COMPILED READING PACK

FOR GAMMA GROUPS

2021-2022
 Table of Contents
READING INTEREST SURVEY 1
MAKING PREDICTIONS 2
GUESSING DIFFICULT WORDS 7
REFERENCE EXERCISES 10
THE PAST UNDER THE ICE 11
CONTEXT CLUES 11
ORANGES 14
A SMALL TOUR ON THE CAMPUS 16
XAVIER- A SPANISH STUDENT IN CHICAGO 17
USING ELECTRICITY 19
ADDICTED: WE JUST CAN’T STOP 21
VISIT MEXICO! 23
THE OLYMPIC MARATHON 24
LIGHTNING 26
WHO BUILT GIZA’S PYRAMIDS? 28
AN APPLE A DAY 30
TIME TO DANCE 31
CHILDREN CAN’T STOP TALKING 33
DUBAI: THEN AND NOW 35
ORDINARY ASPIRIN IS TRULY A WONDER DRUG 37
MAKING INFERENCES 38
MISSING SENTENCES 42
COINCIDENCES 43
MARKETING PERFUME: A PROMISE IN A BOTTLE 46
CRIME 48
LADIES FIRST FOR SAFETY 50
TATTOO ART 52
A SOUND BODY 54
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD 57
 Reading Interest Survey
1) What type of books do you like to read?
____________________________________________________
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2) What is your favorite book? Why?
____________________________________________________
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3) Where is your favorite place to read? Describe your special reading place.
____________________________________________________
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4) Do you have a favorite series? What is it and why do you like it?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
5) Do you prefer fiction (stories) or non-fiction (real info)?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
6) If you had to guess, ..........
How many books would you say you own? _____
How many books would you say are in your house? ____
How many books would you say you’ve read in the past year? _____
7) Do you have anything else about your reading life that you’d like to share with me? Is there
anything hard about reading for you? Is there anything you want to learn to do as a reader?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
8) Which of the following types of books do you like? Put a tick next to your favorites. If you
don’t know a type of book, just skip it.
 Mystery  Biographies  Magazines
 Adventure  Poetry  Series
 Animal Stories  Science books  Picture books
 Comics  Folktales  Fantasy
 How-To  Newspapers  History
9) Why do people read? List as many reasons as you can think of.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
10) What, in addition to books, do people read?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
11) What does someone has to do in order to be a “good reader”?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

MAKING PREDICTIONS
INTRODUCTION
When you read in English, do you think of what will come next?
For example, what one word do you think will come next in the blank below?
Linda loves working in her garden. In the spring, it’s full of ________.
Explanation:
 You probably thought of the word flowers.
 The word is a noun -only a noun can follow “full of”.
 From the sentences you know that it’s something in a garden in the spring. What is a
garden full of in spring? Flowers.
This is how good readers think while they are reading. They think ahead. This way, they get
an idea about words before they see them. When they see the words, they don’t have to look
at them for long. They recognize them quickly and move on.

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EXAMPLES: 1. Look! There is an airplane from Ireland. It’s coming down to the airport.
Now it’s at the airport and all the people are________.
a) getting out c) sleeping
b) learning English d) buying clothes
Explanation: What do people do when the plane lands? They get out.
2. When we arrived at the house, there was a big dog in the yard. When he saw us, he looked
angry. We ran away because we were ________.
Explanation: How do you feel when you see a big, angry dog? You feel afraid.

EXERCISE I Circle the correct answer.

1. Manuela lives in the south of Spain. The weather is never very cold or wet there. It’s warm
and sunny_________.
a) only in summer b) almost all year
c) for a few months d) in Morocco
2. My father got a new clock last week. It’s a very good clock. It’s never fast or slow. It
always shows the________.
a) wrong time c) last time
b) first time d) correct time
3. In Norway, winter days are short. The sun comes up late and it goes down early. There are
only a few hours of _______.
a) night time c) spring time
b) day light d) weather
4. Chen has a new job in a computer store. A lot of people come to the store. He answers
their questions and he_________.
a) gives them computers c) buys them computers
b) sells them computers d) sells them books
5. Bus drivers are often very friendly. They have to drive the bus for many hours. They like to
talk to people_______.
a) on the bus c) in their cars
b) on the telephone d) in restaurants
6. When you have to cross a street, you must remember to look both ways. Look to the right
and look to ______________.
a) up and down c) for a policeman
b) at the people d) the left

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EXERCISE II Circle the correct answer.
1. A big black cat lives in that house. It sits by the window all day. It likes to look at people
__________ .
a) in the house c) on the street
b) on television d) in boats
2. Today young American women don’t wear skirts very often. Most of the time they wear
__________ .
a) hats c) shirts
b) coats d) pants
3. Leo has a very old car. It’s twenty years old. It’s not very beautiful and it’s not very fast.
But it always ___________.
a) goes c) stays
b) stops d) breaks
4. On an airplane, you can’t lie down. You can’t put your feet up. There is always noise and
there is always light. It’s not easy to__________ .
a) wake up c) get out
b) take off d) fall asleep
5. The Call of the Wild is a famous book by Jack London. It tells the story of a dog-named
Buck. This is a good book for people who love__________.
a) animals c) science
b) movies d) telephones
EXERCISE III Circle the correct answer.
1. Monica had a very big suitcase. It was also heavy. But she could walk far with her suitcase
because it had _______.
a) books c) pictures
b) wheels d) nothing
2. The Perez family likes to go to a Cuban restaurant. They go every Saturday evening. They
meet friends at the restaurant, and they have a good ________ .
a) restaurant c) family
b) meal d) lunch
3. Arya’s favorite color is blue. She has lots of blue clothes, a blue car, and a blue house. But
she doesn’t have blue eyes! Her eyes are ___________ .
a) big c) open
b) brown d) blue

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4. The city of Edinburgh, Scotland, is full of history. It has a beautiful castle, a beautiful
church and many other _______.
a) new movie theatres c) parks and gardens
b) good restaurants d) nice old buildings
5. Long airplane rides are not fun. You have to stay in your seat for a long time. You can’t
stand up for long and you can’t ______.
a) sit down c) eat any food
b) read books d) walk very far
6. Today many young people don’t know how to cook. They buy food that is ready to eat, or
they go to ___________.
a) restaurants c) the movies
b) the supermarket d) work late

EXERCISE IV Circle the correct answer.

1. My cat knows when it’s her dinnertime. She stands in the kitchen and makes a lot of
noise. Then, I have to ____________.
a) go to the store c) wait for her
b) give her food d) make coffee
2. You can’t go in the building now. Something terrible happened. The police are talking to
people and asking a lot of ____________.
a) questions c) answers
b) ideas d) phone calls
3. Harold works for a computer company. It’s a big company and it has offices around the
world. He often has to go to other countries _________.
a) for vacation c) on the weekend
b) to get home d) for work
4. Last summer we went to the seaside. We stayed in a little red house. From the house, we
could see the water. It was a great place. I hope we can stay ______.
a) in another house c) there again
b) home this year d) far away
5. Did you listen to the radio this morning? They said there was a terrible storm in Florida.
Many people left their homes, and two people ______.
a) died c) stayed
b) went d) lived

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 6. Some children are afraid of the dark. They don’t like it because they can’t see in the
dark. At night, they always want the _______.
a) lights on c) door closed
b) lights off d) music on
EXERCISE V Circle the correct answer.
1. Do you want to be a taxi driver? First, you have to pass a test. They will ask you
questions about a car. They will also ask you questions about the ________.
a) restaurants c) buses
b) roads d) weather
2. Susanna is a teacher. She often has meetings. Sometimes she meets with the students
and sometimes with other teachers. She also has meetings with the ________.
a) brothers and sisters c) men and women
b) mothers and fathers d) pencils and papers
3. Ron Winston lives in Canada. He likes doing sports a lot. His favorite sports are winter
sports. He loves skiing and ice-skating. In fact, Ron loves the winter and ___________.
a) the summer c) travelling
b) cold weather d) warm weather
4. Stella can’t find her cell phone. It was in her room yesterday but today it’s not there. She
thinks Luis has taken it and now she is very __________.
a) sick with a cold c) happy with her phone
b) ready for class d) angry with Luis
5. Potatoes are usually very good to eat. But they’re not good when they’re green. When
you see a green potato, you should not eat it. Green potatoes can make you ________.
a) well c) sick
b) better d) afraid
6. Rob is very busy. He doesn’t have time to do sports or go to the gym. He wants to get
exercise, so he never uses the elevator in his building. He lives on the 30th floor so he
climbs _________________.
a) a lot of stairs c) downstairs
b) a few stairs d) far away
7. Shelly is a terrible student this year. She doesn’t go to classes, and she doesn’t do any
homework. Her parents are _________.
a) happy with her c) not happy with her
b) good students d) terrible parents

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 8. Yesterday the children found a cat. It was very small and young, and it was all-alone.
The poor thing was very hungry, so they gave it _________.
a) something to eat c) lots of love
b) a nice warm bed d) a fun toy
9. Jin often doesn’t have time to eat lunch at work. She only has time for coffee. When she
comes home from work, she’s very hungry. She usually _________.
a) doesn’t eat c) reads a book
b) has a snack d) has no breakfast
10. Stephen King is a famous American writer. His books and stories are often best sellers.
Millions of people buy his books and ________.
a) see movies c) read them
b) sell them d) write them
11. Sookie didn’t know any other students at first, but now she knows many of them. After
class, she often meets them in the café. She says they _____________.
a) are very friendly c) never talk to her
b) usually go home d) read the newspaper
12. Every night a cat comes into Sam’s yard. It cries and cries and wakes Sam up. He gets
angry and goes out to the yard but he can never______________.
a) hear the cat c) change the cat
b) talk to the cat d) find the cat

GUESSING DIFFICULT WORDS

EXERCISE I Try to guess the meaning of the missing words.
Example: We have a little white cat. She is always hungry. We give her milk in a xxx on the
kitchen floor. She drinks all the milk in a very short time.
What is xxx? A cup.
1. My friend Raymond is a very xxx person. He doesn’t like to work. He doesn’t like to
play sports. He likes to sit and watch TV. All he likes to do is to sleep.
What is xxx? ____________________
2. Can you see the xxx in that tree? There are four baby birds in it. They are calling for
their mother. Look! Now the mother is coming. She has some food for her babies.
What is xxx? ____________________

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 3. Quick! Call the police! There is a man near my house. He has a xxx on his face. You
can see only his eyes and his clothes are black.
What is xxx? ____________________
4. I live in a tall building in Chicago. My home is on the 6th floor but I don’t use the xxx
often. It is too small! It is too slow! I like to walk up to the 6th floor.
What is xxx? ____________________
5. The new store was often very empty. This morning there was only one xxx. She was a
young woman. She wanted to buy some Levis jeans. She didn’t like the jeans in the
store. So, she went away.
What is xxx?____________________
6. There is terrible xxx on the road to London. All the cars are stopped. You can’t go left
or right. You have to wait for a long time!
What is xxx? ____________________

EXERCISE II Try to guess the meaning of the missing words.

1. These bananas are beautiful. But they are not xxx. They are still very green. We can’t
eat them today. Please, put them away. We can eat them next week.
What is xxx? ____________________
2. Roger wakes up in the night. Sometimes he wants to drink some water. But sometimes
he has a xxx. He sees terrible things. He hears bad things. Then, he can’t go back to
sleep.
What is xxx? ____________________
3. There is a xxx in front of the store. Poor woman, she doesn’t have a coat. It’s very
cold today. She is asking people for some money. Some people don’t want to look at
her.
What is xxx? ____________________
4. After all the rain, the river water was brown. It was full of xxx. There was lots of
paper. There were bags and bottles. There were old chairs and televisions.
What is xxx? ____________________
5. These are not my xxx. They don’t go on my hand. They’re Tenko’s xxx. She has very
small hands. But where are my xxx? I can’t find them! My hands are getting cold.
What are xxx? ____________________

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 6. Lily wants to get a xxx? Her mother says she can’t have a dog. Lily asks, “What about
a cat?” But Lily’s father doesn’t want a cat. “What about a bird?” Lily asks. “Okay”
says her mother and father. So, Lily is going to get a bird.
What is xxx? ____________________

CHOOSE THE WORD

Underline one word in each of the three pairs of brackets to make the most logical
sentence. Look at the example below.
The (teacher, mechanic, solicitor) wrote the (letter, answer, notebook) on the (floor,
board, ceiling).

1) The (referee, soldier, caretaker) blew his (balloon, whistle, candle) to end the (match,
battle, lesson).
2) Sally (phoned, decided, cycled) to have a (check – up, wedding, party) on her
(weekend, birthday, flat).
3) The (bird, dog, cow) was (grazing, sitting, swimming) on the (pavement, nest, lamp –
post).
4) The (cooker, man, sheep) put his (bicycle, comb, brother) in his (floor, drawer,
pocket).
5) James (borrowed, caught, made) six (teeth, eggs, books) from the (library, station,
post office).
6) We bought a new (sofa, shower, lawn) for the (kitchen, living-room, garden) in the
January (month, sales, shop).
7) The (artist, shop assistant, chef) placed the (motorbike, casserole, guitar) in the
(drawer, garage, oven).
8) That (man, shop, woman) drove her (car, flat, father) into a (carpet, tree, circus).
9) The (plane, boat, train) now standing at (station, platform, lane) seven has just arrived
(to, for, from) Brighton.
10) After listening to the (weather forecast, CD, wind) they decided to (try on, cancel,
post) their (order, newspaper, picnic).
11) The (opera, blackbird, choir) sang a (song, music, performance) at the Christmas
(shopping, concert, Eve).
12) The (planets, groups, flowers) Mars and Jupiter are clearly (marked, visible, placed) in
the (east, clear, night) sky.

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REFERENCE EXERCISES
Reference words are used to refer back to words and phrases that are mentioned earlier in a
passage or to refer forward to words and phrases that will be introduced.
Examples: Wild animals are groups in Alaska. Some large animals, like the caribou, live in
everywhere and you can see hundreds of them. This can be very exciting.
There are also bears and wolves in Alaska. These animals are not as
dangerous as people think. If you stay away from them, they will usually stay
away from you.

EXERCISE 1 What do the underlined words refer to?

1. Tourists in New York may think it’s one big city, but it’s not all the same everywhere.
Each neighborhood is very different. Some neighborhoods are full of people from one
country. These are often good places to find interesting restaurants.
2. In Chinatown, the shop signs are all written in Chinese. The shops all sell Chinese
products, and the shopkeepers all speak Chinese. This is one of the most crowded and colorful
neighborhoods of the city.
3. Many Italians moved to New York in the early 1900s. In those days, it was a very poor
neighborhood. Now it is called ‘Little Italy’. There aren’t many Italians left, but tourists come
to the Italian cafés and restaurants.
4. Greenwich Village is another kind of neighborhood. It is one of the oldest parts of the city.
For many years, this was where writers and students lived. Famous books were written about
the neighborhood and in the neighborhood.
5. Soho is an area that used to have a lot of factories. Then, the factories closed, and people
began to live in the factory buildings. These buildings became popular places for artists
because they were large and cheap.
6. Harlem was known as the center of African – American cultural life in the 20th century.
People from all over the city went to hear jazz musicians play in the nightclubs. Many of
those musicians became famous around the world.
7. Later in the 20th century, Harlem became a very poor neighborhood with many problems.
There was a lot of crime and violence. Because of this, many people moved out of the
neighborhood and buildings were left empty.

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EXERCISE 2 What do the underlined words refer to?

THE PAST UNDER THE ICE

In very cold parts of the world, scientists are studying the ice. This is one way to get
information about the past. Sometimes, for example, they find frozen plants and animals in
the ice. When plants and animals are frozen, they don’t change. They stay the same for
thousands of years.
When Russian scientists found a mammoth, which is an elephant like large animal
with a long nose and long tusks in the ice, it still had hair and skin on its body. The mammoth
also still had food in its stomach. This told the scientists a lot about the plants that grew in
those days.
The scientists kept the mammoth frozen and studied it closely. On the body of the
mammoth, the scientists also found some injuries. They decided that humans had probably
killed the mammoth. This helped the scientists understand more about the humans in the past
and about how they hunted big animals like the mammoth.

CONTEXT CLUES
Context clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to
understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.
Learning the meaning of a word through its use in a sentence or a paragraph is the most
practical way to build vocabulary since a dictionary is not always available when a reader
encounters an unknown word.
1. Definition / Description Clues
A new term may be formally defined, or sufficient explanation may be given within the
sentence or in the following sentence.
Definition clues:“that is”, “i.e.”, commas ,…,, dashes -…-, parentheses (…).
Examples: a. His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see.
“Skeleton-like appearance” is the definition of “emaciation.”
b. Fluoroscopy, examination with a fluoroscope, has become a common practice.
The commas before and after “examination with a fluoroscope” point out the definition of
“fluoroscopy.”
c. The dudeen – a short-stemmed clay pipe – is found in Irish folk tales.
The dashes setting off “a short-stemmed clay pipe” point out the definition of “dudeen”.
d. Polaris (the North Star) is almost directly above the North Pole.

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“Polaris” is the North Star.
2. Example Clues
Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to
explain its meaning. Words like including, such as, and for example, point out example.
Examples: a. Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and trout, live in the coldest
parts of the ocean.
“Piscatorial” obviously refers to fish.
b. Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated man
through the centuries.
“Celestial” objects are those in the sky or heavens.
c. In the course of man’s evolution, certain organs have atrophied. The appendix,
for example, has wasted away from disuse.
“Atrophied” means “wasted away.”
3. Synonym Restatement Clue
The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because it repeats an idea
expressed in familiar words nearby. Synonyms are words with the same meaning. The word,
or … usually helps us.
Examples: a. The mountain pass was a tortuous road, winding and twisting like a snake
around the trees of the mountainside.
“Tortuous” means “winding and twisting.”
b. There is an examination, or test, tomorrow.
c. This volume contains ten texts, or passages.
d. A scientist has to collect, or gather, a sufficient number for his hypothesis.
4. Contrast / Antonym Clue
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. An opposite meaning context clue contrasts the
meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term. Words like “although,”
“however,” and “but” may signal contrast clues.
Examples: a. When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract; however, when it
grows darker, they dilate.
“Dilate” means the opposite of “contract.”
b. The children were as different as day and night. He was a lively
conversationalist, but she was reserved and taciturn.
“Taciturn” means the opposite of a “lively conversationalist.”

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Exercise 1: Use the context clues to find the meaning of the given words.
1. The deluge, a flood of rain, threatened to drown the little town. A deluge is
___________________________________________
2. Sleet (half rain and half snow) can be very difficult to drive in due to poor visibility. Sleet
is ______________________________________________
3. Freezing rain – rain which freezes when it hits the earth – also causes many accidents.
Freezing rain is ________________________________________
4. People have gotten lost 10 meters from their homes in blizzards – snowfalls that come
down very thickly. A blizzard is __________________________________________
5. Another dangerous form of weather is hail (falling balls of ice) which has been known to
get so big that it can break a car’s windshield. Hail is
_____________________________________________
Exercise 2: Use definition clues to guess the meanings of the given words.
1. Breaking even involves making enough money to pay for business costs but no more.
Breaking even is ___________________________________________
2. Many new businesses go bankrupt, which means they lose everything. To go bankrupt is
__________________________________________
3. It takes a special kind of person to give up a regular job security, i.e. the safety of a weekly
pay cheque, to go into business on her own. Job security is
________________________________________________
4. Small enterprises are usually defined as businesses with fewer than 50 employees and less
than $2 million in annual (yearly) revenues. An enterprise is
____________________________________________
5. Entrepreneurs are people who start their own businesses. An entrepreneur is
_____________________________
Exercise 3: Which words in the sentences help you understand the meaning of the words in
bold?
1. A great part of Canada’s economy is based on its natural resources, for instance coal, oil
and wood. _______________________________________
2. Despite the risks, new businesses are expanding everywhere, from natural resources,
manufacturing, construction, real estate, retail trade and – especially – service industries
such as consulting and tourism. ________________________________________
3. The reporter talked to many auto-industry executives, e.g. company presidents and vice-
presidents. _____________________________________

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4. Rodents such as mice, rats and beavers, can often do a lot of damage.
______________________________________________
5. Many restaurants serve molluscs – for example, snails, oysters and clams.
______________________________________________
6. Cetaceans, including whales and dolphins, are thought to have high intelligence.
______________________________________________
8. Many people are afraid of reptiles like lizards, snakes and turtles.
______________________________________________

ORANGES
Everybody loves oranges. They are sweet and juicy. They are in sections, that is,
separate parts, so it is easy to eat them. Some oranges do not have any seeds, i.e. parts that
grow into a new part. Some have a thick skin but others have a thin skin. The orange tree is
beautiful. It has a lot of shiny green leaves. The small white flowers smell very sweet. An
orange tree has flowers and fruit at the same time.
There were orange trees twenty million years ago. The oranges were very small, not
like the ones today. The orange tree probably came from China. Many different kinds of wild
oranges grow there today. In other words, these oranges grow in nature. The Chinese started
to raise, or grow, orange trees around 2400 B.C. Chinese art has lovely old pictures of oranges
and orange trees. Farmers in other parts of Asia, such as India and Pakistan, and the Middle
East, learned to raise oranges from the Chinese. Then they taught the Europeans. The Spanish
planted orange trees in North and South America, called the New World. They took them to
Florida first. Oranges are a very important crop (farm product) in Florida today.
"Orange" is both a fruit and a color. The color of oranges is very beautiful. Therefore,
in English we use the name of the fruit for the color.

A. Guess the meanings of the underlined words in the text. Write the clues that help you
find the meaning.
1. 'sections'
a) Clue: __________________________________________
b) Sections are _____________________________________
2. 'seeds'
a) Clue: __________________________________________

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 b) Seeds are ________________________________________
3. ‘wild'
a) Clue: ___________________________________________
b) Where do wild oranges grow? _______________________
4. ‘raise’
a) Clue: ___________________________________________
b) To raise means to _________________________________
5. other parts of Asia
a) Clue: ____________________________________________
b) India and Pakistan are ______________________________
6. the New World
a) Clue: ____________________________________________
b) The New World is __________________________________
7. crop
a) Clue: _____________________________________________
b) The word 'crop' means _______________________________
B. What do these words in bold in the text refer to?
1. 'them' refers to a) skins b) seeds c) oranges
2. 'It' refers to _____________________________
3. 'ones' refers to ___________________________
4. 'there' refers to ___________________________
C. Answer these questions.
1. Write down three characteristics of an orange.
a)__________________________________________________________
b)__________________________________________________________
c)__________________________________________________________
2. How did the United States get orange trees?
3. Why do the English-speaking people use the name of the fruit 'orange' for the color?

D. Mark the best choice.

1. Some oranges do not have
a) sections b) flowers c) seeds d) a skin
2. Which of the following is not true about the orange tree?
a) It has flowers and fruit in the same season.

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 b) Its flowers come after its fruit.
c) Its flowers are small.
d) You can find paintings of orange trees in China.

A SMALL TOUR ON THE CAMPUS

Ege University is a lively institution with a large campus. It has got nearly everything
a student wants. There are many facilities on the campus, so students can do many things in
their free time.
First, there is a library. It’s next to the School of Foreign Languages and it has got a lot
of books, many desks, and a very fast internet connection, so you can do some research easily,
comfortably, and quickly. If you are a student or a teacher, you can borrow books. But don’t
forget! You need to return them in 2 to 4 weeks.
Second, there are many places to do sports. There is a sports center opposite the
library. It’s a big building with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, a gym, and a fitness
center. There is also a “track and field stadium” next to it and there is an Olympic swimming
pool near the sports center, but you need to have a dermal examination before you start
swimming there. You can play volleyball, basketball, football, do exercise or bodybuilding
in the center, and swim in the pool after a long day of studying.
Also, there are many cafés on the campus. They are great places to sit and socialize
between and after lessons. You can eat different sandwiches or pastries and drink tea or coffee
while you are chatting with friends. Students usually choose the café near their faculties or
schools, but some have favorite places and they always go there. The prices are economical,
too. I always have the morning tea in a café if I’m not late for class.
As you can see, life here is never boring for a student because there are lots of things
to do. Hope you enjoyed your short tour. Now go and do some exploring yourself.

A. What do these words refer to?

1. it ____________________________
2. them __________________________
3. It _____________________________
4. there __________________________
5. their __________________________

16
B. Match the words in bold from the passage to their synonyms or definitions in the
table. There are two extra words.
exercise hard to gain talk with someone boring, dull
muscle
give something back active, full of life cheap, affordable
travel to find new places take and use something for a stay in and relax
while and take it back later
lively: _______________________________________________________
borrow something: _____________________________________________
return something: ______________________________________________
do bodybuilding:_______________________________________________
chat with someone: _____________________________________________
economical: ___________________________________________________
explore: _____________________________________________________

C. Write three things you can do in these places:

The library: _______________ / _______________ / _______________
The sports center: _______________/_______________/______________
Cafés: _______________ / _______________ / _______________
D. After you read:
- Who do you think has written this text? Why?
- What is the text about? What is each paragraph about?

XAVIER- A SPANISH STUDENT IN CHICAGO

A I’m a student at Granada University. I’m in the middle of my studies, and my
degree course is journalism. To work in the media, it’s very important to speak good
English. In the future, I hope to travel a lot in my job, and work with people from all
over the world.
B I’m studying English at a language school in Chicago, a large city in the
American Midwest. My course finishes in six months, but I want to stay longer. I’d
like to stay for another year, but I’ll have to find a job.
C I’m really enjoying my free time here in the USA. Of course, the nightlife in
Spain is good, but in Chicago there are fantastic bars and clubs where you can listen to
live music. I’ve started listening to jazz. In Spain, people don’t watch baseball on TV,
but here it’s very popular. I’ve been to see the Chicago Cubs and the Chicago White
Sox play a number of times.

17
D Not everything is good, though. The winters are freezing, and the wind blows
right through you. I understand why they call it the ‘Windy City’. Most people are
very friendly, but I don’t feel as safe as I do in Spain, especially at night. Young
people drink a lot of alcohol, and they can get quite aggressive.
E You can buy all types of exotic food in the shops in Chicago, but it isn’t easy to
find good jamón serrano, a type of Spanish ham. In Granada, I eat it all the time.
Whenever family or friends come from Spain to visit me, I ask them to bring some
jamón serrano with them.
F I’m pleased that I have enough clothes with me. American men are generally
taller than I am, so it’s quite difficult to find trousers in Chicago that fit me.
A. Match the questions (1-6) to the paragraphs (A-F).
1. Is there anything you are not so happy about? ___
2. What was the most important thing you brought with you from Spain? ___
3. What do you like about life in the USA? ___
4. How long do you plan to stay? ___
5. Why did you come to the USA? ___
6. What do you miss most about Spain? ___

B. Read the text again and choose the correct answer.

1. “in the middle” means

a) near the start
b) near the end
c) between the start and the end
2. “in the media” means
a) in television, radio and newspaper
b) teaching language
c) travelling
3. “enjoy my free time” means
a) wanting to have more free time
b) not getting much free time
c) being happy when I have free time
4. “fantastic” means
a) not very good
b) very good

18
 c) expensive
5. “live music” is
a) on a CD
b) played in the place you’re in
c) very good
6. “the Chicago cubs and the Chicago white Sox” are
a) places in Chicago
b) interesting buildings
c) baseball teams
7. “freezing” means
a) very cold
b) quite warm
c) snowing
8. “if the wind blows right through you” means
a) It’s difficult to feel warm
b) You fall down
c) It hurts you badly
9. “have enough clothes” means that the writer has
a) less than he needs
b) what he needs
c) more than he needs

C. These adjectives from the text go with a lot of other nouns. Underline the word
that is NOT correct.
1. good weather / sky / luck / little boy
2. large garden / house / noise / pieces
3. fantastic weather / holiday / news / pain
4. live football match / party / concert / interview
5. freezing light / night / water / hands
6. friendly holiday / neighbors / dog / smile
7. aggressive behavior / chat / argument / attitude
8. exotic island / drink / animals / new

19
 USING ELECTRICITY
Our homes are full of devices - machines - that run on electricity, but we don't use
electricity only in our homes. We need it in schools, hospitals, banks, factories, etc. Electricity
brings us health and comfort. For example, at home we use it for heating electric fires, irons
and toasters.
5 We also use electricity to produce shaft power, i.e., power that we use to run electric
motors. For example, washing machines, refrigerators and mixers use this kind of power.
Also vehicles such as subway trains, trolley buses and electric locomotives have motors that
run on electricity.
There are also some special lamps that produce ultraviolet rays and infrared rays. We
10 use both rays in medical treatments. One of the most valuable uses of electricity is in
producing X-rays. When we look at an X-ray, we can see the inside of the human body, and
in this way the physicians, or doctors, can give a more accurate; that is, correct, diagnosis of
an illness. In other words, when a doctor looks at an X-ray he can tell you what kind of an
illness you have.

A. What do these words refer to?

1. Line 2, 'it’ refers to _____________________________
2. Line 6, 'this kind of power' refers to power___________
3. Line 10, 'both rays' refers to_______________________
4. Line 13, 'he' refers to ____________________________
B. Find the meanings.
1. a) Line 1, 'devices' means ________________________
b) Clue: ______________________________________
2. a) Line 12, 'physicians' means _____________________
b) Clue: _______________________________________
3. a) Line 12, 'accurate' means _______________________
b) Clue: _______________________________________
C. Answer these questions by giving examples.
1. Which devices use electricity to produce heat? (Give two examples.)
a)______________________________________________________
b)_____________________________________________________
2. Which vehicles use shaft power? (Give two examples.)
a)_____________________________________________________

20
 b) _____________________________________________________
D. Complete the sentences.
(1) _____________, (2) ______________ and (3) ____________ are devices, which
we use at our homes.
A physician can look at an X-ray and diagnose an illness because an X-ray shows (4)
_________________________.

ADDICTED
WE JUST CAN’T STOP
Jenny – the shopaholic
Since I was a little girl I have always loved shopping. I walked around shops with my
mum, begging her to buy me everything I wanted.
Last year I finished university and started earning money for the first time. I have a lot
of spare cash now, and I spend it all on clothes. I spend about $ 500 a week on clothes,
5 handbags, and shoes. Walking out of a shop with bags of new clothes is the best feeling in the
world.
I need to shop every day. If I can’t go out to shop, I shop online. Entering my credit
card details and waiting for a parcel to arrive is very exciting.
Sometimes I wear what I buy only once, but I never feel guilty. My dad tells me to
10 stop spending. He says that I’ve already got a lot more clothes than I need, but I love
shopping and I’m not going to stop yet.
Tracey –the colaholic
I drink around 18 cans of cola every day. If I don’t drink it for more than an hour, I
feel terrible and I start shaking. It all started 6 years ago when I was on a diet and I drank cola
instead of eating. After a few weeks, I couldn’t live without it.
15 I have a bottle of cola beside my bed and I sometimes wake up at night to drink it.
The first thing I do when I open my eyes in the morning is go to the fridge for a can of cola. I
always carry a can or two in my handbag. I spend about a 300 £ a month on cola.
I don’t know if it’s the taste of the caffeine or the sugar, but I know I’m addicted.
Friends and people I work with tell me that drinking cola isn’t good for me. They say it’s bad
20 for my stomach, but I like it so much that I can’t stop.

A. Write J for Jenny and T for TRACEY or B for BOTH in each space.
1. Who talks about being a child? ______
2. Who talks about the cost of being addicted? _____

21
 3. Who talks about her health? _____
4. Who talks about what other people think? ______
B. Read the text again and answer the questions.
1. In line 2, when Jenny was begging she means that she was
a) giving her mother something.
b) talking quietly.
c) asking for something in a strong way.
2. In line 3, earning money means
a) working for money
b) finding money
c) looking for money
3. In line 4, spare cash means
a) extra money
b) more time
c) more clothes
4. In line 7, entering means
a) sending something in the post
b) putting words or numbers into a computer
c) trying to open a door
5. In line 9, feel guilty means
a) to feel bad about something after you do it
b) to feel good about something before you do it
c) to feel good about something while you’re doing it
6. In line 13, if you feel terrible, you
a) feel very good
b) feel very bad
c) feel happy
7. In line 13, if you are shaking, you are
a) drinking
b) asking for something
c) moving without control
8. In line 16, open my eyes means
a) wake up
b) look carefully

22
 c) get out of bed
9. In line 18, caffeine is
a) the price of the cola
b) the color of the cola
c) an ingredient in the cola

C. Complete the sentences with these verbs from the text

drink finish wear earn spend carry

I’ve got a good job, so I _______ more money than I really need. I’m young, so I
don’t need to save money. I prefer to ________ it on the good things in life. When I _______
work, I usually go out for something to eat and have a can of coke. I sometimes _________
freshly squeezed orange juice, which is a lot healthier. I like clothes, too. I _______ a suit to
work, so I buy a new one every year and I buy new shoes every month. I change my mobile
phone every 6 months. I don’t want to _______ an old fashioned mobile around.

D. Complete the sentences so they are true for you.

1. When I go out for a drink, I usually have ___________________________________.
2. At the university, I usually wear __________________________________________.
3. In my free time, I usually wear ___________________and _____________________.
4. I spend most of my money on ____________________ and ____________________.
5. I always carry __________________________________________________ with me.

VISIT MEXICO!
Why not relax on some of the best beaches in the world? Cancun and Acapulco offer
beautiful tropical beaches, which are visited by thousands of tourists every year. Foreign
visitors love the warm, sunny weather and brilliant blue skies.
Maybe you prefer a more active holiday, for example, walking in the mountains of
Sierra Madre. The weather there is cooler, and the views are spectacular. You can also visit
Indian villages, which have not changed much since the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. If
you feel really energetic, you can climb a big snow-capped volcano. At 5.452 meters above
the sea level, Popocatepetl is the highest mountain in Mexico. It also forms part of the Izta-
Popo National Park.
Are you tired of cities and traffic? There are almost one hundred national parks in
Mexico, from hot deserts in the north, to cool rainforests in the mountains, and tropical

23
forests in the east. You can see hundreds of amazing plants and animals in their natural
habitats.
Do you like learning when you’re on holiday? Mexico is well known for its rich Aztec
and Maya history. Teotihuacán and Chichen Itza are two examples of many important ancient
ruins with their impressive temples where people go to pray. There are also many national
and regional museums to visit.

A. Match the definitions with the bold word in the text

1. _______________ (adj) in or from a country which is not your own.
2. _______________ (v) to address God with adoration, confession or thanksgiving.
3. _______________ (n) an area often covered with sand or rocks.
4. _______________ (adj) of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long
time.
5. _______________ (n) the natural surroundings in which an animal or plant usually
lives.
B. What do the following refer to?
1. there (paragraph 2): _____________
2. It (paragraph2): ________________

THE OLYMPIC MARATHON

Pre-reading questions:
1. The name “marathon” comes from:
a- Greece b- a man c- a war
2. When Greeks ________, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens.
a- died b- won a war c-had a festival
3. The marathon was included in the modern Olympic games in
a- 1899 b-1923 c-1896

THE OLYMPIC MARATHON

Sport is full of wonderful moments, but perhaps nothing is as exciting as the finish of
the marathon. It is the longest and hardest race of all. The name “marathon” comes from a
village in Greece. A famous war was fought there in the year 490 BC. When the Greeks won
the war, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens (more than 40 km.) to tell the

24
 5 people the good news. The organizers of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 decided to
include the marathon in the games so that this event would not be forgotten. The marathon
has been a race since then.
At first, the Olympic Games were part of a festival. The Greeks had this festival once
in every four years in Olympia. Athletes from Greece, Cyprus, Sicily, etc. went there to
10 participate in the games. These games were very important to Greeks. They even stopped
their wars for them.
When the modern Olympic Games were started in 1896 in Athens, only 300 athletes
from 12 countries went there to participate in the games. Since then, of course, the games
have become much more popular. Only male athletes participated in the early Olympic
15 Games. In the 1923 Olympics, in Amsterdam, an important change took place. Female
athletes participated for the first time.
We all know that amateur athletes can participate in the Olympic Games. An amateur
is someone who doesn’t earn any money from sports. But today, it is difficult to say who is an
amateur and who is not. It is true that Olympic athletes never earn as much money as
20 professional sportsmen. But they are often students or teachers of a sport and have to spend a
lot of time training. Their governments pay for their training, travel and pocket money,
because they want them to win. Some people think that this changes the Olympics. They feel
that the games are a political marathon.
A. What do these words refer to?
1. (line 2) “it” _________________
2. (line 9) “there” _________________
3. (line 11) “them” _________________
4. (line 13) “there” _________________
5. (line 13) “then”_________________
6. (line 20) “they” _________________
B. Mark the correct choice.
1. The word “marathon” was first used for a ____________
a) war c) place
b) story d) race
2. The “marathon” race was introduced in the modern Olympic games to remember that
____________.
a) the Greeks had a war in marathon.
b) the distance between marathon and Athens was run by a Greek soldier.

25
 c) there was a race called “marathon” in the early Olympic games.
d) the Olympic games were started in Marathon.
3. Some people think that the games are now a political marathon because___
a) Olympic athletes earn a lot of money.
b) the governments spend money on their athletes.
c) Olympic athletes spend a lot of time preparing for the games.
d) only amateurs can participate in the games.
C. Answer the questions.
1. What was the good news?
2. How long has the marathon been a race in the Olympics?
3. How many countries participated in the first Olympics?
4. How long have there been female athletes in the Olympics?

LIGHTNING
1 On a sunny afternoon in 2004, nine-year-old Geoff Baninger was walking to a park in
Colorado to see his sister play softball. But before he got to the park, Geoff was struck 1 by
lightning.
2 The lightning stopped Geoff’s heart and his breathing. It burnt his hair and left a burn
line from his head to his foot. It blew his glasses off, his face and melted 2 them. It even made
a hole in the bottom of his shoe. “I woke up about a minute later,” says Geoff, “and my mum
told me I had been struck by lightning.”
3 What is lightning? A lightning strike is the result of a buildup of electrical charges3
inside a cloud. We usually see lightning during stormy weather; however, as Geoff
discovered, it can happen even on a sunny day.
4 Geoff’s legs felt strange after he was hit, but he hasn’t had any further problems since
then. “I’m a lucky guy,” he says. But being lucky is not the only way to ensure your safety
during a thunderstorm. You can also follow the 30/30 rule: If you see lightning, and then hear
thunder less than 30 seconds later, go inside the building. Then, wait 3 minutes after the last
thunder or lightning before you go back outside.
5 So how likely is it you will be hit by lightning? Fortunately, 4 it’s not a common
problem. According to the US national weather service, your chance of being struck in your
lifetime is only one in 5,000.

1
If you are struck by something,, it means you have been hit by it
2
When something melts, it changes from solid to liquid, usually because it has been heated.
3
An electrical charge is an amount of electricity that is held in or carried by something.

26
A. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Which sentence about Geoff Baninger is not true?
a) The lightning stopped his breathing.
b) The lightning burnt his hair.
c) The lightning left a line around his shoe.
d) The lightning stopped his heart.
2. Which of the following is probably true?
a) Geoff remembers being struck by lightning.
b) When Geoff was struck by lightning, his mother was nearby.
c) Geoff’s sister saw him get hit.
d) Geoff believes he has a very unlucky life.
3. What does “it” in line 10 refer to?
a) stormy weather
b) cloudy weather
c) a lightning strike
d) a sunny day
4. According to the 30/30 rule, when should you go inside a building?
a) when thunder and lightning are less than 30 seconds apart.
b) at least 30 minutes after the last thunder or lightning.
c) when you see lightning, but don’t hear thunder.
d) anytime you hear thunder and see lightning.
5. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
a) Most people are never struck by lightning.
b) It’s common to be struck by lightning.
c) It’s fortunate if you are struck by lightning.
d) Lightning usually strikes in the afternoon or early evening.

4
If someone or something is fortunate, they are lucky

27
B. What is the main idea of each paragraph in the reading? Match each heading with
the correct paragraph.
a) How to stay safe during a thunderstorm? ______
b) Will you be struck by lightning? ______
c) Why do we have lightning? ______
d) The day Geoff Baninger was struck by lightning ______
e) What happened when Geoff was struck? ______

WHO BUILT GIZA’S PYRAMIDS?

1 For centuries, the pyramids of Giza have been timeless symbols of Egyptian culture.
But who actually built them? For years, we did not know for sure. But archeologists recently
discovered an ancient village near the pyramids. Close by, there was also a cemetery where
pyramid builders were buried. From studying these places, archeologists can confirm that the
pyramids were not built by slaves or foreigners (or space aliens!); ordinary Egyptians built
them.
2 It took about 80 years to build the pyramids. According to archeologists about 20.000
- 30.000 people were involved in completing the task. The workers had different roles. Some
dug up1 the rock, some moved it, and some shaped it into blocks. People also worked on
different teams, each with its own name. On a wall in Khufu’s great pyramid, for example, a
group of workers wrote “friends of Khufu.” Teams often competed to do a job faster.
3 Life for these workers was hard. “We can see that in their skeletons,” says Aziza
Mohammed Sarry El-Din, a scientist studying bodies found in the cemetery. The bones show
signs of arthritis2, which developed from carrying heavy things for a long time. Archeologists
have also found many female skeletons in the village cemetery. The damage to their bones is
similar to the men’s. Their lives may have been even tougher: male workers lived to age 40-
45, but women to only 30-35. However, workers usually had enough food and they also had
medical care when they got sick or hurt.
4 The work was challenging, but laborers were proud of their work. “It’s because they
were not just building the tomb of their king,” says Egyptian archeologist Zahi Hawass.
“They were building Egypt. It was a national project, and everyone was a participant.”3

1
If you dig up something (or dig something up), you take it out of the ground.
2
Arthritis is an illness that causes the hands, knees, or other joints to hurt.
3
A participant is a person who joins a certain activity

28
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. The main purpose of this reading is to describe:
a) who the pyramid builders were and what they did.
b) how Khufu’s great pyramid was constructed.
c) what life was like for Egyptian kings?
d) why Egyptian kings wanted to build pyramid.
2. Which statement about the pyramid builders is true?
a) They lived fairly long lives.
b) Both men and women built the pyramids.
c) Most came from other countries.
d) They rarely had enough to eat or drink.
3. Which statement about building the pyramids is true?
a) It took over a century to complete.
b) Builders all did the same work.
c) More than 30.000 workers were involved.
d) Builders worked in teams.
4. In line 15, what does “their” refer to?
a) Archeologists
b) Male workers
c) Female workers
d) Medical workers
5. In line 19, what does the word “laborers” mean?
a) kings
b) archeologists
c) workers
d) women
B. Match each heading (a-e) with a paragraph (1-4) One heading is extra.
a. A pyramid builder’s life _______
b. An important national project. _______
c. Female pyramid builders: The challenges. _______
d. Pyramid builders’ jobs. _______
e. Who built the pyramids? _______

29
 AN APPLE A DAY
We hear a lot of good things about
fruits and vegetables. Carrots make your
eyesight better. Spinach makes you
stronger. Oranges keep away colds. “An
5 apple a day keeps the doctor away.” But is
there any truth in these sayings? Doctors
all agree that fruits and vegetables in
general are good for you. First of all, they
help you stay thinner. People who eat a lot
10 of fruits and vegetables lose weight more
easily. And thinner people are less likely to
have health problems. Another reason for
eating fruits and vegetables is that they
have many vitamins and minerals. These
15 are important for your health in many
ways. They help you have good teeth, clear
skin, nice hair, and strong bones. They also
help prevent many kinds of diseases.
But what about the special powers
20 of some fruits and vegetables? Is it true, for
example, that eating carrots will help you
see better? The answer is no, for most
people. It’s true that carrots have a lot of
vitamin A, and that vitamin A is necessary
25 for your eyes. But most people get enough
vitamin A already. Eating carrots only
makes a difference if you are not getting
enough vitamin A.
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. This passage is about
a) what fruits you should eat.
b) how to cook fruits and vegetables.
There is also some truth in the
30 saying about spinach. It does have a lot
of vitamins, as well as some iron. In fact,
iron is important for your blood. If you
aren’t getting enough iron, you will feel
weak and tired. In this case, eating
35 spinach is a good idea. But you have to
eat a lot of it to get much iron. If you
need iron, you should also eat other iron-
rich foods, such as meat, eggs, and
beans.
40 As for oranges, they will not
keep away colds. This has been shown
by many studies. But the vitamin C in
oranges does help people with cold get
better more quickly. So keep eating
45 oranges and other fruits with vitamin C,
such as lemons, kiwis, tomatoes,
spinach, and broccoli.
And finally, do apples really
“keep the doctor away”? This time, the
50 answer is yes. Apples do help prevent
cancer and heart disease. Studies have
shown that people who eat several
apples a day are less likely to get these
diseases. This is because apples have
55 natural chemicals that protect the body.
30
 c) why you should eat fruits and vegetables.
d) how to lose weight.
2. Which sentence is NOT true about fruits and vegetables?
a) They help you hear better.
b) They help you lose weight.
c) They have vitamins and minerals.
d) They help prevent many diseases.
3. For most people, eating lots of carrots
a) can improve their eyesight.
b) makes no difference.
c) will cause health problems.
d) is good for their eyes.
4. What does spinach have in it?
a) nothing healthy
b) special chemicals
c) many vitamins and iron
d) lots of iron
5. Which sentence is NOT true about vitamin C?
a) It is in oranges.
b) It is in some vegetables.
c) It helps you get over colds.
d) It prevents colds.
6. Apples help prevent disease because they have
a) natural chemicals.
b) lots of minerals.
c) vitamin A.
d) a good taste.

TIME TO DANCE
Are you the kind of person who likes to move with the music? It’s a natural thing to
do. Even little children start moving when they hear music. In fact, dancing is part of the
human experience, like music and storytelling. These three arts were probably invented
together. After all, dancing is a way to tell a story with music.

31
 5 Scientists say that animals dance, too, but their dancing is different. The “dance” of
animals has a purpose. They send messages to other animals about important physical needs
such as hunger, danger or desire. But when people dance they express many different feelings
– love, joy, anger, and sadness. They also tell stories about people, places, life, or death. By
dancing, people can share these feelings or stories with others.
10 Dancing is also an important part of a country’s history and culture. In the past, each
country had its own dances. These days, the situation is very different. Over the past 200
years, many people have moved from one country to another. When they moved, they brought
along their music and their dances. This means that in many places today, it’s possible to see
and learn different kinds of dances. In the United States, for example, you can learn American
15 square dancing, or Greek, Scottish, or Egyptian dances. You can learn the Viennese waltz or
the Argentinean tango.
All of these dances are good for you. For one thing, they’re good for you physically.
Dancing is good exercise. It makes you use your arms and legs, and it makes your heart work.
It’s an enjoyable way to keep healthy or to lose weight.
20 Another important point about dancing is that it makes you feel better about yourself.
It gives you a chance to express your feelings. If you are angry or upset about something,
dancing helps those feelings go away. You may feel very tired afterwards, but you’ll probably
also be relaxed and happy. And if you are a quiet or fearful kind of person, dancing can help
you be more open. When you are dancing, you can forget yourself and your fears.
25 And finally, there’s another important point about dancing. It’s a social activity. Some
dances are for two people, and some are for groups. But all kinds of dances give you a chance
to meet new people or to do something enjoyable with friends.

A. Circle the best answer for each question.

1. This passage is about
a) different kinds of dances.
b) the importance of dances.
c) how animals dance.
d) dancing for exercise.
2. Animals dance
a) because they have experiences.
b) for the same reasons as humans.
c) to express their feelings.

32
 d) to send messages to other animals.
3. Which sentence is NOT true?
a) Each country had its own dances in the past.
b) When people moved, they brought their dances with them.
c) Many countries didn’t have any special dances.
d) In the United States, you can learn many kinds of dances.
4. Dancing is good for you physically because
a) it makes you move.
b) you can learn the tango.
c) it’s very enjoyable.
d) you don’t have to move much.
5. Which sentence is NOT true about dancing?
a) It makes you feel better about yourself.
b) It makes you feel more angry or upset.
c) It helps you open up.
d) It helps you forget bad feelings.
6. What is one important point about dancing?
a) You can become famous.
b) You do it with other people.
c) You usually do it alone.
d) You don’t have to pay much.

CHILDREN CAN’T STOP TALKING

Two Spanish children were admitted to a mental health institution to be treated for
addiction to their mobile phones on 13 June 2008. The children, aged 12 and 13, were sent to
the clinic by their parents for this problem. Their parents said they could not live without
using their phones all the time. These were the first of many cases like this in the country.
5 The children were spending about six hours a day talking, sending text messages, or
playing video games on their phones.
Dr Maite Utgés, director of the center, said that was the first time they had treated
children with addiction to mobile phones. She said that both children weren’t getting along
with other children and were failing at school. The children are now learning to live without
10 their phones. Utgés said they might need at least a year of treatment to get them off the
mobile phone “drug.”

33
 Before they started treatment, both children had their own phones for 18 months.
Their parents did not restrict the time their children spent on the phones. The children paid for
their phones by lying and getting money from a relative or other family member. They didn’t
15 have to explain what they were doing with the money.
Governments all around the world are concerned about the way children use mobile
phones. The Japanese government has asked parents to limit the time children can use their
phones. In Britain, doctors have reported several cases of children with problems because of
mobile phones. In these cases, the young people become very unhappy when they don’t
20 receive enough phone calls. Dr. Utges said that parents shouldn’t allow their children to have
mobile phones until they reach the age of 16.

A. Write T (true) or F (false) after each sentence. Explain your answer.

1. Many children have been treated for addiction to mobile phones in Spain. ___
2. The two Spanish children did well in school. ____
3. The treatment for phone addiction takes a long time. ____
4. The children got money for their phones from their friends. ____

B. Read each sentence and circle the correct meaning for the underlined word(s).
1. Two Spanish children got treatment for addiction to mobile phones.
a. extra schoolwork b. a lot of money c. medical care
2. These are the first cases like this in the country.
a. examples of b. centers for c. chances of
3. Dr. Maite Utgés, director of the center where the children were treated, said, “That was the
first time we had treated children for addiction to mobile phones.”
a. doctor b. manager c. owner
4.“Both children had difficulties getting along with other children and were failing at school,”
said Utgés, a child psychiatrist.
a. making phone calls b. being happy c. having fights
5. “Both children had difficulties getting along with other children and were failing at
school,” said Utgés, a child psychiatrist.
a. weren’t happy b. were successful c. had bad grades
6. Their parents did not restrict the time their children spent on the phone.
a. limit b. know about c. pay for

34
7. Governments in other countries are also concerned about mobile phone addiction among
children.
a. surprised b. worried c. confused
8. The Japanese government asked parents to limit phone use because of the negative effects
on children who use them too much.
a. fears b. influences c. changes
9. In Britain, psychologists have reported at least two cases of young people who became very
unhappy when they didn’t get enough phone calls from friends.
a. written about b. asked about c. looked at
10. The young people became very unhappy when they didn’t receive enough phone calls
from friends.
a. make b. give c. get

DUBAI: THEN AND NOW

Dubai is like no other place on Earth. It is the world capital of living large – a city of
big businesses, luxury hotels, skyscrapers, and huge shopping malls. In the early 20th century,
Dubai was a successful trading port. People from all over the world stopped in Dubai to do
business. But it was still a small city, and most people lived as fishermen, merchants, or by
raising animals. Then in 1966, oil was discovered. In time, this brought a lot of money into
the region, and soon Dubai began to change.
Today Dubai is one of the world’s most influential business centers. In fact, each year
most of the city’s annual earnings come from business, not oil. The city is also a global
trading port.
Recently Dubai has become a popular spot for tourists. People from abroad come to
relax on its beaches, and every year, millions visit just to go shopping! Dubai is also one of
the world’s fastest growing cities. Construction is everywhere. Buildings (some of the tallest
on Earth) are built in months. The city also has a number of man-made islands. One of these,
the Palm Jumeriah, is shaped like a palm tree and is particularly beautiful.
The city is still an amazing mixture of people from different backgrounds. Dubai is a
home for 200 nationalities living and working together harmoniously. Foreigners now
outnumber Dubai natives ten to one!
Many people welcome the city’s growth. But an increasing number of Dubai natives
have concerns about the speed of change. As Mohammad Al Abbar, a Dubai businessman,

35
says, “We must always remember where we come from. Our kids must know we worked
very, very hard to get where we are now, and there’s a lot more work to do.
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. What is the main idea of this reading?
a. Dubai is becoming an increasingly difficult place to live.
b. Dubai is growing fast.
c. Dubai is now very similar to other cities in the world.
d. Dubai was a great city in the past but this has changed.
2. Before the mid-1960s, many people in Dubai lived
a. in skyscrapers c. as fishermen and farmers
b. on small islands d. as oil workers
3. Which sentence about Dubai is NOT true?
a. Dubai now makes most of its money from selling oil.
b. There are a lot of foreigners working in Dubai.
c. Dubai gets many international visitors every year.
d. Dubai has created several man-made islands.
4. In line 10, what does the word spot mean?
a. a small colorful circle (noun)
b. a place or destination (noun)
c. a mark on the skin (noun)
d. to see something (verb)
5. In line 24, Mohammad Al Abbar says, “We must always remember where we come
from…” What does this mean?
a. We should always remember we are from Dubai.
b. We should only think about the future – what to do next.
c. We must always remember our past.

d. We should always visit Dubai, even if we no longer live there.

B. Summary: Complete the information about Dubai with words from the reading.
Economy: Today the city earns most of its money from 1. ___________.
Growth: Dubai is one of the 2. ___________ -growing cities in the world.
Population: People from over 3. ____________ nations live in Dubai. For every one Dubai
native, there 4. _____________ foreigners.

36
Things to do and see: Relax on one of Dubai’s 5. ____________ or go 6.____________ in
one of its many malls.

ORDINARY ASPIRIN IS TRULY A WONDER DRUG

Aspirin one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man, is the most
popular medicine in the world today. It is an effective pain reliever and it is cheap. Moreover,
its bad effects are relatively mild i.e., they are not strong. For millions of people suffering
from arthritis, a disorder in the joints of the body, it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in
short, is truly the 21st -century wonder drug.
Although a German company, Bayer, first patented aspirin in 1897, it has been around
much longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of the
willow leaf tea and dried, powdered willow tree bark, which today are known to contain
salicylates, the chemical in aspirin. During the 19th century, scientists in Europe did a lot of
experiments with this chemical, and these led to the introduction of aspirin. By 1950, aspirin
enters the Guinness World Records for being the most frequently sold painkiller.
A small quantity of aspirin (two five-grain tablets) relieves pain. It also reduces fever.
Specifically, aspirin seems to slow down the formation of the acids involved in pain and the
complex chemical reactions that cause an increase in the body temperature, which we call
fever. The chemistry of these acids is not fully understood, but the slowing effect of aspirin is
well known.
Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining, and many aspirin takers complain about
an upset stomach. There is a right way and a wrong way to take aspirin. The best way is to
chew the tablets before swallowing them with water, but few people can stand the bitter taste.
Some people crush the tablets in milk or orange juice. That is, they press and break the
tablets. They claim that the medicine does not upset their stomach when they take it this way.

A. Write the number of the paragraph, which contains information about the following.
1. How aspirin works on the body. ______
2. The history of the development of aspirin. ______
3. How people should take aspirin. ______
B. Write the meaning of each word.
1. 'mild' (line 3): _________________________________
2. 'arthritis' (line 4): _______________________________
3. 'salicylates' (line 9): _____________________________

37
 4. 'fever' (line 15): ________________________________
5. 'swallow' (line 19): ______________________________
6. 'crush' (line 20): ________________________________
C. What do the following refer to?
1. 'it' (line 6): ________________________
2. 'these' (line 10): _____________________
3. 'It' (line 12): ________________________
4. 'their' (line 21): ______________________
D. Answer the following questions.
1. Why is aspirin the most popular medicine in the world?
a) _________________________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________________

2. When doesn’t aspirin upset the stomach?

___________________________________________________________

MAKING INFERENCES
Writers in English often do not explain everything to the reader. For example, sometimes they
may not state the topic or tell the reader the time or place of a story. Often, the reader has to
guess these things. This is called making inferences.
Making inferences is a necessary reading skill. It helps you understand ideas, even when you
do not know all the words. Good readers make inferences all the time as they read.
Making inferences from conversations:
In the following exercises, you will find part of a conversation. Read through the conversation
quickly and make some inferences about the people who are talking. What are they talking
about? Where are they? Work with another student.
Example:
Read the conversation and answer the questions below.
A: Look at the long line! Do you think we’ll get in?
B: I think so. Some of these people already have tickets.
A: How much are the tickets?
B: Only $ 4.50 for the first show. I’ll pay.

38
 A: Thanks. I’ll buy some popcorn.
1. What are these people talking about? going to a movie
2. Where are they? in front of the movie theater
3. Which words helped you guess the topic? line, get in, tickets, show, popcorn

EXERCISE I
A. Read the conversations and answer the questions below.
A: Do you think Mom and Dad will be late?
B: No. Swiss Air is usually on time.
A: But it’s raining so hard, and there is a lot of wind.
B: There’s no message on the announcement board, and they didn’t say anything to us at
the airline counter. They always make an announcement if the flight is late.
A: Well, I hope you’re right. I hate waiting around in these places!

1) What are these people talking about?

2) Where are they?
B. Read the conversation and answer the questions below.
A: When did this happen?
B: Yesterday. I was playing soccer and I fell down.
A: Can you move it at all?
B: Only a little.
A: Can you walk on it?
B: No, it hurts too much.
A: I think we’ll have to take an X-ray.
B: Will I be able to play in the game tomorrow?
A: I’m afraid not.

1) What are these people talking about?

2) Where are they?
C. Read the conversation and answer the questions below.

A: Where to?
B: The airport.
A: Okay. How much time do you have?
B: About an hour.
A: I don’t know… there’s a lot of traffic now.

39
 B: I can’t miss this flight!
A: Well, I’ll do my best.
B: Oh! Look out!
A: Listen, lady. Do you want to catch your flight?
B: I sure do.
A: Then close your eyes and keep quiet. And I’ll get you there on time.
1) What are these people talking about?
2) Where are they?

EXERCISE II:

A. Read the following short texts and choose the ideas that can be inferred.

1. Animals protect themselves from their enemies in interesting ways. Stronger ones fight,
some run away fast, others change color and ‘camouflage’ themselves. A species of
rabbit, the snowshoe hare, for example, is brown in summer and turns white in winter.

a) Rabbits are colorful animals.

b) The white color of the snowshoe hare serves as ‘camouflage’ in snow.

c) Strong animals never run away.

d) Each animal uses its own strategy to stay alive.

e) If an animal has the same color as its environment, it can stay alive more
easily.

2. ‘We can stay young forever.’ The message Dr. Shen Ziyin wants to give the world is
that he has found an answer to the problems of aging.

a) Shen Ziyin is a medical doctor.

b) He has been working on the problems of aging.

c) He is of Far Eastern origin.

d) He has found something which will help people stay young.

e) He is a young man.

f) He is famous for his discovery.

40
B. Read the following short texts and choose the ideas that can be inferred.

Unfortunately, bats have always been a source of fear for humans. There have been
people who thought that bats are dirty and evil. There have also been many untrue stories of
bats turning into humans or vampires like Count Dracula. This is perhaps because bats live in
barns, attics, and caves. They like any place that is cold and dark, and most bats fly at night.
Actually, bats are wonderful creatures, the only mammals that can truly fly. A bat’s body is
made for flight, with its large chest and thin but powerful wings. Bats listen to echoes to find
and hunt for their food, insects. Some species also eat fruit.

1. a. The writer agrees with people who think that bats are dirty and evil.
b.The writer thinks bats are interesting animals with special characteristics.

2. a. Count Dracula was an imaginary character.

b. Count Dracula was a bat.

3. a. People may fear any creature that flies.

b. People may fear creatures which live in the dark.

4. a. Bats are harmless because they eat insects and fruit.

b. Bats are dirty and dangerous because of their hunting habits.

C. Read the conversation. Make inferences to answer the questions.

A: I’ve got to tell you what happened yesterday.
B: What?
A: You know I had to stay late to finish that report? Well, I was here at my computer,
and guess who came along… Sheila!
B: Sheila? You mean Sheila Gifford from the top floor?
A: That’s right. She went right into Paul’s office with a big file of papers and stayed in
there for about an hour.
B: You’re kidding!
A: No, I’m serious. I could hear the talking. When she came out, she gave me a
strange look. I thought she was going to say something, but she went straight to the
elevator.
B: Oh, no. Do you think we’ve got bad news coming?
A: Well, if Sheila’s in it, anything is possible.
1. Where are these people? _____________________________________________
2. Who are they? _____________________________________________

41
 3. What are they talking about? _________________________________________
4. Who do you think Paul is? ___________________________________________
5. How do the speakers feel about Sheila? ________________________________
6. What do you think will happen next? _________________________________

MISSING SENTENCES

You are going to read a magazine article. Three sentences have been removed from the
article. Choose the sentence from A-D, which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence.

A. They don’t just show people how they eat and sleep.
B. Soon many other counties will have new zoos, too.
C. The new zoos still have cages but they are very big.
D. For the first few days, he just sat in one place.

1. Zoos in the United States today are different from zoos in the past. The old zoos had
lots of cages. Even large animals were kept in cages. Often the cages had nothing in
them except an animal, and the animal looked very sad and lonely. _________. Many
animals live together in these cages. In fact they are not like cages at all. They look
like real wild areas, with trees, flowers, rocks and water.

2. The new zoos teach people a lot about animals. They show people how the animals
really live. ________. They also show the way animals have families, and how the
mothers take care of the babies. These zoos even show how animals form groups and
live together. In addition, the animals in the new zoos don’t look sad. Are they really
happy? They can’t tell us, of course, but they look healthier.

3. Zoo workers say that some animals change after they come to the big new cages. For
example, a young gorilla named Timmy was born at the Cleveland Zoo. For years he
lived in a small cage in a dark building. Then he was moved to the Bronx Zoo in New
York, to a large cage outside. _________. He usually sat on some rocks because he
didn’t like the feeling of the grass on his feet. Then, he started to move around a lot.
Later, he became very friendly with the other gorillas in the cage. After only a few
months, he became a father.

42
 COINCIDENCES
Before you read:
1. What coincidences have happened to you or people that you know?
2. How do you explain these coincidences?
3. What changes did they make on your life?
4. Are they just luck or fate?

COINCIDENCE: Is it more than just a chance?

1) ………………………..
Sue Hamilton was working alone in her office in July 1992 when the fax machine broke
down. After trying unsuccessfully to fix it, she decided to call her colleague Jason Pegler,
who had set off home a little earlier. Finding his home number pinned up on a notice board,
she called him up and began to explain the problem. But Jason quickly stopped her. ‘I’m not
at home’ he explained. ‘I just happened to be walking past this phone box when I heard the
phone ringing, so I answered it’. The number Sue had found on the notice board wasn’t
Jason’s phone number. It was his employee number. Amazingly, it turned out to be the same
number of the phone box that Jason was walking past when she called.
2) ………………………..
Strange coincidences like this fascinate us. We’ve all had similar, though less dramatic,
experiences such as bumping into someone that you know when you are on holiday. There is
also the ‘small world’ phenomenon, where you meet a stranger and find out that you have a
friend in common. Are such experiences merely coincidences or is there some kind of
unknown force making these things happen?
3) ………………………..
Most scientists maintain that coincidences are just results of the laws of probability. For
example, one famous coincidence concerns the sinking of the Titanic. In 1898 a book was
published in America called The Wreck of the Titan. It told the story of the Titan, a huge
46,000-ton liner, which its builder claimed was unsinkable. On its maiden voyage from
England to New York in April, it struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic and sank. There were
not enough lifeboats on the ship and many of the passengers drowned. Fourteen years later on
15 April 1912, the unsinkable 45,000-ton Titanic sank on its maiden voyage from England to
New York after hitting an iceberg. Half the passengers drowned because there weren’t enough
lifeboats.

43
4) ………………………..
It seems like an uncanny prediction, but was it? First of all, if you are going to write a book
about a ship, isn’t it likely that you would choose the biggest ship in the world? And which
would be more dramatic, its first voyage or 23rd, an ordinary ship or unsinkable ship,
everyone survives or there aren’t enough lifeboats? Secondly, some facts are the natural
results of other choices. A huge liner would probably have a name that meant ‘huge’,
wouldn’t it? And what was a common danger in the North Atlantic? Icebergs, of course.
Looking at things in terms of probability, the strange coincidences don’t seem so strange
after all.
5) ………………………..
Another way of explaining coincidences is that we notice them simply because they are
unusual. So you remember meeting your neighbor when you are on holiday, and you think
that’s amazing, but you don’t remember all the times that you go on holiday without meeting
one of your neighbors.
6) ………………………..
It must be said, however, that some coincidences are hard to explain in terms of probability or
selective memory. Take the case of the young architect who in 1971 tried to commit suicide
by jumping in front of a London Underground train. The train pulled up just in time and the
architect survived. But the train driver hadn’t stopped the train. A passenger who had no idea
what was happening had pulled the emergency cord. Talking about the incident later, he said
that he had suddenly felt ‘driven’ to stop the train. Pure chance or mysterious force? Can we
really be certain?

1. Match these headings to the paragraphs.

..... A. Coincidences and memory
..... B. The strange coincidences concerning the Titanic
..... C. Why do coincidences happen?
..... D. An incident that is difficult to explain
..... E. An explanation of probability
..... F. An example of an amazing coincidence

2. Answer the questions:

a) What strange coincidences happened to these people or things?

 Jason Pegler ________________________________________________
 The Titanic ________________________________________________
44
  an architect ________________________________________________
b) What two scientific explanations are given for coincidences?

_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
c) What other explanation is suggested?
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________

3. Match the underlined phrasal verbs from the text and the definitions
1) broke down a) stuck

2) set off b) phoned

3) pinned up c) happened

4) called up d) discover

5) turned out e) stopped

6) bump into f) stopped working

7) find out g) gone

8) pulled up h) consider

9) looking at i) meet

4. Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as;

 to repair: _________________________________________

 someone that you work with: ___________________________

 a friend that you share: ______________________________

 only: ____________________________________________

 very large: ________________________________________

 a large passenger ship: ___________________________________

 impossible to sink: ______________________________________

45
  the first time that a ship sails: _____________________________

 a large piece of ice: _____________________________________

 very strange: __________________________________________

 to kill yourself: ________________________________________

MARKETING PERFUME

PERFUME: A PROMISE IN A BOTTLE

1 “Perfume” says expert perfumer Sophia Grossman is “a promise in a bottle”. That

promise might be reflected in a perfume’s name: Joy, Pleasures, or Beautiful, for example.
Millions of dollars are spent on the marketing of a perfume, trying to get customers to connect
luxury, attraction, or attitude to a fragrance.
2 Even without all the marketing, fragrance has power over our thoughts and emotions.
Some scientists insist that memory and smell are especially closely linked. Certain aromas
have the power to call up deep memories. Perfume makers are aware of this and use aromas
that can touch us deeply.

The Power of Aromas

3 Of every ten new perfumes put on the market, perhaps only one will succeed, so for a
company it’s risky to introduce a new fragrance as it can easily run through a budget of 20
million dollars. Profits, however, can be very high. One successful fragrance, CK One from
designer Calvin Klein, made 250 million dollars in its first year.
4 In the perfume world, an essence is a material with its own special aroma. Some are
natural, derived from flowers, plants, or wood, for example. Others are synthetic copies of
rare or difficult-to-obtain essences. According to perfume authority Harry Fremont, a good
fragrance is “a balance between naturals and synthetics”. Naturals give richness and
roundness; synthetics, backbone and sparkle.’’
Image and Marketing
5 Sephora is a leading perfume store in France. In a store of shining stone, metal, and
glass, famous perfumes are displayed and guarded like works of art as they are in the nearby
Louvre Museum. Salespeople are dressed entirely in black, and each type of perfume is sold
in a distinctly shaped bottle. In perfume sales, the emphasis on presentation is at least as
important as on the product.

46
6 In the global perfume market the United States, where image is all-important, is the
main competitor of France. The launch of one cologne for men, named after basketball star
Michael Jordan, was preceded by a flood of TV commercials and talk show appearances by
the player to create plenty of excitement and hype in the US.
7 If you’re confused about which perfume to buy, perfumer Annie Buzantian offers this
advice: you really can’t get an idea whether a perfume works or not until you wear it. “It’s
like the difference between a dress on the hanger and a dress on you,’’ says Buzantian. Add
Fremont adds, ‘‘your first impression is often the right one.’’

A. Match the words in bold in the text with the following meanings.
1. show, indicate (v) _____________________________
2. feeling (n) ___________________________________
3. connected ____________________________________
4. launch (v) ____________________________________
5. earn (v) ______________________________________
6. come or develop from sth. (v) _____________________
7. difficult to find (adj) _________________________________
8. get (v) _______________________________________
9. expert (n) ____________________________________
10. brightness (n) __________________________________
11. top (adj) ______________________________________
12. put in a place for people to see (v) __________________
13. stress (v) _____________________________________
14. come before (v) _________________________________
15. be successful (v) ___________________________________
16. an idea/feeling you get about sb./ sth. (n) _________________
B. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
a. The perfume industry uses marketing to sell an idea.
b. Perfume provides joy, pleasure, and beauty to customers.
c. The perfume industry makes promises it can rarely keep.
2. In paragraph 3, the phrase run through is closest in meaning to
a. use up
b. move into

47
 c. produce
3. According to Harry Fremont, good fragrance is a balance between.
a) flower and wood essences
b) plant and man-made essences
c) rare and difficult-to-obtain essences
d) natural and man-made essences
4. According to the author, in perfume sales, presentation is __________________ the
product.
a) at least as important as
b) much more important than
c) nearly as important as
d) not as important as
5. What is probably the main reason that Sephora’s perfumes are so well guarded?
a) Each bottle is worth over 1,000 dollars.
b) The store has been robbed many times.
c) It is a way to impress customers.
d) French stores are normally well guarded.
C. Match the headings with the paragraph they describe.
1. Paragraph 2 ____ a. American-Style Marketing
2. Paragraph 3 ____ b. The Power of Fragrance
3. Paragraph 4 ____ c. Secret Ingredients
4. Paragraph 5 ____ d. High Risks, Great Rewards
5. Paragraph 6 ____ e. A Stylish Shop

CRIME
THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH
How can the truth be discovered? Is there a reliable and safe way to make sure others
are telling the truth?
1) ________ . According to the story, King Solomon, who was renowned for his
wisdom, was once faced with two women both claiming to be the mother of the same baby.
He threatened to cut the baby in half in order to settle the disagreement. The truth was
revealed instantly when the real mother offered to give up her baby rather than see it die. Of
course, interrogators who lack Solomon’s legendary wisdom have to rely on other methods to
discover the truth.

48
 2) ________ . In the past, the basic techniques used to get prisoners to reveal the truth
varied. They included physical torture; depriving prisoners of sleep, making them stand for
hours with their arms stretched above their heads, putting them in solitary confinement, a
practice which is still employed today.
In modern times the techniques commonly used cause psychological rather than
physical suffering. These methods may be effective in making prisoners or suspects talk, but
when people are forced to confess, do they always tell the truth? 3) _______ . Obviously, the
problem of distinguishing between lies and truth remains.
4) ________ . Stress creates physical symptoms, which can be recorded when trying to
decide whether a person is telling the truth, or not. The device used to record these symptoms
is called a lie detector or polygraph. It is widely used by police and other agencies. It indicates
whether the person is being honest as it records changes in the heart rate, blood pressure and
other physical factors during questioning.
Most polygraph experts now admit that the method is not perfect, as even an innocent
person will feel under stress when faced with a serious accusation. As a result, a more
accurate technique has been developed. 5) _______ . Since most people would be guilty of
this to some extent, the polygraph will show some stress caused by the denial of the truth. For
innocent people, this will be the highest stress they show, while a murderer will become even
more stressed when denying a question about his or her involvement in the murder.
Recently, it has been shown that people can be trained to trick lie-detecting machines.
6) _______ . The fact remains, however, that some people make better liars than others.
7) _______ . The basic problem with all the methods is that if the person is in control, they
can easily mislead their questioners, while if the person is not in control due to pain or drugs,
what they say may not be true at all.
Exercise: Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from sentences a-h to fill
in each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence.
a. Perhaps the best-known scientific method relies on the fact that lying causes stress.
b. The question remains: Is there really a foolproof way of finding the truth?
c. With this technique, the person being questioned is instructed to deny questions like
“Before 1990, did you ever do anything dishonest?”
d. Pain is no longer used to make people talk.
e. A good deceiver can control even clues like body language, tone of voice and eye
contact.
f. A king used one of the best-known and cleverest solutions in ancient times.

49
g. By biting their tongues or counting backwards, guilty people can make themselves
appear under stress when answering innocent questions, and this often makes the results
inaccurate.
h. If a prisoner, for example, is made to suffer a lot, it seems obvious that false
confessions may be given just to satisfy the interrogator.

LADIES FIRST FOR SAFETY

1. Women drivers are the safest people
on the road, says a government
report.
2. Researcher Dr. Jeremy Broughton
analyzed every road accident in
Britain for one year and the results
contradict all men who ever said the
immortal phrase: ‘Women drivers
are terrible!!!’
3. The report clearly shows that women
are safe drivers. But Dr. Broughton’s
findings have come under fire from
local men. It seems tradition dies
hard.
4. ‘No way are women safer drivers.’
said Ealing Post Office worker Ian
Lewis. ‘I drive a van every day and
they are terrible.’
5. ‘They pull out in front of other cars
and slow down all the traffic’ said
fellow Ealing Post Office worker
Paul Bedworth.
6. However, the women thought
differently; ‘Women are much safer
because they’re much more cautious’
said Chiswick resident Lynne
Christian. ‘They are slower’ she
added, ‘But that’s why they’re better
and safer.’
7. Ealing’s Simon Welsh felt that the
sex of the driver was irrelevant: ‘If
you’re a bad driver, you are a bad
driver’ he said. ‘It doesn’t matter
whether you are a man or a woman.
Then again, there’s been no trouble
with the female drivers I’ve known.’
8. Ada Smith of Harrow reckons that the
load a woman carries in the car
makes a difference: ‘They have to
carry the children’ she explained.
And she added their drinking habits
made them safer road users. ‘They
don’t drink as much as men. Men are
always being stopped for drinking
and driving.’
9. It seems that men feel they are in
control of any situation behind the
wheel, whereas women feel that the
females’ cautious and less aggressive
approach to driving is safer.
10. But perhaps Carol Williams from
Harrow best summed up the situation:
‘They are both as bad as each other’
she said.

50
A. Choose the correct answer according to the text.
1. Dr. Jeremy Broughton
a) thinks that traditional opinion is hard to change.
b) is a researcher working for the government
c) found that the sex of the drivers does not affect accidents.
d) analyzed the drinking habits of the drivers.
2. Most of the local men
a) agreed with Dr. Broughton about the road accidents.
b) thought the sex of the driver doesn’t matter.
c) rejected the traditional opinion about women drivers.
d) criticized the findings in the government report.
3. According to Lynne Christian
a) it is an advantage to be a slow driver.
b) women should be careful about men drivers.
c) being a slow driver may cause dangers.
d) men have different thoughts about women drivers.
4. Ada Smith thinks that
a) children are always carried by their mothers.
b) what they carry in the car affects women’s driving.
c) women drivers never drink and drive.
d) men drivers are aggressive because they drink a lot.
5. We can understand that the writer of this article feels
a) the government report was prepared carefully and very well.
b) men seem to be more skillful and better drivers.
c) there is no difference between men and women drivers.
d) women drive slowly but more carefully and safely
6. Which one of the following is correct about the opinions of the people interviewed in
the article?
a) Ian Lewis and Simon Welsh felt that women were worse drivers than men.
b) Paul Bedworth and Lynne Christian thought that women were safer drivers than
men.
c) Simon Welsh and Carol Williams considered that the sex of the driver was
unimportant.

51
 d) Ada Smith and Carol Williams reckoned that men were more dangerous and worse
drivers.
7. The word “contradict” (paragraph 2) means
a) support
b) disagree with
c) say the same
d) criticize
8. The word “immortal” (paragraph 2) means
a) famous b) important c) dead d) funny
9. The phrase, “pull out” (paragraph 5) means
a) move in a direction c) pull another car
b) drive very fast d) carry heavy loads
10. The word “cautious” (paragraph 6) means
a) intelligent b) excited c) careful d) understanding
11 I in paragraph 4 refers to
a) Dr. Broughton c) the writer
b) Paul Bedworth d) Ian Lewis
12. their in paragraph 8 refers to
a) children’s b) women’s c) road user’s d) men’s
13. They in paragraph 10 refers to
a) women drivers c) women and men drivers
b) men drivers d) drinking drivers

TATTOO ART
I Jack laid, quiet and unmoving, for thirty minutes while a stranger stabbed him with
sharp needles, causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg. Jack was getting a tattoo. His
friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo, and Jack was so impressed by Tony’s bravery and
his tattoo that he decided to get one too. Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have
5 them is just one of the reasons why a lot of young people get tattoos. Peer pressure, media
influence, and personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today.

II The desire to be a part of a group, to be accepted by one’s friends or peers, can have a
great influence on what a person does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you
belong to a certain group. Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their

52
10 particular group. For example, in one gang all the members may wear green army jackets and
have large ‘Xs’ tattooed on their arms. It is not only gangs that have this type of special
‘uniform’. Young people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups
wear only brand-name clothes. Some wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a
person’s friends are all doing something, such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to
15 do the same thing, and get a tattoo too.

III The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos. A wide variety of
media images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling
expensive cars. Famous sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models
are often seen in magazines and on TV wearing designer clothes that show their bodies
20 tattooed with detailed and colorful patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of
wealth, success, and status. As a result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and
status value.

IV It is not always the influence of other people or the media that results in a person
getting a tattoo. Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature,
25 their beliefs, or their feelings – in other words to show their individuality. A musician in a
rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures
of endangered animals on their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each other’s names over their
hearts. A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person’s life.

V As you can see, there are many reasons why people get tattoos. A tattoo can be a part
30 of a group’s uniform. It can be a sign of fashion. It can be an expression of individuality. The
decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or desire to
express oneself. For Jack, it was a mixture of all three.

A. Are the following sentences TRUE or FALSE? Explain your answer.

1- Jack got a tattoo to show he was as brave as his friend Tony. ________
2- Some people wear special clothes to show they belong to a group. _______
3- Some musicians wear tattoos so that people know what instrument they play. _______
B. Choose the correct alternative
1. As a result of media images of tattoos,
a. more and more people want to have expensive cars.
b. people are influenced by ideas of wealth, success and status.
c. fashion designers choose only models who wear tattoos.

53
 d. sports stars get tattoos to appear in magazines.
2. People get tattoos most often because
a. they want to be part of a group.
b. wearing a tattoo is fashionable.
c. they don’t mind the blood and the pain.
d. of their friends, the media or the need to express themselves.
3. The purpose of the article is:
a. to explain why people decide to get a tattoo.
b. to describe Jack’s experience with his leg tattoo.
c. to persuade people not to get a tattoo.
d. to help people to express themselves.

C. Find words or expressions in the text, which mean:

1. without interruption, in a regular way (adverb, paragraph I): ________
2. to express a wish for; to entreat; to request (noun, paragraph II): _______
3. the state of being rich (noun, paragraph III): _________
4. at risk, facing extinction (adjective, paragraph IV): _________
5. dissimilarity (noun, paragraph V): ____________

D. What do these words refer to?

1- he (paragraph I): ____________
2- their (paragraph II): ____________
3- their (paragraph IV): ____________
4- it (paragraph V): ____________

A SOUND BODY
‘Early to bed and early to rise,
Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.’
Those were the words of Benjamin Franklin, a famous eighteenth – century American
author and inventor. Today, few busy adults can follow Franklin’s advice, but most of them
are very concerned about their health. In 1982, people in this country spent about $287
billion on health care, but all those doctors and pills aren’t the only evidence that Americans
really try to stay well. A public opinion poll showed that 81 percent of all Americans rated
good health almost as important as a happy family life. Another survey showed that the

54
average American expects to live to be 77, and that almost a quarter of the people expect to
live to be 86. One third of the people who participated in the second survey said that they do
not eat sugar. One half of them said that they take vitamin pills, and more than one half said
that they take part in a regular programme of physical fitness. In today’s crazy world, people
feel that they have no control over the major events that affect their lives, but they feel that
they can control their own bodies.
For many people, good health starts at the dinner table. Too much food means too
many kilos, so a health conscious person tries to limit the quantity of food he or she eats.
However, the quality of a diet also affects a person’s health. That’s why some people avoid
fatty foods, foods with caffeine, foods with sugar or salt in them and foods with added
chemicals. Farmers spray their plants with insecticides in order to kill insects, but do these
chemicals kill people, too? Cattle producers feed their cows certain drugs to make them fat,
but are these drugs good for human beings? Are the chemicals that keep the food fresh
harmful to our bodies when we eat so many of them? These questions trouble many people,
and they refuse to eat anything but ‘natural’ foods. That’s why; when you shop for groceries
in American supermarkets today, you will often see labels that say ‘No preservatives’ or ‘No
artificial ingredients’, or ‘All natural flavors’.
But diet is not the only thing that health-conscious people want to control. They also
want to maintain their good health through regular exercise. The most popular activity for
men is walking, with weightlifting next. Women also rate walking most popular, but many
women also like yoga or aerobic dancing. Young people often play competitive sports such as
softball, baseball, basketball or football. Although most middle-aged people don’t play these
sports very often, they participate in sports like tennis, golf, or bowling. But, curiously, the
group that tries to get the most exercise (usually walking) is not the young or the middle-aged;
it’s the elderly. Old people take care of themselves more than people in their 40s or 50s,
perhaps because old people think more about dying.
At one time, people thought that only athletes should care a lot about sports, and that
the mind was more important than the body. But nowadays, many people realize that they
must keep a balance between the two. A Latin proverb recommends ‘a sound mind in a sound
body.’ It’s old advice, but a lot of people take it seriously.

A. What do the underlined words in the text refer to?

1. ‘these chemicals’_____________________
2. ‘them’ __________________________________

55
 3. ‘the two’ ________________________________
B. Mark the correct choice.
1. ‘concerned about’ probably means
a) frightened of c) worried about
b) pleased with d) bored with
2. ‘a public opinion poll’ probably means
a) a political election c) a health campaign
b) gymnastic exercise d) a scientific survey

C. Are the following sentences TRUE or FALSE according to the information in the
text? Explain your answer.
____ 1. Most Americans are of the opinion that a happy family life is less important than
good health.
___________________________________________________
____ 2. About one third of the Americans think that sugar is bad for health.
___________________________________________________
____ 3. Some people think that they can only control the major events that affect their
lives by controlling their bodies.
____________________________________________________
____ 4. People over the age of sixty-five generally try to avoid exercise.
____________________________________________________
____ 5. Today people no longer believe that sports are important only for athletes.
_____________________________________________________
D. Fill in the blanks with the help of the information in the text.
1. The (a) _____________ of food a person eats and the (b) ______________ of a diet
are two of the factors that have an effect on a person’s health.
2. Many people refuse to eat anything but ‘natural’ foods, thinking that the chemicals
that keep foods fresh might be __________________.
3. In addition to a healthy diet, getting __________________ also helps people maintain
their good health.

56
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD
WILL GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD FEED THE WORLD
1 If you want to start a heated discussion at a dinner party, bring up the topic of
genetically modified foods. For many people, the idea of genetically altered, high-tech crop
production raises all kinds of environmental, health and safety questions. Particularly
5 in countries with a long tradition of agriculture, the idea seems against nature.
1.________________. In developing countries, however, to feed fast-growing and underfed
populations, the problem is simpler and much more urgent. Do the benefits of biotech
outnumber the risks?
2 The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's
10 population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the United Nations estimates, it will probably be
about 9 billion. 2 ___________________. At the same time, the world's available farming
land is declining. In fact, available farming land has declined steadily since 1960 and will
decrease by half over the next 50 years, according to ISAAA (the International Service for the
Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications).
15 3 The United Nations estimates that nearly 800 million people around the world are
undernourished and the effects are deadly. 3.___________________ This also means their
babies might be born with various defects or weaknesses. As many as 100 million children
suffer from vitamin A deficiency, a major cause of blindness. Millions of people suffer from
other major illnesses and nutritional deficiencies as a result of not having enough food.
20 4 How can biotech help? In an effort to produce nutritionally improved crops,
biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is strengthened with beta-
carotene and additional minerals. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places
where food shortages are caused by crop damage due to pests (harmful insects), crop viruses,
drought (lack of rain) or bad quality soil. Damage caused by pests is incredible.
25 4.________________________ Adding pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the
balance. In Africa, for example, crop production has increased significantly by using pest-
resistant cotton.
5 Viruses often cause great damage to basic crops in developing countries. Two years
ago, Africa lost more than half its cassava crop - a key source of calories - because of the
30 mosaic virus. 5. _______________________ Similarly, in regions with very little rainfall,
drought-tolerant seeds can reduce crop damage. Biotech can also help solve the problem of
too much aluminum in soil, which can damage roots and cause crop failures. A gene that
helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified recently. Many scientists

57
 believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25%
35 and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested.
6 In spite of that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer.
6._______________________ Poverty plays the largest role. Today, more than 1 billion
people around the globe live on less than 1 dollar a day. Making genetically modified crops
available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local
40 population cannot afford to buy them because they are expensive. Another difficulty is the
problem of food distribution. 7._______________________ Especially in countries with
undeveloped means of transport, geography restricts food availability and many biotech
products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. To overcome this
problem, there is a need for better collaboration between governments and private biotech
45 firms.
7 In brief, biotech is not a miracle but it promises to transform agriculture in many
developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who
could suffer for years.

A. Put the sentences into the correct places left in the text.
a. Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone but much of it is
simply in the wrong place.
b. Genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage.
c. In developing countries, crop loss is only one cause of hunger.
d. The European corn boreri, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn
crops annually.
e. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries.
f. About 400 million young women are iron deficient, which means they don't have
enough iron in their bodies.
g. In rich countries, there is a wide range of foods to choose from and a supply that easily
meets the needs of the population.
i
European corn borer which is also known as Ostrinia nubilalis, is a kind of insect of
European origin.

B. Find words in the text that mean the following. Write only ONE word on each line,
and do not change the form of the word.
1. be greater than (v) (paragraph 1) _________________________________
2. insufficiency (n) (paragraph 4) ___________________________________

58
3. limits (v) (paragraph 6) _________________________________________
4. cooperation (n) (paragraph 6) ____________________________________

59