Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Binomial is made of “Bi” which means “two”
and “nomial” which means an expression with
numbers or variables.
Binomial Theorem
(x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy Definition
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4 The formula by which any
positive integral power of a
When index is very high then use binomial binomial expression can be
theorem as below expanded in the form of a series
(x + y)n = nC0xny0 + nC1xn–1y1 + nC2xn–2y2 + … + is known as Binomial Theorem.
nCrxn–ryr+ … + nCnxn–nyn
Where n∈N, x and y ∈ set of complex
numbers and nC0, nC1, nC2… are called binomial
coefficients normally written as C0, C1, C2…
(n hidden)
Point to Remember!!!
Proof of Binomial Expansion
(x + y)n = (x + y) (x + y)…(x + y) {n brackets} (i) The number of terms in the
Each term in the expansion is formed by taking expansion is (n + 1)
one letter from each bracket and multiplying i.e. one more than the index
them together. For example, choose x from (n)
all the bracket and multiplying them, xn is (ii) Tr+1 = nCrxn–ryr is called the
obtained. This can be done in 1 (= nC0) way. general term of the binomial
expansion.
Binomial Theorem
( ) ( )
n n
∑ C y
n n−r r
Also, x + y = y+x = r
x
r= 0
Sol.
(a) n = 2, r = 3
n+r–1
Cr–1 = 3+2–1C3–1 = 4C2 = 6
(b) n = 8 r = 3
n+r–1
Cr–1 = 8+3–1C3–1 = 10C2 = 45
Proof :
Put x = y = 1 in expansion of (x + y)n
(x + y)n = nC0xny0 + nC1xn–1y1 + nC2xn–2y2+…+ nCnxn–nyn
(1 + 1)n = nC0 1n10 + nC1 1n-1 11 +…+ nCn 10 1n
2n = nC0 + nC1 +…+ nCn.
Note :
(x + 2y)2 = 2C0x2–0(2y)0 + 2C1x2–1(2y)1 + 2C2x2–2(2y)2
= 1x2 + 4xy + 4y2
y Here, 2C0, 2C1, 2C2 are binomial coefficients and 1, 4, 4
Binomial Theorem
are coefficients.
y To find sum of binomial coefficients in expansion
of (x + 2y)2, use formula (1) and to find sum of all
coefficients in the expansion of (x+2y)2 put x = y = 1,
i.e. [1 + 2(1)]2 = 9
2.
Q. Find the sum of all coefficients in the expansion of
(a) (x – y + z)2 (b) (2x2 – 3x + 3)2021
(c) (x + 3)2020 (d) (x – 1 )99
Sol.
(a) put x = y = z = 1
(1 – 1 + 1)2 = 1
(b) put x = 1, [2(1)2 – 3(1) + 3]2021 = 22021
(c) put x = 1, (1 + 3)2020 = 42020
(d) put x = 1, (1 – 1)99 = 0
∑ C x
n n−r r
= r
y
r= 0 (1) Coefficient of xr in expansion
of (1 + x)n = nCr
(b) (x – y)n = nC0xny0 – nC1xn–1y1 + nC2xn–2y2 –
nC3xn–3y3+…+ (–1)n nCnx0yn (2) Coefficient of xr in expansion
n of (1 – x)n = (–1)r nCr
∑ ( −1)
r n
= Cr xn−r yr
r= 0
∑ C x
Binomial Theorem
n r
= r
r= 0
∑ ( −1)
r n
= Cr xr
r =0
3.
Q. Find coefficient of x6 in (1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3)15
Sol. (5C0 + 5C1x2 + 5C2x4 + 5C3x6 + 5C4x8 + 5C5x10) × (4C0 + 4C1x + 4C2x2 + 4C3x3 + 4C4x4)
Required coefficient is
5
C1 4C3 + 5C2 4C1 = 20 + 40 = 60.
Q. n+ 4
( ) . (1 + x) = ∑a x . If a , a
2 n
Let 1 + x2 k
k
1 2
and a3 are in A.P. find n.
k =0
Sol.
(1 + 2x2 + x4) (1 + nC1x + nC2x2+…) =
a0x0 + a1x1 + a2x2 +…
comparing coefficients of like powers of x both side
a1 = nC1, a2 = 2 + nC2, a3 = nC3 + 2(nC1)
2a2 = a1 + a3
2 2 +
n n−1 ( ) = nC +
(
n n−1 n−2 )( ) + 2n
1
2 6
6[4 + n(n – 1)] = 18n + n3 – 3n2 + 2n
24 + 6n2 – 6n = 18n + n3 – 3n2 + 2n
n3 – 9n2 + 26n – 24 = 0
(n – 2) (n – 3) (n – 4) = 0 ⇒ n = 2, 3, 4
(1 − 2 x )
50
is
(A)
1 50
2
(
2 + 1 (B)
1 50
2
)
3 +1 ( ) (C)
2
( )
1 50
3 (D)
2
(
1 50
)
3 −1
Ans. (B)
Binomial Theorem
(1 − 2 x ) = ( ) + C (2 x ) − C (2 x )
50 1 2 3
Sol.
50
C0 − 50C1 2 x 50
2
50
3
+ C (2 x ) (2 x ) + … + (−1) C (2 x ) …(i)
4 5 50
50 50 50
4
− 50C5 50
4.
Required sum = C0 +
50
C2 22 +
50
C424 +…+
50
C50250
50
( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( )
50 50 2 4 50
1−2 x + 1+ 2 x = 2 50C0 + 50C2 2 x + 50C4 2 x + ... + 50C50 2 x
put x = 1 both side
( 1 − 2) ( )
50 50
+ 1+ 2
= 50
C0 + 50
C222 + C424 +…+
50
C50250
50
2
On solving L.H.S. is
1 50
2
(
3 +1 . )
Q. Sum of all coefficients in (1 + x – 3x2)2163
Sol. Put x = 1
(1 + 1 – 3)2163 = – 1
Ans. (A)
Sol. Put a = b = c = 1
(1 + 2(1) + 1)10 = 410
Q. y
7
3
y
Sol. T4 = T3+ 1 = 7C3 (2x)7 −3 −
2
7×6×5 y3
= × 16x4 ( −1)
6 8
= – 70x4y3
Binomial Theorem
5.
6
1
Q. 1+log 10x 1
If the fourth term in the binomial expansion of x + x is equal to
12
200, and x > 1, then the value of x is
(A) 103 (B) 100 (C) 104 (D) 10
Ans. (D)
3
1
1 2 1
3
1+log 10x
Sol.
6
C3 x
x 12 = 200
3 1
1
2 1+log 10 x
x . x 4 = 10
3 1 1
log 10 x + log 10 x = 1 (Taking log both side)
2 1 + log 10 x 4
3 1 α
α + = 1 ⇒ α2 + 3α – 4 = 0
(
2 1+ α 4 )
α = 1, – 4
∴ log10x = α = 1, – 4
x = 10, 10–4
Q. 1
6
3x
( ) 1
6 −r
Sol.
6 2
Tr + 1 = Cr 2x −
3x
r
x 12−2r 1
= 6Cr 26−r ( ) −
xr 3
Equating power of x to 3
Binomial Theorem
12 – 3r = 3 ⇒ r = 3
3
( ) 1 −160 3
3
6.
Q.
The coefficient of (3r)th term and coefficient of (r + 2)th term in the expansion
of (1 + x)2n are equal (r > 1, n > 2 and positive integer) then
n n n+ 1 n−1
(A) r = (B) r = (C) r = (D) r =
2 3 2 2
Ans. (A)
Sol. C3r–1 =
2n 2n
Cr+1
3r − 1 = r + 1 or 2n = 3r − 1 + r + 1 n C = nC
x y
2r = 2 or 2n = 4r ⇒ x + y = n or
r=1 or n = 2r x=y
Q. If in the expansion of (1 + y)n, then coefficient of 5th, 6th and 7th terms are in
A.P., then ‘n’ is equal to
(A) 7, 11 (B) 7, 14 (C) 8, 16 (D) None
Ans. (B)
2 n!( ) =
n!
+
n!
(
5! n − 5 ! ) (
4! n − 4 ! ) (
6! n − 6 ! )
12(n – 4) = 30 + (n – 5) (n – 4)
n2 – 21n + 98 = 0 ⇒ n = 7, 14
Q. 2n 2n
∑a ( x − 2) = ∑b ( x − 3)
r r
If r r
and ak = 1 ∀ k ≥ n, then show that bn = 2n+1Cn+1
r= 0 r= 0
Sol.
a0(x – 2)0 + a1(x – 2)1 + a2(x – 2)2 +…+ an–1(x – 2)n–1 + an(x – 2)n + an+1(x –2)n+ 1+…+
a2n(x – 2)2n =
b0(x – 3)0 + b1(x – 3)1 + b2(x – 3)2 +…+ b2n(x – 3)2n
a0 + a1(x – 2)1 + a2(x – 2)2 +…+ an–1(x – 2)n–1 + (x –2)n + (x – 2)n+1 +…+ (x – 2)2n
= b0 + b1(x – 3)1 + b2(x–3)2 +…+ bn(x – 3)n + bn+1(x – 3)n+1 +…+ b2n(x – 3)2n
(M 1)
Comparing coefficient of xn from both sides-
Binomial Theorem
n
C0 + n+1C1 + n+2C2 +…+ 2nCn = bn
bn = (n+1Cn+1 + n+1Cn) + n+2Cn +…+ 2nCn
= (n+2Cn+1 + n+2Cn)+…+ 2nCn
7.
[nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1]
= ((n+3)Cn+1 + n+3Cn) +…+ 2n
Cn
= 2n+1Cn+1
(M 2)
(x + 1)n + (x + 1)n+1 + (x + 1)n+2 +…+ (x + 1)2n = S(say)
To find coefficient of xn from above series.
A = (x + 1)n R = (x + 1)
( )
n+ 1
Rn − 1 n x + 1 − 1
S=A = x+1 ( )
R − 1
x+1 −1
( )
( x + 1) ( ) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2n+ 1 n 2n+ 1 n
− x+1
S= = −
x x x
∴ coefficient of xn in S = 2n+1
Cn+1 (coefficient of xn+1 in (1 + x)2n+1)
∴ bn = 2n+1Cn+1
Term Independent of x
Step-I: Write general term of the expansion.
Step-II: Equate the exponent of x to zero
Q. 1
6
( ) 1
6 −r
3
For term independent of x, 12 – 3r = 0
r=4
Hence T4+1 = T5 or 5 term is independent of x
th
4
1
Binomial Theorem
T5 = 6C4 26−4 − x0
3
1 20
= 15 × 4 × =
81 27
8.
Middle Term
The middle term in the expansion of (x + y)n
depends upon the value of n
(i) If n is even
Total number of terms in the expansion
= n + 1 (odd)
There is only one middle term
th
n
+ 1 term is the middle term
2
(ii) If n is odd
Total number of terms in the expansion
= n + 1 (even)
There is two middle term
th th
n + 1 n + 1
term and 2 + 1 term are two
2
middle term.
Q. 1
11
n+ 1 n+ 1
Sol. n = 11
2
= 6
2
+1=7
( ) 1
( ) 1
6 5
T6 = − 11C5 2x2 ; T7 = 11C6 2x2 −
3x 3x
9856 7 4928 4
=− x ; = x
81 243
Note :
(i) Middle term has greatest binomial coefficient and if there are two
middle terms their binomial coefficients will be equal
n
When r = if n ∈ even
Binomial Theorem
2
(ii) nCr will be maximum
n−1 n+ 1
When r = or if n ∈ odd
2 2
9.
Q. Find the coefficient of x15 in the expansion of (x – x2)10.
Sol.
[x(1 – x)]10 = x10 (1 – x)10
∴ coeff. of x15 in x10(1 – x)10 =
coeff. of x5 in (1 – x)10 = (-1)5 10C5
= – 252
3200
Q.
If {P} denotes the fractional part of the number P, then
8
, is equal to
5 1 7 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 8 8
Ans. (B)
( ) + (1 − 2 )
7 7
Q. Value of 1 + 2
Ans. (C)
(1 + 2 ) ( 2 ) + 7C ( 2 ) ( 2)
7 1 2 3
Sol. = 1 + 7C1 2
+ 7C3 +…+
(1 − 2 ) = 1 − 7C ( 2 ) + 7C ( 2 ) ( 2)
7 1 2 3
1 2
− 7C3 + ...
( ) ( )
7 7
1+ 2 + 1− 2
( )
= 2 1 + 7C2 2 + 7C4 22 + 7C6 23
= 2[1 + 42 + 140 + 56]
= 478
( ) −( )
5 5
( ) ( )
5 5 5
Sol. 3 1+ 3
− 1− 3
10.
( ) ( 3) + C ( 3) ( 3 )
5 5 1
5
3 5
= 3 2 C 1 3
+ 5C5
= 54[5 + 30 + 9]
= 54 × 44 = 2376
Sol.
C4r + 4 = 10C2r
10
4r + 4 = 2r or 10 = (4r + 4) + 2r ⇒ r = 1
2r = – 4 (not possible)
[nCx = nCy ⇒ x + y = n or x = y]
Q. Let α > 0, β > 0 be such that α3 + β2 = 4. If the maximum value of the term
10
1 −1
independent of x in the binomial expansion of αx 9 + βx 6 is 10k, then k is
equal to
(A) 176 (B) 336 (C) 352 (D) 84
Ans. (B)
10 −r r
1 −1
Sol.
10
Tr + 1 = Cr αx 9 βx 6
10 − r r
For term independent of x, − =0 ⇒r=4
9 6
∴ T5 = 10C4 α6β4
1
α3 + β2
2
≥ α3β2 ( ) 2
2
4 3 2
≥ α β ⇒ (α β )max = 4
3 2
2
∴ (T5)max = 10 k
Binomial Theorem
10
C4(4)2 = 10 k
k = 336
11.
Q. cosα
10
Greatest value of term independent of x in xsinα + x ∈R
x
r
cos α
Sol.
10
Tr + 1 = Cr (x sin α )10−r
x
Q. 1
n
Sol. Put x = 1
(1 + 1)n = 4096 = 212 ⇒ n = 12
Greatest binomial coefficient = 12C6
( )
15
( ) ( )
15−r r
Sol.
15
Tr + 1 = Cr 2 7
12.
Q. 1
20
20 −r r
1 −1
Sol.
20
Tr + 1 = Cr 4 3 6 4
For rational terms, ‘r’ should be multiple of 4
∴ Possible values of r is 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20
20 − r
but at r = 8 and 20 only is integer
3
∴ r = 8,20
Hence, number of rational terms are 2
(1 + x) − 1 = (1 + x)
20 20
−1
Sol. y =
(1 + x) − 1 x
∴ coefficient of xp in y is 20Cp+1
20
Cp+1 is greatest when p + 1 = 10 ⇒ p = 9.
(M 1)
By method of selection.
Consider n boys and n girls in a class. Total number of ways to select n
students out of 2n is 2nCn. Alternatively, the same selection can be done if out
of n boys, zero boys and out of n girls, n girls are selected or out of n boys, 1
boy and out of n girls, (n–1) girls are selected and so on…
Hence 2n
Cn = nC0 nCn + nC1 nCn–1 + nC2 nCn–2 +…
= nC0 nC0 + nC1 nC1 + nC2 nC2 +…
∴ 2nCn = C02 + C21 + C22 + ...
Binomial Theorem
13.
n
1 C 1 C2
1 + = C0 + + 2 + ...
x x x
n
C1 C2
1
x
(
(1 + x)n 1 + = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + … ) C 0
+
x
+
x2
+ …
(1 + x)
2n
C C C C C C
= C0 C0 + 1 + 22 + ... + C1x C0 + 1 + 2 + ... + C2 x2 C0 + 1 + 22 + ... + …
xn x x x x2 x x
Taking coefficient of x0 from both side
coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n = C02 + C21 + C22 + ... + Cn2
( ) ( )
2S = n + 2 C02 + n + 2 C21 + ... + n + 2 Cn2 ( )
S=
(n + 2) × 2nC
n
2
Sol.
C36 = 73C36 – 72C35 (nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1 – nCr)
72
14.
Product Of Two Binomial
Sol. (M-1)
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + C3x3 +…
n
1 1 1 1
1 + = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + ...
x x x x
n
C1 C2
1
x
(
(1 + x) 1 + = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + … .
n
) C
0
+
x
+
x2
+ …
1
Equating coefficients of both sides-
x
( )
n
1 1+ x
Coefficient of in (1 + x)n = C0C1 + C1C2 + C2C3+…+ Cn–1Cn
x xn
Coefficient of xn–1 in (1 + x)2n = C0C1 + C1C2 + C2C3 +…2nCn–1 = Cn+1
2n
(M-2)
LHS = C0Cn–1 + C1Cn–2 + C2Cn–3 +…+ Cn–1C0 consider ‘n’ boys and ‘n’ girls out of
which ‘n–1’ students are to be selected. First way is to select zero boys out of
n and (n – 1) girls out of n. For this number of ways are nC0 . nCn–1 second ways
is to select 1 boy out of n and (n – 2) girls out of n. This can be done in nC1 nCn–2
ways and so on…
Hence total number of ways equals L.H.S. Now, another ways is to directly
select (n – 1) students out of ‘2n’ in 2nCn–1 ways which is equal to 2nCn+1 (R.H.S)
Hence, C0C1 + C1C2 +… = 2nCn+1
Ans.
Binomial Theorem
(D)
Sol. Ar = 10Cr, Br = 20
Cr, Cr = 30
Cr
10 10
∑( ∑(
10
B10 Cr )(20 Cr ) − C10 10
Cr )2
r =1 r =1
15.
10 10
20
∑
C10 10 C10−r 20 Cr −
r = 0
30
∑
C10 ( 10 Cr )2 −
r =0
20
C10 + 30
C10
20
C10 30C10 – 30C10 20C10 + 30
C10 – C10
20
30
C10 – 20C10 = C10 – B10
Q. The value of r for which 20Cr 20C0 + 20Cr–1 20C1 + 20Cr–2 20C2 +…+ 20C020Cr is
maximum is
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 11 (D) 10
Ans. (B)
Sol. Out of 20 boys and 20 girls, total ‘r’ students are selected. This is stated by the
given series.
40
Cr is maximum at r = = 20
2
Sol. (M 1)
S = C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + 4C3 +…+ (n + 1)Cn
+ S = (n + 1) Cn + nCn–1 +…+ 2C1 + C0
2S = (n + 2) [C0 + C1 +…+ Cn]
n+2 n
S= [2 ]= (n + 2) 2n–1
2
(M 2)
Consider
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 +…+ Cnxn
d d
( )
n
1+ x x = [C0x + C1x2 + C2x3 + … + Cnxn+1]
dx dx
(1 + x)n + nx(1 + x)n–1 = C0 + 2C1x + 3C2x2 + … + (n + 1)Cnxn
Put x = 1
2n + n2n–1 = C0 + 2C1 + 3C2 + … + (n + 1)Cn
Binomial Theorem
16.
Q. Show that S = 1.C1 + 2.C2 + 3.C3 +…+ n.Cn = n.2n–1
Sol. (M 1)
Consider
(1 + x)
= C0 + C1x + C2x2 +…+ Cnxn
n
= n.n–1Cr–1 n Cr =
n n− 1
r
Cr − 1
( )
n n
S = n.
∑
r=1
n− 1
Cr − 1 = n ∑
r=1
n− 1
Cr − 1
= n.(2n–1)
Sol.
9950 + 10050 ↔ (101)50
10050 ↔ (1 + 100)50 – (1 – 100)50
10050 ↔ (C0 + C1x + C2x2 +…) – (C0 – C1x + C2x2…) (x = 100)
10050 ↔ 2[50C1 100 + 50C31003 +…+ 50C4910049]
10050 ↔ 2[50C1100 + 50C31003 +…] + 10050
Hence right hand side is bigger than left hand side
⇒ 9950 + 10050 < (101)50
Q. 4n
Show that : 2n–2Cn–2 + 2.2n–2Cn–1 + 2n–2Cn > , n∈N n > 2
n+ 1
Adding, LHS ≥ 4
4n + 4 − 4 4
Binomial Theorem
17.
9
3 1
Q. If the term independent of x in the expansion of x2 −
2
is k, then 18k is
3x
equal to
(A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 7 (D) 11
Ans. (C)
9−r r
3 −1
Sol. Tr + 1 = 9Cr x2
2
3x
9−r r r
3 1 1
= Cr x 18−2r −
9
2 3 x
For term independent of x, 18 – 3r = 0 ⇒ r = 6
3 6
3 −1 7 9
So, term independent of x = C6 =
2 3 18
7
∴ 18K = 18 × =7
18
Q. 22 23 24 2n+ 1 3n+ 1 − 1
Prove that: 2.C0 + .C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn =
2 3 4 n+ 1 n+ 1
Sol. (M 1)
2 2
∫ (1 + x) ∫ (C )
n
dx = 0
+ C1x + C2 x2 + ... + Cnxn dx
0 0
2
( )
n+ 1
1+ x C 1x 2 x3 xn+ 1
= C0 x + + C2 + ... + Cn
n+ 1 2 3 n + 1
0
3 −1n+ 1
C .22 23
= 2.C0 + 1 + C2 . + ....
n+ 1 2 3
(M 2)
2r + 1 nCr
Tr =
Binomial Theorem
r+1
n n
2r + 1 nCr 2r + 1 n+ 1Cr + 1
S= ∑
r =0
r+1
= ∑ (n + 1)
r =0
18.
n
1
= ∑
n + 1 r =0
n+ 1 Cr + 1 2r + 1
n
1
= ∑
n + 1 r= 0
n+ 1 Cr + 1 2r + 1
1 n+ 1
= 1 + C1 21 + n+ 1C2 22 + n+ 1C3 23 + ... + n+ 1Cn+ 1 2n+ 1 − 1
n+ 1
1
( )
n+ 1
= 1+ 2 − 1
n + 1
3n+ 1 − 1
=
n+ 1
Q. C0 C1 C2 C3 Cn 1 + n.2n+ 1
Prove : + + + + ... + =
2 3 4 5 n+2 (n + 1)(n + 2)
∫x ( 1 + x ) ∫ (C x + C x )
n 2
dx = 0 1
+ C2 x3 + ... dx
0 0
Put (1 + x) = t
dx = dt
2 1
x2 x3 x4
∫( ) n
t − 1 t dt = C0 + C1 + C2 + ...
2 3 4
1 0
2 2
C C C C
∫
1 1
∫
tn+ 1dt − tndt = 0 + 1 + 2 + ... n
2
3 4 n + 2
2 2
tn + 2 tn + 1 C C C C
− = 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + n
n + 2 1 n + 1 1 2 3 4 n+2
C C C
1 n+ 2
n+2
2 − 1 −
1
n+ 1
2n+ 1 − 1 = 0 + 1 + 2 + ...
2 3 4
( )
C0 C1 C2 2 1 1 1
∴ + + + ... = 2n+ 1 − − +
2 3 4 n + 2 n + 1 n + 2 n + 1
Binomial Theorem
= 2n+ 1
( 2n + 2 − n − 2) + (n + 2 − n − 1)
(n + 2)(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
2n+ 1.n + 1
=
(n + 1)(n + 2)
19.
Q. n
∑r .
2 n
Cr =
r= 0
Sol. (M 1)
n n n
∑
r =0
r.( r.nCr ) = n ∑r =1
r.n− 1 Cr − 1 = n ∑ (r − 1)
r =1
n− 1
Cr − 1 + n− 1Cr − 1
n n
= n(n − 1) ∑
r =2
n− 2
Cr −2 + n ∑
r=1
n− 1
Cr − 1
S= × 2n
2
∴ S = (n + 1)2n.
20.
Q. q + 1 q + 1 q + 1
2 n
Ans. (D)
n+ 1
q + 1
−1
n+ 1
q −1 2 (q + 1)n+ 1 − 2n+ 1
Sol. Sn =
q− 1
; Tn =
q+ 1
=
(q − 1)2n
−1
2
101 q2 − 1 101 q3 − 1 q101 − 1
Now C1 + 101C2 + C3 + ... + 101C101
q−1 q− 1 q− 1
=
1
q − 1
( 101
C1q1 + 101C2q2 + ... + 101C101q101 − ) ( 101
)
C1 + 101C2 + ... + 101 C101
=
1
(q − 1)
{
[(1 + q)101 − 1] − [2101 − 1] = α.T100 }
(1 + q)101 − 2101 (q + 1)101 − 2101
⇒ =α
(q − 1) (q − 1)2100
α = 2100
Q.
n n
∑ k ∑ n
C k ·k2 n n
Ck
n
k =0 k =0
n
= 0 holds for some positive integer n then find ∑k + 1.
∑ k. C ∑
k =0
n
k
k =0
n
Ck .3k k =0
n(n + 1)
n(n + 1)2n−2
Sol. 2 =0
n.2n− 1 (1 + 3)n
Binomial Theorem
1
2n−2
n(n+1) 2 =0
n− 1 n n
n.2 2 .2
21.
1 2n− 1
=0
n 2n+ 1
2n+1 – n.2n–1 = 0 ⇒ (4 – n) 2n–1 = 0
n=4
4 4
Ck 4 4
C1 4
C2 4 C 3 4 C4
∴
k =0
k+1 ∑= C0 +
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
1
=1+2+2+1+ = 6.2
5
Q. C + C1 C1 + C2 C2 + C3 Cn− 1 + Cn (n + 1)n
Prove : 0 ... =
C0 C1 C2 Cn− 1 n!
n− 1 n− 1 n+ 1
Cr + Cr + 1 Cr + 1
Sol. LHS : ∏
r =0
Cr
=
∏
r =0
n
Cr
n− 1
n+ 1 1 (n + 1)n
= ∏
r= 0
r+1
= (n + 1)n ×
1.2.3.....n
=
n!
Ans. (B)
∴ (x + x2 − 1)6 + (x − x2 − 1)6
Binomial Theorem
22.
Q. (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a2nx2n
(i) Show that a0 + a1 + a2 + … + a2n = 3n
Sol. (M 1)
[1 + (x + x2)]n = nC0 + nC1(x + x2) + nC2(x + x2)2 +…
Put x = 1
(1 + 1 + 1)n = a0 + a1 +…+ a2n
∴ a0 + a1 +…+ a2n = 3n
(M 2)
[x2 + (x + 1)]n = nC0(x2)0(x + 1)n + nC1(x2)1(x + 1)n–1 + nC2(x2)2(x + 1)n–2 +…
put x = 1
(1 + 1 + 1)n = a0 + a1 + a2 +…
∴ a0 + a1 + a2 +…= 3n
Sol.
Put x = – 1 in given expression
[1 – 1 + (–1)2]n = a0 – a1 + a2 +…+ a2n
∴ a0 – a1 + a2 – a3+… = 1
(iii) a1 + a3 + a5 +…+a2n–1 =
3n + 1
(iv) a0 + a2 + a4 +…+ a2n =
2
23.
(v) Show that ar = a2n–r ∀ r ∈ W
1
Sol. Replace x by x
n
1 1 a 1 a2 a2n
1 + + 2 = a0 + + 2 + ... + 2n
x x x x x
Multiply both sides by x2n
(1 + x + x2)n = a0x2n + a1x2n–1 + a2x2n–2 +…+ a2n
Also, (1 + x + x2)n = a0x0 + a1x1 + a2x2 +…+ a2nx2n …(A)
comparing coefficient of xr both sides ar = a2n–r
1
Sol. Replaced x by –
x
n
1 1 a 1 a2
1 − + 2 = a0 − + ...
x x x x2
(x2 – x + 1)n = a0x2n – a1x2n–1 + a2x2n–2… …(B)
Multiply (A) and (B)
(1 + x + x2)n (x2 – x + 1)n = (a0 + a1x + a2x2 +…) (a0x2n – a1x2n–1+ a2x2n–2 –…)
(x4 + x2 + 1)n = a0{a0x2n – a1x2n–1 +…} + a1x{a0x2n – a1x2n–1 + a2x2n–2 +…} +
a2x2{a0x2n – a1x2n–1 + a2x2n–2 +…} +… …(C)
Taking coefficient of x from RHS-
2n
Sol. Taking coefficient of x from RHS in (C) & from RHS in (E)
2n–1
Binomial Theorem
–a a + a a – a a + … = 0
0 1 1 2 2 3
a0a1 – a1a2 + a2a3 – … = 0
24.
(viii) a0a2 – a1a3 + a2a4 – … =
Q. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 +…+ Cnxn, then show that the sum of the products of
the Ci’s taken two at a time, represented by CiC j is equal to ∑∑
0≤ i < j ≤ n
2n!
22n− 1 −
2(n!)2
Sol.
To find : C0(C1 + C2 +…+ Cn) +
C1(C2 + C3 +…+ Cn) +
i=0
i=1
C2(C3 +…+ Cn) + i=2
Cn–1Cn i=n–1
n
(C0 + C1 + C2 +….+ Cn)2 = ∑C
r =0
2
r ∑ ∑ CC
+2
0≤i < j≤n
i j
(2n )2 − 2nCn
2
= ∑∑CC i j
0 ≤i< j≤n
(2n) !
∴ ∑∑CC i j
= 22n− 1 −
2(n!)2
0 ≤i< j≤n
n
Q. For any positive integers m, n (with n ≥ m) let = nC m . Prove that
m
n n − 1 n − 2 m n + 1
+ + + ... + =
m m m m m + 1
Sol. (M 1)
Binomial Theorem
C + C
m
=( C
m
m+1
m+1
+…+ nCm
m
+ m+1
Cm) + m+2Cm +…+ nCm [∵ nCr + nCr+1 = n+1
Cr+1]
m+1
= ( Cm+1 +
m+2 m+2
Cm) + m+3Cm +…+ nCm
= ( Cm+1 +
m+3 m+3
Cm) +…+ nCm
n+1
m+1
= C
25.
(M 2)
Coefficient of xm in(1 + x)m + (1 + x)m+1 + (1+x)m+2+…+ (1 + x)n
[(1 + x)n−m+ 1 − 1]
Coefficient of xm in (1 + x)m
(1 + x) − 1
Coefficient of xm+1 in (1 + x)m+n–m+1 = n+1
Cm+1
Q. Prove that
n n n n − 1 n n − 2 n n − k n
2k − 2k − 1 + 2k −2 ......( −1)k =
0 k 1 k − 1 2 k − 2 k 0 k
↓
n! (n − r) ! k!
×
r !(n − r) ! (k − r) !(n − k) ! k !
n! k!
×
(n − k) ! k ! r !(k − r) !
= nCk kCr
k
LHS = n Ck ∑ (−1)
r= 0
r k
Cr 2k −r = nCk (2 − 1)k = nCk
Q. n
Show that ∑
k =0
n
Ck sinkx cos(n – k)x = 2n–1 sinnx
Sol.
Let s = C0 sin0 cosnx + C1 sinx cos(n–1)x + … + nCnsin(nx)cos(ox)
s = Cnsin(nx)cos(ox) + Cn–1sin(n – x)x cosx + … + C0 sin0 cos nx
+
I = Integral part,
f = Fractional
part where f ∈ [0, 1)
26.
Q. Find the integral part of (2 + 3)6
(2 + 3)6 + (2 − 3)6 = I + f + f1
2[6C026 + 6C22431 + 6C42232 + 6C6 33] = I + (f + f1)
2[64 + 15 × 48 + 15 × 36 + 27] = I + (f + f1)
Even integer = I + (f + f1)
f1 + f = integer …(i)
(odd)
Now,
0<f<1
0 < f1 < 1
…(ii)
0 < f + f1 < 2
from (i) and (ii)
f + f1 = 1
∴ 2[64 + 720 + 540 + 27] = I + 1
I = 2701
(3 + 7 )n = I + f , 0 < f < 1
Sol. ⇒ 0 < f1 + f < 2 …(i)
+(3 − 7 )n = f1 , 0 < f1 < 1
⇒ f + f1 = integer …(ii)
from (i) & (ii) f + f1 = 1 …(iii)
∴ even integer – (f + f1) = I
even integer – 1 = I
∴ I is an odd integer
27.
Q. Show that integral part of (5 + 3 3)2n+ 1 is even.
Sol. (5 + 3 3)2n+ 1 = I + f
+ (5 − 3 3)2n+ 1 = – f1 f1 ∈ (0, 1)
2[2n+1C0 52n+1 + 2n+1
C2 52n–1 (3 3)2 +…] = I + f – f1
Even integer = I + f – f1
∴ f – f1 integer between – 1 & 1 ⇒ f – f1 = 0
0<f<1
−1 < −f < 0
1
−1 < f − f1 < 1
∴ even integer = I + 0
∴ I = Even integer.
Q. Let I denotes the integral part & f the proper fraction part of (3 + 5)n where
n∈N and if ρ denotes the rational part and σ the irrational part of the same,
1 1
show that ρ = (I + 1) and σ = (I + 2f – 1)
2 2
I + 2f − 1
∴ σ =
2
28.
Q. Sum of last 10 coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)19
Sol.
+
S = 19C19 + 19C18 +…+ 19C10
S = 19C0 + 19C1 +…+ 19C9 (nCr = n
Cn–r)
2S = 219 ⇒ S = 218
Sol.
+
S = 18C18 + 18C17 +…+ 18C10
S = 18C0 + 18C1 +…+ 18C8
2S= (18C0 + 18C1 +…+ 18C8 + 18C9 + 18C10 +…+ 18C18) – 18C9
218 − 18C9
S=
2
Ans. (C)
1 10
Q. Find S =
2
C0 – 10C1 + 10C2 . 2 – 10C3 . 22 +…10C10 29
1 10
Sol. S=
2
[ C0 – 10C1 21 + 10C222 +…+ 10C10 210]
1 1
S= [1 − 2]10 =
2 2
Binomial Theorem
29.
Q. Prove that: nC0 + n+1C1 + n+2C2 +…+ n+rCr = n+r+1Cr
Q. 1
If x = , find the greatest term in the expansion of (1 + 4x)8
3
8! 8!
(4x) ≥
r !(8 − r) ! (r − 1) !(9 − r) !
41 1
≥ ⇒ 36 – 4r ≥ 3r
3 r 9−r
36
∴r≤ = 5.1 (approx)
7
at r = 5 T6 ≥ T5 Also, T7 ≤ T6
at r = 4 T5 ≥ T4 T8 ≤ T7
at r = 3 T4 ≥ T3 T9 ≤ T8
at r = 2 T3 ≥ T2
eat r = 1 T2 ≥ T1
Hence, greatest is T6
5
1 8 × 7 × 6 45 57344
T6 = T5+1 = 8 C5 4 = × 5 =
3
6 3 243
Binomial Theorem
30.
Q. Find which term is numerically greatest term in (3 – 2x)9 at x = 1
at r = 2 T3 ≥ T2
at r = 1 T2 ≥ T1 T10 ≤ T9
∴ T4 = T5 are greatest term.
Q. 3x
10
range of x.
1 3x 2 3x 1 2
< × >
4 8 7 8 3 8
64
| x |< |x| > 2
21
64 64
x ∈ − , −2 ∪ 2,
21 21
Binomial Theorem
31.
Binomial theorem for any index :
When n is a negative integer or a fraction then
the expansion of a binomial is possible only
when
(i) Its first term is 1, and
(ii) Its second term is numerically less than 1.
Thus when n ∉ N and |x| < 1, then it states
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + …
2! 3!
n(n − 1)(n − r + 1) r
+ x + ...∞ ∞
r!
General Terms :
n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − r + 1) r
Tr + 1 = ⋅x
r!
Note :
(i) In this expansion the coefficient of different
terms can not be expressed as nC0, nC1, nC2, ...
because n is not a positive integer.
(ii) In this case there are infinite terms in the ex-
pansion.
(ii) In this case there are infinite terms in the ex-
pansion.
32.
By putting mathrm n = 1, 2, 3 in the above results (c) and (d),
we get the following results
1/ 2
3
Q. If |x| < 2 / 3 then the fourth term in the expansion of 1 + x
2
is
27 3 27 3 81 3 81 3
(A) x (B) − x (C) 256 x (D) − x
128 128 256
Sol. (A)
1 1
1 / 2 − 1 − 2
2 2 3x
3
27 3
T4 = ⋅ = x
3! 2 128
Binomial Theorem
33.
2
1 − x
Q. The term independent of x in the expansion of
1 + x
is
Sol. (D)
(1 – x)2 (1 + x)–2
⇒ (1 – 2x + x2) (1 – 2x + x2 + ...)
⇒ so term independent of x = 1.
Sol. (D)
∴ Coefficient of x5 = 252
= 10 {1 + 0.0003333 – 0.00000011 + ...}
= 10.0033
34.
(ii) To find the sum of Infinite series :
mined.
1 1.3 1.3.5
Q. The sum of 1 +
+ +
4 4.8 4.8.12
+ … ∞ is
1
(A) 2 (B) (C) 3 (D) 23/2
2
Sol. (A)
n(n − 1) 2
Comparing with 1 + nx +
2!
x +…
nx = 1/4 ...(i)
n(n − 1)x2
and
2!
= 1.3 / 4.8
nx(nx − x) 3 11 3
or
2!
=
32
⇒ − x =
4 4 16
(by (i))
1 3 1 3 1
⇒ 4 − x = 4 ⇒ x = 4 − 4 = − 2 ...(ii)
n(–1/2) = 1 / 4 ⇒ n = – 1/2
35.
(iii) Approximation :
Q. If x is so small so that its square and higher power can be neglected. Find the
−5
2x
1 + 3 + (4 + 2x)1/ 2
value of .
(4 + x)3/ 2
Sol. (D)
−5
2x 10x x
1 + 3 + (4 + 2x)1/ 2 1 − 3 + 2 1 + 4 −1
= =
1
3−
10x x
+
3x
1 + 8
(4 + x)3/ 2 3x 8 3 2
81 +
8
3 17x 3x 3 17x 3x 72 − 95x
= 1− 1− = 1 − − =
8 18 8 8 18 8 24 × 8
Binomial Theorem
36.