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Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, McGraw-Hill, 4th ed., 2011

Problem Solutions for Chapter 2

E  100cos 210 t  30 e x  20cos 210 t  50 e y

8 8

2.1
 40cos 2108 t  210 e z

2.2 The general form is:

y = (amplitude) cos(t - kz) = A cos [2(t - z/)]. Therefore

(a) amplitude = 8 m

(b) wavelength: 1/ = 0.8 m-1 so that  = 1.25 m

(c)  = 2(2) = 4

(d) At time t = 0 and position z = 4 m we have

y = 8 cos [2(-0.8 m-1)(4 m)]

= 8 cos [2(-3.2)] = 2.472

2.3 x1 = a1 cos (t - 1) and x2 = a2 cos (t - 2)

Adding x1 and x2 yields

x1 + x2 = a1 [cos t cos 1 + sin t sin 1]

+ a2 [cos t cos 2 + sin t sin 2]

= [a1 cos 1 + a2 cos 2] cos t + [a1 sin 1 + a2 sin 2] sin t

Since the a's and the 's are constants, we can set
a1 cos 1 + a2 cos 2 = A cos  (1)

a1 sin 1 + a2 sin 2 = A sin  (2)

provided that constant values of A and exist which satisfy these equations. To
verify this, first we square both sides and add:

1
 A2 (sin2  + cos2 ) = a 21 sin2 1  cos2 1 

+ a 22 sin2  2  cos2  2  + 2a1a2 (sin 1 sin 2 + cos 1 cos 2)

or
A2 = a 12  a 22 + 2a1a2 cos (1 - 2)

Dividing (2) by (1) gives

a 1 sin1  a 2 sin2
tan  =
a 1 cos 1  a 2 cos 2

Thus we can write

x = x1 + x2 = A cos  cos t + A sin  sin t = A cos(t - )

2.4 First expand Eq. (2.3) as

Ey
= cos (t - kz) cos  - sin (t - kz) sin  (2.4-1)
E0 y

Subtract from this the expression

Ex
cos  = cos (t - kz) cos 
E0 x

to yield

Ey Ex
- cos  = - sin (t - kz) sin  (2.4-2)
E0 y E 0x

Using the relation cos2  + sin2  = 1, we use Eq. (2.2) to write

  E 2 
sin2 (t - kz) = [1 - cos2 (t - kz)] = 1   x   (2.4-3)
 E 0x  

Squaring both sides of Eq. (2.4-2) and substituting it into Eq. (2.4-3) yields

2
 2
E y E    E 2 
 x 
 x cos  = 1  E   sin 
2
E 
 0 y E 0x   0x 

Expanding the left-hand side and rearranging terms yields

2 2
 E x   E y    E 
  +   - 2  E x  y  cos  = sin2 
E 0x  E 0y  E 0x E 0y 

2.5 Plot of Eq. (2.7).

2.6 Linearly polarized wave.

2.7
Air: n = 1.0

33  33 

Glass 90 

(a) Apply Snell's law

n1 cos 1 = n2 cos 2

where n1 = 1, 1 = 33, and 2 = 90 - 33 = 57

cos 33
 n2 = = 1.540
cos 57
(b) The critical angle is found from
nglass sin glass = nair sin air

with air = 90 and nair = 1.0

1 1
 critical = arcsin = arcsin = 40.5
n glass 1.540

3
4
2.8
Air r

Water

12 cm

Find c from Snell's law n1 sin 1 = n2 sin c = 1

When n2 = 1.33, then c = 48.75

r
Find r from tan c = , which yields r = 13.7 cm.
12 cm

2.9

45 

Using Snell's law nglass sin c = nalcohol sin 90

where c = 45 we have

1.45
nglass = = 2.05
sin 45

n pure 1.450
2.10 critical = arcsin = arcsin = 83.3
n doped 1.460

2.11 Need to show that n1 cos 2  n 2 cos 1  0 . Use Snell’s Law and the relationship
sin 
tan  
cos 

5
 (a) Use either NA = n12  n22  = 0.242
1/ 2
2.12

or
2(n1  n 2 )
NA  n1 2 = n1 = 0.243
n1

0.242 
(b) A = arcsin (NA/n) = arcsin = 14
 1.0 

n   1.00 
2.13 (a) From Eq. (2.21) the critical angle is  c  sin 1  2   sin 1    41
 n1   1.50 

 (c) The number of angles (modes) gets larger as the wavelength decreases.

NA = n12  n22  = n12  n12(1 )2 

1/ 2 1/ 2
2.14

= n1 2  2 
1 /2

Since  << 1, 2 << ;  NA  n1 2

2.15 (a) Solve Eq. (2.34a) for jH:

 1 Hz
jH = j Er - Substituting into Eq. (2.33b) we have
 r 

E z   1 Hz 
j  Er + =  j Er  
r 
  r  


Solve for Er and let q2 = 2 - 2 to obtain Eq. (2.35a).

(b) Solve Eq. (2.34b) for jHr:

 1 Hz
jHr = -j E - Substituting into Eq. (2.33a) we have
  r

6
 1 E z   1 Hz 
j  E + = -  j E  
r  
   r 


Solve for E and let q2 = 2 - 2 to obtain Eq. (2.35b).

(c) Solve Eq. (2.34a) for jEr:

1 1 
Hz  jrH 
jEr = Substituting into Eq. (2.33b) we have
r   



 1 
Hz  jrH + E z = jH
r    r



Solve for H and let q2 = 2 - 2 to obtain Eq. (2.35d).

(d) Solve Eq. (2.34b) for jE

1  Hz 
jE= - jHr  Substituting into Eq. (2.33a) we have
  r 

1 E z   Hz 
- jHr  = -jHr
r    r 
Solve for Hr to obtain Eq. (2.35c).

(e) Substitute Eqs. (2.35c) and (2.35d) into Eq. (2.34c)

j 1    
 Hz  r E z    Hz   E z  = jE
- z
q r 
r   r    r r  
2


Upon differentiating and multiplying by jq2/ we obtain Eq. (2.36).

7
(f) Substitute Eqs. (2.35a) and (2.35b) into Eq. (2.33c)

j 1    
 E z  r Hz    E z   Hz  = -jHz
-
q r 
r   r    r r  
2


Upon differentiating and multiplying by jq2/ we obtain Eq. (2.37).

2.16 For  = 0, from Eqs. (2.42) and (2.43) we have

Ez = AJ0(ur) e j(t  z ) and Hz = BJ0(ur) e j(t  z )

We want to find the coefficients A and B. From Eq. (2.47) and (2.51),

respectively, we have

J (ua) J (ua)
C= A and D= B
K  (wa) K  (wa)

Substitute these into Eq. (2.50) to find B in terms of A:

j  1 1 J'  (ua) K'  (wa) 

A  2 = B 
 a u 2
w  
uJ  (ua) wK(wa) 

For  = 0, the right-hand side must be zero. Also for  = 0, either Eq. (2.55a) or (2.56a)

holds. Suppose Eq. (2.56a) holds, so that the term in square brackets on the right-hand

side in the above equation is not zero. Then we must have that B = 0, which from Eq.
(2.43) means that Hz = 0. Thus Eq. (2.56) corresponds to TM0m modes.

For the other case, substitute Eqs. (2.47) and (2.51) into Eq. (2.52):

1  j 
0= 2 B J  (ua)  A 1uJ'  (ua)
u  a 

8
 1  j K' (wa)J (ua) 
+ B J (ua)  A 2 w 
w
2 
 a K (wa) 
 

With k21 = 21 and k22 = 22 rewrite this as

 
ja  1  2 2
B = 1  (k1 J + k2 K) A
   1 
 u 2 w2 
where J and K are defined in Eq. (2.54). If for  = 0 the term in square brackets on the

right-hand side is non-zero, that is, if Eq. (2.56a) does not hold, then we must have that A
= 0, which from Eq. (2.42) means that Ez = 0. Thus Eq. (2.55) corresponds to TE0m

modes.

2.17 From Eq. (2.23) we have

n 21  n22 1 
1  n 2 
2

 = 2 = 2
2n1 2  n1 

 << 1 implies n1  n2

Thus using Eq. (2.46), which states that n2k = k2  k1 = n1k, we have

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
n 2k  k 2  n 1k  k1  

2.18 (a) From Eqs. (2.59) and (2.61) we have

2 2 a 2 2 2 2 a 2
M

2 n 1  n 2
2


2 NA 2

1/ 2 1/ 2
 M  1000 0.85m
a       30.25m
2 NA 2  0.2

9
 Therefore, D = 2a =60.5 m

2 30.25m
2 2

0.2  414
2
(b) M 
1.32m
2

(c) At 1550 nm, M = 300

2.19 From Eq. (2.58),

2 (25 m)
V=
0.82 m
(1.48)  (1.46)  = 46.5
2 2 1/ 2

Using Eq. (2.61) M  V2/2 =1081 at 820 nm.

Similarly, M = 417 at 1320 nm and M = 303 at 1550 nm. From Eq. (2.72)

Pclad  4 4  100%
 M-1/2 = = 4.1%
 P total 3 3 1080

at 820 nm. Similarly, (Pclad/P)total = 6.6% at 1320 nm and 7.8% at 1550 nm.

2.20 (a) At 1320 nm we have from Eqs. (2.23) and (2.57) that V = 25 and M = 312.

(b) From Eq. (2.72) the power flow in the cladding is 7.5%.

2.21 (a) For single-mode operation, we need V  2.40.

Solving Eq. (2.58) for the core radius a

V 2 2.40(1.32m)
a= n1  n2  =
2 1/ 2
= 6.55 m
2(1.480)  (1.478) 
2 1/ 2
2 2

(b) From Eq. (2.23)

NA = n1  n2  = (1.480)  (1.478) 

2 2 1/ 2 2 2 1/ 2
= 0.077

(c) From Eq. (2.23), NA = n sin A. When n = 1.0 then

10
 NA  0.077 
A = arcsin = arcsin = 4.4
 n   1.0 

2 2 2 2
2.22 n2 = n1  NA = (1.458) (0.3) = 1.427

V (1.30)(75)
a= = = 52 m
2NA 2(0.3)

2a
2.23 For small values of  we can write V  n1 2

For a = 5 m we have  0.002, so that at 0.82 m

2 (5 m)
V  1.45 2(0.002) = 3.514
0.82 m

Thus the fiber is no longer single-mode. From Figs. 2.18 and 2.19 we see that the LP01

and the LP11 modes exist in the fiber at 0.82 m.

2 
2.25 From Eq. (2.77), Lp = =
 n y  nx

1.3  10 6 m
For Lp = 10 cm ny - nx = 1 = 1.310-5
10 m

1.3  10 6 m
For Lp = 2 m ny - nx = = 6.510-7
2m
Thus
6.510-7 ny - nx 1.310-5
2.26 We want to plot n(r) from n2 to n1. From Eq. (2.78)

n(r) = n1 1 2(r / a)  = 1.48 1 0.02(r / 25) 

 1 /2  1 /2

11
 n2 is found from Eq. (2.79): n2 = n1(1 - ) = 1.465

2.27 From Eq. (2.81)

2
 2 2 2  2an1 
M a k n1   
2   2   

where
n1  n2
= = 0.0135
n1

At  = 820 nm, M = 543 and at  = 1300 nm, M = 216.

For a step index fiber we can use Eq. (2.61)

2
V2 1 2a  2
Mstep 
2
=

2   n1  n 2 
2

At  = 820 nm, Mstep = 1078 and at  = 1300 nm, Mstep = 429.

Alternatively, we can let  in Eq. (2-81):

1086 at 820 nm
2
2an1 
Mstep = = 
   432 at 1300 nm

2.28 Using Eq. (2.23) we have

(a) NA = n1  n2  = (1.60)  (1.49) 

2 2 1/ 2 2 2 1/ 2
= 0.58

(b) NA = (1.458)2  (1.405)2  = 0.39

1/ 2

2.29 (a) From the Principle of the Conservation of Mass, the volume of a preform rod

section of length Lpreform and cross-sectional area A must equal the volume of the fiber

drawn from this section. The preform section of length Lpreform is drawn into a fiber of

length Lfiber in a time t. If S is the preform feed speed, then Lpreform = St. Similarly, if s is

the fiber drawing speed, then Lfiber = st. Thus, if D and d are the preform and fiber

diameters, respectively, then

Preform volume = Lpreform(D/2)2 = St (D/2)2

12
and Fiber volume = Lfiber (d/2)2 = st (d/2)2

Equating these yields

2 2 2
D  d  D 
St = st or s=S
2  2  d 

2 2
d  0.125 mm 
(b) S=s = 1.2 m/s = 1.39 cm/min
D   9 mm 

2.30 Consider the following geometries of the preform and its corresponding fiber:

25 m
R
4 mm
62.5 m

3 mm
FIBER
PREFORM

We want to find the thickness of the deposited layer (3 mm - R). This can be done by

comparing the ratios of the preform core-to-cladding cross-sectional areas and the fiber

core-to-cladding cross-sectional areas:

A preform core A fiber core

=
Apreform clad Afiber clad

or
(32  R2 )  (25)2
=
(4  3 )  (62.5)  (25) 
2 2 2 2

from which we have

1/ 2
 7(25)2 
R = 9  2 2  = 2.77 mm
 (62.5)  (25) 

13
Thus, the thickness = 3 mm - 2.77 mm = 0.23 mm.

2.31 (a) The volume of a 1-km-long 50-m diameter fiber core is

V = r2L =  (2.510-3 cm)2 (105 cm) = 1.96 cm3

The mass M equals the density  times the volume V:

M = V = (2.6 gm/cm3)(1.96 cm3) = 5.1 gm

(b) If R is the deposition rate, then the deposition time t is

M 5.1 gm
t= = = 10.2 min
R 0.5 gm / min

2.32 Solving Eq. (2.82) for  yields

2
 K 
= where Y =  for surface flaws.
Y 
Thus
(20 N / mm 3 / 2 ) 2
= 2 2 = 2.6010-4 mm = 0.26 m
(70 MN/ m ) 

2.33 (a) To find the time to failure, we substitute Eq. (2.82) into Eq. (2.86) and

integrate (assuming that  is independent of time):

f t

 
b /2
d = AYbb dt
i 0

which yields

1
b f  = AYbbt
1 b / 2 1 b/ 2
  i
1
2
or
2
b  i 
(2 b)/ 2 (2 b)/ 2
t=  f
(b  2)A(Y)

(b) Rewriting the above expression in terms of K instead of yields

14
 2  Ki 2 b  Kf 2 b 
t= 
(b  2)A(Y) 
b 
 Y  Y   
2 b
2Ki 2 b
 b if K b
i
2
<< K b
f
2
or Ki  Kf
2 b

(b  2)A(Y)

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