLVWKHUHIOHF
WLRQRIGLDORJXHLQDSOD\RULVEDVHGRQDZULWWHQYHUVLRQRIDQDGGUHVVRUDOHFWXUH
,QYDOXHQHLWKHUKDVSUHFHGHQFHVLQFHERWKDUHQRZHVVHQWLDOIRUDIXOOOLIHEXW
ZULWLQJLVOLNHO\WREHWKHPRUHSHUPDQHQWDQGWKHPRUHDHVWKHWLFPHGLXP

6. The Imagination and Translation

(VVHQWLDOO\WKHLPDJLQDWLRQLVWKHDFWRUSRZHURUIDFXOW\RIIRUPLQJSLFWXUHVRU
LPDJHVRUFRQFHSWVLQWKHPLQG7KHLPDJLQDWLRQGHULGHGE\WKHVWLOOIDVKLRQDEOH
WUDQVODWLRQVFKRODU,WPDU(YHQ=RKDULQKLVPolysystem StudiesDVDµYDJXHQR
WLRQ¶DQGDYRLGHGE\7KHR+HUPDQVLQKLVPDQ\YDLQDWWHPSWVWRKLWRQDGHIL
QLWLRQRIµOLWHUDU\WUDQVODWLRQ¶LQA Companion to Translation StudiesHGLWHGE\
3LRWU.XKLZF]DNDQG.DULQ/LWWDX0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUVLVDSRZHUIXOLQ
GLVSXWDEOHEXWP\VWHULRXVKXPDQIRUFHURRWHGLQPHPRU\DQGUHPLQLVFHQFHDQG
H[SUHVVHGLQGLUHFWO\LQWKHUHIOHFWLRQVRIWKHILYHVHQVHVRIWKHPLQG
µ6RQRUL]DWLRQ¶ZKLFKLVWKHVXUIDFHRIWKRXJKWDQGWKLQNLQJ±RQHFDQQRW
WKLQNZLWKRXWVSHDNLQJLQWKHPLQGWRRQHVHOI±LVWKHPRVWSRZHUIXORIWKHVHUH
IOHFWLRQV,WLVWKHKHDULQJLQWKHPLQGRIWKHYRLFHVRIWKHGHDGRQHKDVNQRZQDQG
KDVXVXDOO\ORYHGDQGWKHOLYLQJRQHNQRZVRIWKHFULHVRIWKHELUGVDQGWKHRWKHU
DQLPDOV RI WKH ZRQGHUIXO VRXQGV DQG WRQHV RI VHULRXV DQG RWKHU PXVLF DOO RI
ZKLFKUHIOHFWWRDJUHDWHURUOHVVHUGHJUHHWKHHPRWLRQVFRPPRQWRWKHXQLYHU
VDOKXPDQYRLFH±KHUH,DPH[SDQGLQJWKHWKRXJKWRI1LNROD\&KHUQ\VKHYVN\¶V
The Aesthetic Relations of Art to RealityDQGRSSRVLQJWKHHPLQHQWYLHZ
WKDWPXVLFLVIXQGDPHQWDOO\DQabstractDUWIRUP6RQRUL]DWLRQPD\DOVRUHIOHFW
WKHVRXQGVRIQDWXUHWKHZLQGVLQWKHWUHHVWKHEUHDNLQJRIJODVVWKHWKXGRI
DSDUFHOWKHQRLVHRIDQ\DUWHIDFW$VDSKHQRPHQRQµVRQRUL]DWLRQ¶LVLQFRQWUR
YHUWLEOHEXWDVDVLQJOHZRUGLWGRHVQRWDSSHDUWRH[LVWLQDQ\ODQJXDJH,WLVDQ
HVVHQWLDODFFRPSDQLPHQWWRWKHWUDQVODWLRQRIDOOLPDJLQDWLYHWH[WVRIWKHLUGLD
ORJXHLQSDUWLFXODUPHOGLQJDVLWGRHVWKHZULWWHQZRUGZLWKWKHLQWHULRUKXPDQ
YRLFHDV/HY9\JRWVN\Thought and LanguagePDJLVWHULDOO\GHVFULEHGLWEXW
LWLVEDUHO\SUHVHQWLQWKHUHDGLQJRUWKHVNLPPLQJOHWDORQHWKHWUDQVODWLQJRI
QRQOLWHUDU\WH[WV
9LVXDOL]DWLRQWKHFUHDWLRQRIYLVXDOLPDJHVLQWKHPLQGLVDQLPSRUWDQWSURF
HVVLQWUDQVODWLQJYLUWXDOO\DOONLQGVRIWH[WV±µLI\RXFDQ¶WYLVXDOL]HWKHQDUUDWLYH
RIWKLVSDUDJUDSKLWFDQQRWKDYHDQ\PHDQLQJ\RXPXVWKDYHPDGHDPLVWDNH¶
7KHSURFHVVLVIRFXVVHGRQWKHFODULW\DQGWKHVLPSOLFLW\RIWKHSOD\HUV¶RXWOLQHV
LQWKHWH[W¶VQDUUDWLYH6WUDQJHO\HQRXJK(QJOLVKDSSHDUVWREHWKHRQO\ODQJXDJH
ZKLFKKDVDVLQJOHZRUGIRUWKLVSURFHVVDOWKRXJKLWKDVMXVWDSSHDUHGDVvisual-
iser,DVVXPHFDOTXHGIURP(QJOLVKLQWKHCollins-Robert Dictionary,WLV
WKHPRVWLPPHGLDWHO\DWWUDFWLYHDQGSHUKDSVWKHOHDVWFHUHEUDORIWKHILYHVHQVHV
KHQFHWKHSRSXODULW\RIFLQHPDDQG79ZKHUHWKHYLVXDOLPDJHLVGRPLQDQW
 $1(:7+(25<2)75$16/$7,21 

 ,WHQWDWLYHO\ FDOO WKH RWKHU WKUHH PHQWDO VHQVHLPSUHVVLRQV LQ RUGHU RI
VWUHQJWKµRGRUL]DWLRQ¶µJXVWDWLRQ¶DQGµWDFWLOL]DWLRQ¶1RUPDOO\WKH\ZRXOGRQO\
RFFXUW\SLFDOO\LQFHUWDLQJHQUHVRIWH[WRGRUL]DWLRQLQWH[WVDERXWIORZHUVDQG
QDWXUHLQJHQHUDODQGPRVWUHSHOOHQWO\LQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIGHDGERGLHVµWKHXQ
PHQWLRQDEOHRGRXURIGHDWK¶1st September 1939:+$XGHQµJXVWDWLRQ¶LQWKH
QRZVRWUHQG\FXLVLQHWH[WVµWDFWLOL]DWLRQ¶LQEULHIUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHIHHORIWRXFK
LQJKXPDQDQLPDORUPDWHULDOVXUIDFHVDQGQRWDEO\LQHURWLFWH[WVZKHUHPDV
WXUEDWLRQUHSURGXFHVWKHVHQVHLPSUHVVLRQµ6H[XDOL]DWLRQ¶ZKLFKLVIRFXVVHG
SULPDULO\RQWKHVNLQWLJKWPDOHRUIHPDOHQDWHVFRXOGEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHVL[WK
PRVWSRZHUIXOVHQVHDFXWHEXWXVXDOO\EULHI$JDLQ,KDYHIRXQGWKDWRWKHUODQ
JXDJHVKDYHQRVLQJOHZRUGHTXLYDOHQWVIRUWKHVHPHQWDOIHHOLQJVDQGDGPLWWHGO\
WKHVHWKUHHRUIRXUPHQWDOVWDWHVRQO\KDYHDQDQFLOODU\UROHLQWUDQVODWLRQ
7KHLPDJLQDWLRQUHSUHVHQWVWKHLQGLYLGXDOIDFWRULQWUDQVODWLRQWKHVRFLR
ORJLFDOIDFWRULVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHFRQWH[WZKHUHFROORFDWLRQVFROOLJDWLRQVDQG
LGLRPVELQGWKHWH[WWRVRFLDOJURXSVDQGEDFNJURXQGVµSURYLQJ¶DVWKRXJKSURRI
ZHUH HYHU QHHGHG WKDW WUDQVODWLRQ LV QRW SURGXFHG LQ DYDFXXP 7KLV FRQWUDVW
PD\JLYHULVHWRDFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQIUHVKDQGVWDOHZULWLQJ7KHLPDJLQDWLYHPD\
GHJHQHUDWH LQWR TXLUN\ RU SUHWHQWLRXV LGLRV\QFUDFLHV WKH VRFLDO JRYHUQHG E\
DFRPSXWHU¶V7UDQVODWLRQ0HPRU\LQWRDVWULQJRIµVDIH¶FOLFKpVDQGSODWLWXGHV,W
LVUHJUHWWDEOHWKDWPRVWWUDQVODWLRQVFKRODUVDUHVRFLRORJLFDOO\UDWKHUWKDQDHVWKHWL
FDOO\LQFOLQHGDQGGRQRWZULWHZHOO
/DVWO\µVHQVXDOL]DWLRQ¶FRXOGEHLQWURGXFHGDVDJHQHULFWHUPRUK\SHURQ\P
IRUKDYLQJWKHVHQVHVLQWKHPLQG

7. The Context of Translation Theory

)URP WKH WLPH RI &LFHUR XS WR WKDW RI 'DQLFD 6HOHVNRYLWFK ZKR ZDV 'H
*DXOOH¶VFKDULVPDWLFDQGHUXGLWHLQWHUSUHWHUDW(6,7WKHEcole Superiéure de
O¶,QWHUSUpWDWLRQHWGHOD7UDGXFWLRQDWWKH6RUERQQHLQ3DULVWUDQVODWRUVWUDQVOD
WLRQVWXGHQWVDQGOD\SHUVRQVKDYHEHHQDUJXLQJDERXWZKHWKHUWKH\SUHIHUVHQVH
IRUVHQVHRUZRUGIRUZRUGWUDQVODWLRQ-HDQ5HQH/DGPLUDOSXWLWVXFFLQFWO\cib-
listeRUsourcierZKLFK,WUDQVODWHDVµWDUJHWHHU¶RUµVRXUFHUHU¶",QFOLQHGWRWKH
VRXUFHRUWRWKHWDUJHWWH[W"7KLVGXDOLVWLFDSSURDFKWRWUDQVODWLRQZDVFRQWLQXHG
E\6W-HURPHWKHSDWURQVDLQWRIWUDQVODWRUV0DUWLQ/XWKHU:LOOLDP7\QGDOHDQG
(PLOH'ROHW±WKHODWWHUWZRPDUW\UHGEHFDXVHWKH\ZDQWHGWRRSHQXSWKHWUXWK
RIWKHVFULSWXUHVWRDQHZXQOHWWHUHGUHDGHUVKLS,WLVSDUDOOHOHGE\WKHµUHILQHG¶
DQGµXQKHZQ¶GXDOLVPLQ&KLQHVHWUDQVODWLRQWKHRU\6HHAn Anthology of the
Translation of Chinese DiscourseHG0DUWKD&KHXQJ6W-HURPH3UHVV
$IWHU DSHULRG RI µVHUYLOH¶ WUDQVODWLRQ GXULQJ WKH 5HQDLVVDQFH SHULRG )ULHGULFK
6FKOHLHUPDFKHUZDVWKHILUVWWRKLYHRIIEXVLQHVVWUDQVODWLRQPRUHFRP
PRQO\RUDOWKDQZULWWHQIURPVHULRXVWUDQVODWLRQWH[WV)RUWKHQH[W\HDUV
VRPHRXWVWDQGLQJPHQRIOHWWHUVDPRQJWKHP6KHOOH\LQKLVPHPRUDEOHHVVD\
The Defence of Poetry:+XPEROGW3DXO9DOpU\2UWHJDê*DVVHW5REHUW)URVW
 3(7(51(:0$5.

µWKHSRHWU\LVORVWLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQ¶DQG5REHUW*UDYHVGHFODUHGWKHWUDQVODWLRQ
RISRHWU\WREHLPSRVVLEOHDOWKRXJKVRPHRIWKHVHWKHPVHOYHVWUDQVODWHGSRHPV
IURPVHYHUDOODQJXDJHV
$IWHU WKH VHFRQG ZRUOG ZDU WKH 1XUHPEHUJ WULDOV PDUNHG DWXUQLQJ SRLQW
WUDQVODWRUVDQGLQWHUSUHWHUVFDPHLQWRWKHOLPHOLJKWRILQWHUQDWLRQDODWWHQWLRQIRU
WKHILUVWWLPH1RQOLWHUDU\WH[WVEHJDQWRJUHDWO\H[FHHGOLWHUDU\WUDQVODWLRQVLQ
TXDQWLW\OLWHUDU\DQGJHQHUDOWUDQVODWRUVLQPRVWFRXQWULHVIRUPHGVHSDUDWHDVVR
FLDWLRQV(XJHQH1LGDHVWDEOLVKHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHUHDGHUVKLSDVDGLVWLQFW
JURXS UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH WKLUG SOD\HU LQ WKH WUDQVODWLRQ WULDQJOH 3UHYLRXVO\ WKH
WUDQVODWRU KDG QRUPDOO\ LGHQWLILHG KLPVHOI ZLWK WKH UHDGHU DQ DVVXPSWLRQ QRZ
PDLQO\YDOLGIRUWKHWUDQVODWLRQRISRHWU\ZKHUHWKHWUDQVODWRURIDSHUVRQDOSRHP
DWWHPSWVWRSULPDULO\UHFRUGKLVRZQUHVSRQVHWRWKHSRHPLQKLVWUDQVODWLRQDQG
DOPRVW"IRUJHWVWKHGHDUROGUHDGHU
+RZHYHUWKHGXDOLVWLFDSSURDFKWRWUDQVODWLRQFRQWLQXHGWRSUHYDLOLQ1LGD¶V
G\QDPLF ODWHU IXQFWLRQDO HTXLYDOHQFH LQ ZKLFK µWKH PHVVDJH RI WKH RULJLQDO
WH[WZDVVRWUDQVSRUWHGLQWRWKHUHFHSWRUODQJXDJHWKDWWKHUHVSRQVHRIWKHUHFHS
WRUZDVHVVHQWLDOO\OLNHWKDWRIWKHRULJLQDOUHFHSWRUV¶1LGDSUHIHUUHGIXQFWLRQDO
HTXLYDOHQFH WR IRUPDO FRUUHVSRQGHQFH ZKHUH WKH JUDPPDWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV DQG
VW\OLVWLFSDWWHUQVRIWKHRULJLQDODUHUHWDLQHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQEXWSRLQWHGRXW
WKDWWKHVHZHUHIOH[LEOHDQGVRPHWLPHVRYHUODSSLQJWHUPVLQWKLVRUWKDWWH[W
7KHGXDOLVWLFDSSURDFKZDVDOVRWDNHQXSE\-XOLDQH+RXVHLQKHUµRYHUW¶DQG
µFRYHUW¶WUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGVLQWKHODWWHUVKHLQWURGXFHGDµFXOWXUDOILOWHU¶IRUWKH
SXUSRVHRIµORFDOL]LQJ¶DWH[W0\RZQDSSURDFKZDVDOVRGXDOLVWLFLQDSSO\LQJ
µVHPDQWLF¶VRXUFHUHU¶VWUDQVODWLRQWRDXWKRULWDWLYHDQGOLWHUDU\WH[WVDQGµFRP
PXQLFDWLYH¶WDUJHWHHU¶VWUDQVODWLRQWRJHQHUDOQRQOLWHUDU\DQGWHFKQLFDOWH[WV
+RZHYHUJLYHQVRPXFKGLVDJUHHPHQWDERXWWUDQVODWLRQWKHRU\SDUWLFXODUO\LQ
WKHQHZFOLPDWH,KDYHGHVFULEHG,WKLQNLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRUHFRQVLGHULWVSXUSRVHV
WRHQXPHUDWHWKHIDFWRUVWKDWDUHPLVVLQJLQWUDQVODWLRQWKHRU\DVLWQRZH[LVWVDQG
WKHQWRSURSRVHDQHZWKHRU\RUSHUKDSVDµWKHRUHWLF¶ZKLFKLVDFRQFDWHQDWLRQRU
DQHWZRUNRIWKHRULHVRIWUDQVODWLQJDQGWUDQVODWLRQ

8. The Missing Factors in Translation Theory

7KHUHKDVDOZD\VEHHQDFRQWURYHUV\DERXWZKHWKHU7UDQVODWLRQ7KHRU\VKRXOG
EHGHVFULSWLYHRUSUHVFULSWLYHWKDWLVYDOXHIUHHRUYDOXHERXQG,WDNHWKHVDPH
YLHZWKDW&36FRWWWKHHGLWRURIWKHManchester GuardianWRRNRIMRXUQDOLVP
ZKHQ KH GLVWLQJXLVKHG FRPPHQW ZKLFK LV IUHH IURP IDFWV ZKLFK DUH VDFUHG
VWDWLQJ WKDW ERWK DUH DQ HVVHQWLDO SDUW RI DQHZVSDSHU ,Q P\ YLHZ WKHUH LV QR
SRLQWLQFDUU\LQJRXWDWUDQVODWLRQDQDO\VLVZKLFKLVGHVFULSWLYHXQOHVVRQHDOVR
PDNHVDYDOXHMXGJHPHQWZKLFKKDVSHGDJRJLFLIQRWSUHVFULSWLYHLPSOLFDWLRQV
)XUWKHUPRUH,KDYH EHHQ VWDWLQJIRU \HDUV DOWKRXJKWKLVKDVHVFDSHGFRPPHQW
µLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH¶WKDWWUDQVODWLRQFRQWUDU\WRWKHUHFHLYHGRSLQLRQLVHVVHQWLDOO\
DQREOHWUXWKVHHNLQJSURIHVVLRQRURFFXSDWLRQZKHQLWLVVXFFHVVIXOLWLVQHLWKHU
 $1(:7+(25<2)75$16/$7,21 

WUHDFKHURXVQRUGHFHLWIXOQRUSDUDVLWLFQRUµRIVHFRQGDU\YDOXH¶DVPDQ\DFDGHP
LFVKDYHLWQRUHYHQµQRWLQQRFHQW¶+HUPDQVQRULVLWDPHUHHFKR*HRUJH%RU
URZQRUWKHUHYHUVHVLGHRIDWDSHVWU\&HUYDQWHVQRULVLWWKHLPDJHRIDSODLQ
IDLWKIXORUDEHDXWLIXOXQIDLWKIXOZRPDQ:KHQWUDQVODWLRQGLVWRUWVWKHLGHDVRI
WKH RULJLQDO LW LV DPLVWUDQVODWLRQ DQG LW VKRXOG EH DQDO\VHG FULWLFDOO\ OLNH DOO
WUDQVODWLRQVQRWµGHVFULSWLYHO\¶DVWKRXJKLWZHUHYDOXHIUHH
7UDQVODWLRQVWXGLHVQRZDUHPXFKFRQFHUQHGZLWKLWVLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DVSHFWV
ZKLFKDUHXQGHQLDEOHEXWVRPHLQWULQVLFIDFWRUVDUHVWLOOPLVVLQJLQWKHGHVFULS
WLRQVRIWKHHVVHQWLDOWKHRU\
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHWH[W¶VODQJXDJH7RZKDWH[WHQWGRHVWKHGHJUHHRI
GHWDLOLQWKHVW\OHDVRSSRVHGWRWKHPHVVDJHKDYHWREHUHSURGXFHG"6KRXOG
µPLQXVFXOH¶EHGLIIHUHQWLDWHGIURPµWLQ\¶"
7KHVHULRXVQHVVRIWKHWH[W¶VODQJXDJH7RZKDWH[WHQWGRHVWKHGHJUHHRI
XUJHQF\DQGHPRWLRQDOVLQFHULW\LQWKHODQJXDJHKDYHWREHUHSURGXFHG"'LVWLQ
JXLVKµLQVLVWHQW¶IURPµHPSKDWLF¶"
7KHIDPLOLDULVDWLRQGHIDPLOLDULVDWLRQHIIHFW1RUPDOO\WKHODQJXDJHRIWKH
WDUJHWODQJXDJHVKRXOGDWLWVYDULRXVVWDJHVEHURXJKO\DVIUHTXHQWO\XVHGDVWKDW
LQWKHVRXUFHWH[W,IWKHODQJXDJHDWDSDUWLFXODUSODFHLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQLVOHVV
FRPPRQ WKDQ WKH RULJLQDO LW PD\ DSSHDU DV XQGXO\ HPSKDVL]HG RU DV WUDQVOD
WLRQHVHDQGLWKDVWKHUHIRUHEHHQPLVWUDQVODWHGLILWLVPRUHFRPPRQLWVKRXOG
EHVLPSOLILHGOLNHVRPDQ\FRPPRQFROORFDWLRQVWKDWKDYHEHFRPHFOLFKpVµ$W
WKHHQGRIWKHGD\¶EHFRPHVµILQDOO\¶
$ZRUG¶VGHJUHHRILPSRUWDQFH7H[WVQRUPDOO\KDYHNH\ZRUGVRIWHQEXWQRW
DOZD\VUHSHDWHGUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHVXEMHFWWKHPDLQSRLQWVDQGWKHFRQFOXVLRQRI
WKHQDUUDWLYH.H\ZRUGVVXFKDVµIXQGDPHQWDOLVP¶RIWHQKDYHDORQJKLVWRU\YDUL
RXVHW\PRORJLHVDQGVXUSULVLQJWUDQVODWLRQVLQWpJULVPH)UHQFKDPRGXODWLRQ
WKDWDULVHVIURPDGLIIHUHQWSRLQWRIYLHZWKH\RIWHQDSSHDUFRQWH[WIUHH7KH\
KDYHWREHGLVWLQJXLVKHGDQGIXOO\WUDQVODWHGZKLOVWRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHWH[WPD\
EHPRUHVXPPDULO\WUHDWHG6HH5D\PRQG:LOOLDPV¶KeywordsZKLFKKDVEHHQ
UHFHQWO\UHYLVHG1RUPDOO\DNH\ZRUGPXVWEHLGHQWLILHGE\WKHWUDQVODWRUDQGEH
FRQVLVWHQWO\WUDQVODWHGE\WKHVDPHWDUJHWODQJXDJHZRUG$SDVVDJHRUDWH[W
PD\EHH[SOLFDWHGLILWLVLPSRUWDQWRUJLVWHGLILWLVOHVVVR

9. The Truths of a Text

(VVHQWLDOO\WKHWUDQVODWRULVFRQFHUQHGZLWKWZRNLQGVRIWUXWKV
7KHIDFWXDOWUXWKRIWKHH[WHUQDOZRUOGWKDWLVWKHIDFWXDOHTXLYDOHQFHRI
WKH WUDQVODWLRQ ZLWK WKH RULJLQDO LW LV DOZD\V DSSUR[LPDWHO\ IHDVLEOH WR UHQGHU
WKLVWUXWKZKHQWKHUHDUHQRFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHFRQFHSWVDQGWKH
REMHFWVRIWKHVRXUFHDQGWDUJHWODQJXDJHV2WKHUZLVHWKHWUDQVODWRUXVHVYDULRXV
H[SOLFDWLRQSURFHGXUHV,WDNHLWDVD[LRPDWLFWKDWWKHUHLVPRUHWKDWXQLWHVWKH
GLIIHUHQWHWKQLFJURXSVWKDQGLYLGHVWKHPWKDWSHRSOHODXJKDQGFU\LQWKHVDPH
ZD\DQGIRUVLPLODUUHDVRQVWKDWPDWXUHSHRSOHKDYHVLPLODUYDOXHVRIULJKWDQG
 3(7(51(:0$5.

ZURQJDQGRIJRRGDQGEDGDQGWKDWZHOLYHLQGLIIHUHQWYLOODJHVEXWLQWKHVDPH
FRQWUDFWLQJZRUOGWKDWXQLYHUVDOVH[LVWSDUWLFXODUO\RQWKHPRUDOSODQHEXWWKH\
DUHRIWHQREVFXUHGDQGWKHWUDQVODWRUKDVWRXQFRYHUWKHP
7UXWKDVWKH,GHDOdie WahrheitVHHEHORZZKLFKLVQRWWKHVDPHLQIDFWXDO
DQGLPDJLQDWLYHWH[WVEXWZKHUHWKHUHDUHFRPPRQIDFWRUV/LNHPDQ\FRQFHSWV
WUXWKDVDQLGHDOLVPRVWUHDGLO\JUDVSHGLIRQHLQGLFDWHVLWVRSSRVLWHZKLFKLQ
WUDQVODWLRQLVWKHXQJORVVHGXVHRIPRUDOO\SUHMXGLFHGODQJXDJHZKLFKPD\EH
VH[LVWUDFLVWRUPRUHDFFXUDWHO\HWKQLFRUUHOLJLRXVRUZKLFKPD\UHODWHWR
VDQLW\DJHERWKROGDJHRU\RXWKRUSK\VLFDODSSHDUDQFH$JHLVPLVQRZSDU
WLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWVLQFHWKHULVHLQWKHGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVRIDODUJHRIWHQXQ
SUHSRVVLQJJHQHUDWLRQWR\HDUVROGODUJHO\RQPHGLFDWLRQSUHVHUYHGIURP
GHDWKE\DPHUHSLOO±VRGRQ¶WEHWRRKDUVKRQWKHZLFNHGFDSLWDOLVWSKDUPDFHX
WLFDOV±UHOHDVHGLQWRWKHRSHQIURPFDUHUVVKHOWHUHGDFFRPPRGDWLRQUHVLGHQWLDO
KRPHVRUVDQLWL]HGPDGKRXVHV7KHLVWKHQHZIRXUWKJHQHUDWLRQ
Die WahrheitLVPRVWEULOOLDQWO\H[SODLQHGE\0R]DUWDQG6FKLNDQHGHULQ
The Magic FluteZKHUHDIWHUDQLFHOLWWOHUHIOHFWLRQRQFRORXUSUHMXGLFHLQUHOD
WLRQWR0RQRVWDWRV3DSDJHQRDVNV3DPLQDZKDWKHLVJRLQJWRWHOO6DUDVWURWKH
+LJK3ULHVWRU*RGILJXUHWRH[SODLQKLVSUHVHQFHLQWKHSDODFH

µ7KH7UXWK7KH7UXWKHYHQLILWZHUHDFULPH¶
'LH:DKUKHLWGLH:DKUKHLWZDU¶HVHLQ9HUEUHFKHQ

3DPLQDUHSOLHVLQVXEOLPHPXVLFDOWRQHVWKDWJRIDUEH\RQGWKHSDUWLFXODUVLWXD
WLRQDQGSURVH

7KLVLGHDOWUXWKKDVILYHPDLQFRPSRQHQWV
7KHIDFWXDOWUXWKZKLFKDSSOLHVDOZD\VWRIDFWXDOEXWDOVRWRUHDOLVWLFLPDJL
QDWLYHWH[WV7KHWUDQVODWRUZKRPXVWEHDWOHDVWDWHPSRUDU\H[SHUWLQWKHVXEMHFW
DQGWKHEDFNJURXQGRIWKHWH[WLVILQDOO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHIDFWV
LQKHUWUDQVODWLRQDQGPXVWDOVRFKHFNWKHPLQWKHRULJLQDO
7KHORJLFDOWUXWKZKLFKDSSOLHVWRHYHU\W\SHRIWH[WH[FHSWIDQWDV\7KH
ORJLFDOWUXWKSDUWLFXODUO\DSSOLHVWRFRQQHFWLYHVRIFDXVDOLW\WLPHDQGHQXPHUD
WLRQVRPHRIZKLFKPD\EHDPELJXRXVHJµWKHQ¶µQH[W¶µVHFRQGO\¶µILQDOO\¶
µDWWKHHQGRIWKHGD\¶DQGPXVWWKHUHIRUHEHFODULILHG
7KHPRUDOWUXWKZKLFKLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHLPSOLFDWHGLQSHUVXDVLYHSURSD
JDQGD DQG LPDJLQDWLYH WH[WV WKDQ LQ RWKHUV WKH WUDQVODWRU¶V EXVLQHVV LV QRW WR
LPSRVH RU LQVHUW DQ\ PRUDO WUXWKV RQ KHU UHDGHUV EXW WR H[SRVH DQ\ YDULHW\RI
SUHMXGLFHGODQJXDJHLQWKHRULJLQDODVH[SODLQHGDERYHRQWKHEDVLVQHYHURIKHU
RZQYLHZVEXWRIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQULJKWVGHFODUDWLRQV
 7KH DHVWKHWLF WUXWK ZKLFK LV RI WZR NLQGV ILUVWO\ LQ LWV EHDULQJ RQ IDF
WXDOWH[WVZKHUHLWLVIRFXVVHGRQFODULW\EUHYLW\VLPSOLFLW\DQGIUHVKODQJXDJH
VHFRQGO\LQLWVEHDULQJRQLPDJLQDWLYHWH[WVZKHUHLWVSXUSRVHLVWRUHQGHUWKH
DXWKRU¶V PDQQHU DQG PDWWHU DV DFFXUDWHO\ DV SRVVLEOH ZLWKLQ WKH OLPLWV RI WKH
 $1(:7+(25<2)75$16/$7,21 

WUDQVODWRU¶VFUHGLELOLW\WKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH¶VUHVRXUFHVDQGWKHIDPLOLDULVDWLRQHI
IHFWSURGXFHGE\WZRRUWKUHHUHDGLQJV
7KHWUXWKRISXUHODQJXDJHZKLFKSRVLWVWKDWWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIDQ\WKRXJKW
H[LVWLQJLQWKHVRXUFHODQJXDJHHYHQLILWKDVQRW\HWDSSHDUHGLQWKHWDUJHWODQ
JXDJHFDQEHOLWHUDOO\WUDQVODWHGLQWRLWSURYLGHGLWLVJORVVHGµ,ZLVK\RXDOXFN\
KDQGDVWKH*HUPDQVVD\¶
µ,QSULQFLSOH¶ZKLFKXVXDOO\PHDQVµQRW\HW¶WKHWUDQVODWRULVKLPVHOIILQDOO\
UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH YDOLGLW\ WKDW LV WKH WUXWK WKH FRQWHQW DQG WKH IRUP RI WKH
WUDQVODWLRQ0DQ\WUDQVODWLRQVUHTXLUHDORWRIFROODERUDWLRQEXWHYHQWXDOO\WKH\
VKRXOGEHWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIRQHSHUVRQ

10. A New Theoretic of Translation

0\FRUUHODWLYHWKHRU\RIWUDQVODWLRQZKLFKLV7KHPRUHVHULRXVDQGLPSRU
WDQWWKHODQJXDJHRIWKHWH[WWKHPRUHFORVHO\LWVKRXOGEHWUDQVODWHG7KHOHVV
VHULRXVDQGLPSRUWDQWWKHODQJXDJHRIDWH[WWKHOHVVFORVHO\LWQHHGVEHWUDQV
ODWHG7KHEHWWHUZULWWHQDWH[WWKHFORVHUVKRXOGEHWKHWUDQVODWLRQVKRXOGEH
SXWZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGVHFWLRQV9,DQG9,,µ&ORVHO\¶
VKRXOGEHUHJDUGHGDVRQDFOLQHIURPOLWHUDOWUDQVODWLRQUHWDLQLQJWKHVDPHHP
SKDVHVDQG)XQFWLRQDO6HQWHQFH3HUVSHFWLYHFRQWLQXLQJWKURXJKLGLRPDWLFDQG
V\QRQ\PRXV DQG H[WHQGLQJ WR SDUDSKUDVWLF WUDQVODWLRQ EXW NHHSLQJ ZLWKLQ WKH
ERXQGVRIJRRGVHQVH

)XUWKHU
7KHWUDQVODWRULVµLQYLVLEOH¶ZLWKLQWKHWH[WEXWPXVWEHYLVLEOHH[WUDWH[WX
DOO\VKHRUKHHVWDEOLVKHVKHULGHQWLW\E\KHUDWWULEXWLRQRQWKHWLWOHSDJHRIWKH
WH[WDQGLQWKHFDVHRIDERRNRQLWVFRYHU7KHERRNVKRXOGFRQWDLQDWUDQVOD
WRU¶V LQWURGXFWLRQ H[SODLQLQJ KHU WDNH RQ WKH WUDQVODWLRQ DQG ZKHUH DSSURSUL
DWHHVVHQWLDOQRWHVDWERWWRPRISDJHHQGRIFKDSWHURURIWH[W7KHH[WUDWH[WXDO
FRPSRQHQWV DUH DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI WKH WUDQVODWLRQ 2FFDVLRQDOO\ WKH WUDQVODWRU
PD\PDNHDGLVFODLPHUEHWZHHQVTXDUHEUDFNHWVDQGDQHQIRUFLQJ>sic@µWKLVLV
KDUGWREHOLHYH¶ZLWKLQWKHWH[W7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHVHH[WUDWH[WXDOFRPSRQHQWV
LVQRWWRLPSRVHWKHWUDQVODWRU¶VYLHZVEXWDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH
UHDGHUVKLSLVQHYHUPLVLQIRUPHGRUGHFHLYHG7KLVVXUHO\LVDQ\WUDQVODWRU¶VPDLQ
PRUDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\
6OLSVPLVVSHOOLQJVREYLRXVPLVWDNHVLQFRUUHFWSHUVRQDODQGSODFHQDPHV
VKRXOGEHFRUUHFWHGXQREWUXVLYHO\ZLWKLQWKHWH[WDQGVKRXOGEHQRWLILHGWRWKH
FRPPLVVLRQHURIWKHWUDQVODWLRQ
 7UDQVODWLQJ LV DFRQWLQXRXV GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DQG UHYLVLQJ SURFHVV DV -LĜt
/HYêDILQH-HZLVK&]HFKOLWHUDU\WKHRULVWDQGWUDQVODWRUSXWLWDQGLWKDVWREH
SHUIRUPHGDWPDQ\OHYHOV
 3(7(51(:0$5.

11. Conclusion

,QWKLVHVVD\,KDYHDWWHPSWHGWRSURYLGHDXVHIXOPRGHORIKRZWUDQVODWLRQFDQ
EHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDWWKHSUHVHQWWLPHDQGKRZVWDQGDUGVRIWUDQVODWLRQFRXOGEH
LPSURYHG,KDYHWULHGWRVKRZWKDWDVHULRXVVRXUFHWH[WLVQRWDOZD\VVDFUHGDQG
WKDWZKHQDWH[WLVZULWWHQIRUDUHDGHUVKLSWKHUHDGHUVKLSPXVWQRWEHPLVOHGE\
LW,KRSHWKDWP\PRGHOZLOOVHUYHVRPHSXUSRVHHYHQLILWPHUHO\DVVLVWVWUDQV
ODWRUVRUUHDGHUVZKRGLVDJUHHZLWKLWWRLPSURYHRUDGMXVWWKHLURZQPRGHOVRI
WUDQVODWLRQ

Note

,GHOLYHUHGDQHPEU\RQLFYHUVLRQRIWKLVSDSHURQWK$SULOLQWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVKDQG
$PHULFDQ6WXGLHVRIWKH0DVDU\N8QLYHUVLW\RI%UQRRQWKHRFFDVLRQRIP\EHLQJDZDUGHGWKH
8QLYHUVLW\¶VKRQRUDU\GRFWRUDWH,JUDWHIXOO\GHGLFDWHWKHSDSHUWR-DQ)LUEDV¶V'HSDUWPHQW

3URI3HWHU1HZPDUN%$3K'
&HQWUHIRU7UDQVODWLRQ6WXGLHV
)DFXOW\RI$UWV +XPDQ6FLHQFHV
8QLYHUVLW\RI6XUUH\
*XLOGIRUG6XUUH\
*8;+*UHDW%ULWDLQ