Level A2 - Unit 1 Module 01

Module 01

Activities
1.Present Continuous

Let’s remember the present continuous or progressive tense

Now practice...
Look at the image and write the right name next to the statements.

• She is relaxing Rose.
• She is swinging Christie.
• It is eating Mickey.
• He is bird watching Bob.
• They are having a drink Amanda
and Mary.
• He is watering the flowers Bruno.
• He is looking out of the
window Tim.
• He is playing Peter.
• He is talking hair.
• She is combing her Helen.
Check the image and drag the words to make sentences with present continuous.

We aren’t riding the bike.

John and Michael are No, we aren’t.
playing soccer. Yes, we are
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
No, they are not. Yes, she is.
No, they no.
Yes, they playing.

You aren’t paying

Mary isn’t studying for the attention.
exam. No, I’m not.
No, she isn’t. Yes, they are.
No, she is. Yes, we are.
No, he isn’t. No, they aren’t.
Yes, she is.

The dog is eating its food.

What are they doing? Yes, it is.
They are jumping on the bed. Yes, they are.
They are drinking a soda. No, he isn’t.
She is playing chess. Yes, he are.
They are not jumping on the
bed.

Is she cooking? Are Nataly and Katherine

Yes, she is. doing homework?
No, she is. No, they aren’t.
No, he isn’t. Yes, we are.
Yes, she isn’t. No, we aren’t.
Yes, she is.

Louis is playing the piano.

Yes, he is.
Yes, they are.
No, he isn’t
Yes, he are

2.Understanding the temperature

Read the following text.

There are two measurement systems of temperature in the world: Celsius and Fahrenheit. Celsius, or centigrade, is a scale and unit of
measurement of temperature, this is the scale used in Colombia. Its creator was Anders Celsius in the year 1744. 0ºC is the freezing point
of water, when ice forms, for example; snow in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. At 100ºC is defined as the boiling point of water at sea
level, for example; when boiling water in a coastal city like San Antero, Cordoba. On the other hand, there is the Fahrenheit (ºF), a temperature
scale invented by Daniel Fahrenheit in 1724. The Fahrenheit scale has two fixed points: The temperature at which water freezes into ice
32ºF and the boiling point of water are is 212ºF at sea level.

For an idea of average high temperatures in Colombia, it is about 31ºC in Cartagena, Ibague, and Barrancabermeja.
The average high temperature in Medellin is about 27ºC and in Bogota it is 19ºC.

Freezing point
0º Celsius
32º Fahrenheit
Boiling point
100º Celsius
212º Fahrenheit

Notice:
You can use the following formula to convert Centigrade into Fahrenheit and vice versa:
Converter

From ºC to ºF = ºC x 9/5 + 32
From ºF to ºC = (ºF - 32) x 5/9
Interesting
Only the US and Belize use Fahrenheit in the world today!

Paraphrasing.
Read again and complete the definitions below.
We use paraphrasing to express, to explain or to state something written or spoken using our own words to make it shorter and simpler to
understand.

Example:
We can measure the temperature in Celsius = We can measure the temperature in Centigrade.
The temperature at which water freezes into ice = The freezing point of water.
The temperature at which water becomes gas = The boiling point of water.

3.Describing the weather

Drag and drop the following descriptions corresponding to the Coast and the Mountains in the Andean Region.

People are quiet and shy. People are happy and outgoing.
People are very quiet. The temperature is generally hot.
People are very noisy.

Do you agree with these generalizations? Why? Why not? Write below your answer, don’t forget to send it to your teacher.
Number of words: Between 70 and 80.

I agree with some of these, those that have to do with the people of the coast, they are happy and outgoing people, the temperature is also
high and the people are very noisy; On the other hand, I do not agree with what is said about the people of the Andean region, since they
are calm people, but not all are shy or very calm, an example is the paisas, who are not even shy and speak a lot.
4.Geographical features

Complete the sentences with words from the picture.

1. We like going on picnics in the beautiful green valley.
2. You should never go near the edge of a cliff. It’s dangerous.
3. In the summer we spend almost all of our time on the beach,
playing and having fun.
4. In winter, huge waves crush on the coast.
5. We should build a lighthouse at the edge of the peninsula.
6. Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece.
7. Our farmland is full of delicious tomatoes.

Look, read and choose the correct answer.

mountain
1. There’s some snow on top of the .
island
2. A wooden bridge connects the to the mainland.
farmland
3. We can grow potatoes on the .
forest
4. There was a fire in the three years ago.
sea
5. Let’s go swimming in the .
hills
6. Why don’t we go up the ?
7. Some daredevils have tried to go down
w aterfall
the in barrels.

5.The Seasons

Look at the seasons chart.

Type the seasons in the right place.

Note:
The months refer to these season's in North America, Europe and Asia (Northern Hemisphere) and are included for reference!
Summer June, July, August
Fall September, October, November
Spring March, April, May
Winter December, January, February

Complete the following sentences about the world seasons.

• When it is Winter in the northern hemisphere, it is Summer in the southern hemisphere.
• When it is Spring in the northern hemisphere, it is Fall in the southern hemisphere.
• When it is Summer in the northern hemisphere, it is Winter in the southern hemisphere.
• When it is Fall in the northern hemisphere, it is Spring in the southern hemisphere.
• In the Equatorial zone, where Colombia is located, there are no seasons: Just a RAINY season and a DRY season.
6.Dealing with the temperature

Read the list of options.

Listen to audio.
Click on the descriptions that are mentioned.

It’s hot in the office.

It’s warm and nice by the pool.
It’s cool in the cafeteria.
It’s very hot by the beach.
It’s mild on the street.
Lorena’s office is like a sauna!
It’s really cold in the supermarket.
It’s quite nice at the restaurant.

Notice:
Very :) - Too :( - Quite :|

• It is very hot. (but I am enjoying it!)

• It is too hot. (I don’t like this!)
• It’s quite hot. (but I can tolerate it!)

7.The weather forecast

Match the pictures with the words.

Use the dictionary when necessary.

Rainy Rain and thunder

 The sun Sunny

Rain Sunny

Partly cloudy Clouds and sun

Rain Rain and thunder

The sun Clouds and sun

Listen to the weather forecast for three cities.

Organize the cities in the way they are mentioned in the audio.
LIMA CARTAGENA BOGOTÁ
AM. Foggy AM. Sunny AM. Partly cloudy
PM. Cloudy PM. Partly cloudy PM. Rainy
Max: 18ºC Min: 12ºC Max: 29ºC Min: 18ºC Max: 19ºC Min: 6ºC
Tomorrow: Foggy Tomorrow: Very hot Tomorrow: Cloudy

8.Comparative: As...as

Comparison with
As…as

Use as + adjective + as to compare things that are the same in a way

- Lucas is as happy as Ken
- Mike is as tall as his Wife

Use just to emphasize that what you are comparing is (exactly) the some

- This brand just as good as the other one.

- My family is just as big as yours

Use not as + adjective + as to compare things that are not the same:

I am not as strong as Nick (Nick is stronger)

My old job is not as good as my new one (my new as job is better)
My computer is better than yours. Your computer is not as good as mine.

Comparisons with as … as … can have the same meaning as comparisons with adjective + -er (or more) than:

Your house is bigger than my house

My house is not as big as your house

9.Practicing comparison with "as…as"

Match the possible comparisons.

Tom Cruise is as
good actor as John Travolta.
My office is as hot as
a sauna!
The sea in Cancún will be as blue as
the sky today!
La Paz is as cold as
Bogota.
The violin is not as
low as the cello.
My cat is as
fast as a tiger.
Apple juice is as
sweet as grape juice.
Smartphones are as
big as the old cell phones.
Sydney isn’t as
big as London.
The onion soup is as
delicious as the corn soup.
10.Like vs. As

Organize the words below to compare using as... as.

Medellin isn’t as cold as Bogota.

Sometimes Bogota is as rainy as Dublin.
Some places in Bogota are as beautiful as places in London.
People from Bogota aren’t as serious as Londoners.
Bogota isn’t as hot as Miami.
Winter in New York is as freezing as in Quebec.
Cali is as fresh as Villavicencio.
Mexico City isn’t as cold as Bogota.
Bucaramanga isn’t as cloudy as Bogotá.
Cartagena is as charming as Barcelona.

Check the bars below comparing Bogota and London.

Now answer the following questions:

1. In which month was London as warm as Bogota?

In May.

2. In which month was Bogota as cloudy as London?

In March.

3. In which month was London as rainy as Bogota?

In March.

4. Mention 3 months when London wasn’t as warm as Bogota.

January, February and December.

5. Mention 3 months when Bogota wasn’t as freezing as London.

January, February and December.

6. Mention 4 months when Bogota didn’t have as many sunshine hours as London.
May, June, July and August.

7. Is London as sunny as Bogota?

No it isn’t.

8. Is Bogota as cold as London?

No it isn’t.

9. Is London as rainy as Bogota?

No it isn’t.
11.Comparing the weather using "like"

• The verb like can be used to express a positive opinion about something.

• I like ice cream.

• I like horror movies.
• Like can also be followed by a verb + -ing to talk about activities:

• I like going to the movies on weekends.

• I like eating healthy food.
• As a preposition, like means “similar”:

• This office is like a paradise.

• What is Jim like? Is he nice?
• You look like you need to get some sleep.
• That little girl looks just like her mother.
• In informal American English like means “as if” (as though), even though for some people this is incorrect:
• I feel like I am in heaven.
• In this sense like is similar to as... as... (the meaning is not exactly the same).

• She looks as good as a supermodel.

• She looks like a supermodel.

12.Correcting yourself

Read and compare:

• She likes cold temperatures. (like = love)
• Bogota is like Lima (like = similar)

When you talk about the weather, you include information about the temperature and the atmospheric conditions (rainy, sunny, etc.)

How do you describe the weather? Now and for tomorrow prediction.

Describing the weather NOW:

• It is sunny. It is rainy. It is cloudy.
• What is the weather like in this city?

Describing the weather forecast (prediction) for tomorrow:

• It will be sunny. It will be rainy.
• What will the weather be like tomorrow?

Example:
• What’s the weather like in Barranquilla?
• It’s hot and humid today. It is rainy and cloudy (now.)
• Tomorrow, it will be rainy in the morning but very sunny in the afternoon.

What do you like? = I like chocolate and biscuits!

What is the weather like? = It’s cold and rainy (describe the weather conditions).

Write the answer to each question.

• How is the weather today?
It is cloudy.

• How will the weather be tomorrow?

It will be sunny.

Read the following sentences and decide if LIKE is a comparison or a synonym of LOVE.
 comparison
• Canada in winter is like a refrigerator.
love
• I like the food in the refrigerator.
love
• People in Ecuador like warm temperatures
comparison
• Summer in Barrancabermeja, Colombia is like a hot stove!

13.Idiomatic expressions

Read the following dialogue. Pay attention to the way you correct yourself when you make a mistake.
A: I have a surprise for you! We are going to the movies now. Wait, no! There are no tickets!
B: Then, what are we going to do?
A: Don’t worry! We’ll go to our favorite restaurant in Chia! Oops, no. There are no reservations.
A: So, what are we going to do?
B: I can cook something for you at home! Oops! Sorry. I need to buy some groceries!
A: Ok, but next time, I need to know... I mean, I know it was a surprise… but…

Read the following mistaken sentences, correct them.

Sorry
• The capital of Antioquia is Caldas. Its’ Medellin!.
Wait, no
• The bus system in Cali is called Transmileno. Its’ called Mio.
Well
• My sister lives in Valledupar, Bolivar. Its’ Valledupar, Cesar.
I mean
• “Guineo” is “mango” on the Colombian coast. Its’ Banano.
oops
• It is always rainy in La Paz, Cesar. Its’ always sunny.

Notice:
You can correct yourself with “well”, “wait, no”, “oops”, “sorry” or “I mean”.

Watch the video again and complete the conversation with the right expressions.
Let’s plan our vacation.
Paul : Hi Gisela How are you?
Gisela : I’m fine but I had a tiring week at work, I need some relaxing time.
Paul : Sorry! you have busy days at work. Could you get a weekend off?
Gisela : well, it would be great maybe next month... but, oops! I’m having an audit; I almost forget it.
Paul : I could help you organize the documents and we could go to the beach.
Gisela : It sounds good! But I need to keep working.
Paul : wait, no! you need to stop working extra time.
Gisela : You’re right, I mean, I deserve at least a week off.
Paul : Oh great! We can go to la Guajira and just get out of this cold rainy city.
Gisela : Let’s plan our vacation.

Choose the best option to complete the following sentences.

“well”, “wait, no”, “oops”, “sorry” or “I mean”.
oops
1. Let’s go for a walk, ! but it’s raining.
w ait, no
2. That’s our train, ! It´s the one behind.
Sorry
3. ! I made a mistake; those flowers are for Mary.
I mean
4. Thanks for the invitation, , it’s a great idea but I’m tired.
w ell
5. Going swimming today? , it’s a little cold

14.Using idioms in context

An idiomatic expression is a phrase or sentence that has a figurative meaning, in other words idioms have hidden meaning.
What do you think the phrases mean?
Match the image and idiom with the possible sentence.

To be under the weather

Be sick.

Raining cats and dogs

Raining heavily.

Come rain or shine

Whatever happens.

A storm in the teacup

A big problem on a silly situation.

Break the ice

Start a conversation to become friends.

The tip of the iceberg

 Start a conversation to become friends.

Every cloud has a silver lining

Every problem has a solution.

There is something in the wind

I suspect something is w rong.

The calm before the storm

Things are ok but they w ill become difficult.

Read and listen to the dialogues.

Fill in the blanks with the expressions below.
Expressions

• Something in the wind

• Calm before the storm
• A storm in a teacup
• Raining cats and dogs
• Under the weather
• Break the ice
• Rain or shine
• Every cloud has a silver lining!
• The tip of the iceberg
• What’s the matter?!

I feel a little under the weather! It was raining cats and dogs this morning and I got totally wet!
Don’t worry! I am going to take care of you rain or shine!
• I am so angry!
Why?
I was trying to break the ice at the meeting and nobody wanted to talk to me!
Don’t make a storm in a teacup. There is always a solution! I know! "Every cloud has a silver lining"!
• After the discussion at the office yesterday, I think there is something in the air! I know this was just the tip of the iceberg!
Everybody is calm but this can be “Calm before the storm”! Don’t be paranoid!!! People will react positively.

15.Supporting ideas

Listen to the following presentation about the risk of cancer due to the holes in the ozone layer.
Complete the chart by dragging the phrases to the boxes above.
Example:

MAIN IDEA
Soccer is very popular.

SUPPORTING IDEAS:
Many people go to the stadiums. / Millions follow soccer matches on TV. / All soccer teams have hundreds of thousands of fans.

TOPIC: Holes in the ozone layer

CAUSES:
Concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Industrial use of Freon.

CONSEQUENCES:
Skin cancer for humans.

POSSIBLE ACTIONS:
Control emissions of Carbon Dioxide.
Don’t buy sprays that affect the ozone.
Buy ecofriendly refrigerators and sprays.

When you want to develop the main idea, you need explanations and/or examples. These explanations or examples are called “supporting
ideas” because they explain what was presented in the main idea.

16.Writing supporting ideas: Outline

Look at the outline.

Now fill in the blanks with the information in the outline.

The principal objective of this composition is to demonstrate the benefits of recycling paper in Cali. I plan to develop two ideas. The first
one is the ecological benefits to the plants and animals in Valle Del Cauca and the second one is the financial benefits for businesses
and the people of Cali. I can give two examples of the ecological benefits of recycling paper. The first one is that you can save trees. The
second one is that you can reduce waste and pollution in the Rio Pance. Now, talking about the financial benefits, I am going to mention
two benefits: The first one is that you can always re-use paper in the office. The second one is that you can sell recycled paper and you
can get some money. In conclusion I can say that recycling paper creates ecological and financial benefits to all Caleños who recycle and
to the environment of Valle Del Cauca!

The organization of a simple paragraph: Objective and main idea > supporting ideas with examples > conclusion.
Or TELL ME YOU ARE GOING TO SAY > SAY IT > TELL ME WHAT YOU SAID.

17.Creating an outline

Read the following paragraph.

Complete the outline below.
In this presentation, I am going to talk about prevention and reaction in case of an earthquake. For prevention, I have three specific
suggestions: For prevention, make sure that you have a radio to listen to the news, a whistle and a flashlight next to you. In that way, you
can get information from authorities and you can move and call people’s attention in case of an emergency. As for reactions, keep calm, stay
away from windows, and evacuate the building as quickly as possible.

ACTIONS AND REACTIONS IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKES

Prevention
flashlight

w histle

radio to listen to the new s

Reaction
keep calm

stay aw ay from w indow s

evacuate the building as quickly as possible

18.Drafting an outline

On a piece of paper, choose a topic and write an outline (draft).

After the topic is clean and clear, write the final version of the outline and write a simple composition of it.
Words: Between 80 and 90 words, in the composition.
Send it to your teacher.

Example
Topic: Organizing a trip to the “Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata” in Valledupar.
Supporting ideas: Make travel plans (car, plane etc.) / What to take on the trip / Planning the meals / Arranging the daily routine.

To enjoy the "Festival of the Vallenata Legend" you have to book the plane tickets to Valledupar, take a taxi home-airport and airport-hotel
and vice versa. You have to make reservations at the hotel, one with air conditioning, as it is very hot. Breakfasts and lunches will be at the
hotel, meals will be taken in restaurants near the concerts. In the morning I will sleep late, since every night I hope to arrive at dawn, until
the concerts are over.

19.Expanding your vocabulary: The weather

Read the vocabulary with its definitions, then find the word in the puzzle.
• TYPHOON: Strong tropical cyclone in the Pacific Ocean.
• HURRICANE: Strong tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean.
• STORM: Severe weather with lots of rain.
• DROUGHT: Absence of rain and water.
• FLOOD: Excessive accumulation of water.
• SHOWER: A brief rain.
• THUNDERSTORM: Electrical storm with thunders.
• HAIL: Precipitation of little pieces of solid ice.
• MUGGY: Humid. FOG lower clouds and condensed water.
• SMOG: Combination of smoke and fog.

20.Affixes related to science

Using affixes related to weather.

Read the following affixes and its meaning.

• Hydro: Water. • Thermo: Heat. • Ic: Related to

• Graph: Describe write • Logy: Study. • Alti: Altitude.
• Geo: Earth. • Meter: Measurement.

Notice:
Affixes are “letters” you add to a word stem to create another word. If these “letters” come at the beginning, they are PREFIXES. If they
come at the end, they are SUFFIXES. Look at the following affixes.

You can combine these affixes to create many words.

Look at the example.
Complete the others by selecting the proper word.

• The study of cycles of water: Hydrology.

• The description of the earth’s surface: Geography.
Thermometer
• Something to measure temperature:
Geology
• The study of the earth’s surface:
Thermic
• Something related to the heat:
Altimeter
• Something to measure the altitude:
Graphology
• The study of writing or descriptions:
Geometry
• The measurement of the earth and shapes:

21.Decoding information through affixes

Write the definition of the following words in English.

• Mono = one.
• Bi = two.
• Multi = many
• Semi = half
• Hemi = half
• Super = more than
• Sub = under

• Monolingual: able to use one language well.

• Bicycle: a two-wheeled vehicle that you sit on and move by turning the two pedals.
• Binoculars: a pair of tubes with glass lenses at either end that you look through to see things far away more clearly.
• Multilateral: involving more than two groups or countries.
• Multitask: to do more than one thing at a time.
• Semicircle: half a circle.
• Hemisphere: one of two halves of the earth, especially above or below the equator.
• Supernatural: caused by forces that cannot be explained by science.
• Submarine: a ship that can travel underwater.
• Subterranean: under the ground.

22.Like / Love / Hate

In English is very common to use like, love and hate to express our preferences and tastes in a positive or negative way.
Like: a pleasant feeling, wish, or preference.
Love: a strong emotion of affection for a person, action or thing.
Hate: a strong dislike towards someone or something.

Choose the best option to complete each sentence

• Rachel and Ross love each other so much, they are going to get married soon.
• I believe drinking alcohol very often is a bad habit. I hate to see someone drinking every day.
• The last president was so terrible that I think many people still hate him.
• She doesn’t like me because I didn’t do her homework.
• Soccer is the most beautiful and complete sport ever, definitely I love it!
• I don’t like junk food. I consider it to be unhealthy.

23.Adjectives and nouns ending in "ING"

Read the following information.

Adjectives that end in -ING describe characteristics of a person, a thing or a situation.

Example:

Rainy days are boring. (we are describing a characteristic of rainy days). They make people feel
bored.

It’s freezing out side I can’t move my car.

We can also use the -ing form of the verb as nouns.

Example:
Walking under the rain is fun.
 Recycling is a good way of taking care of Earth.

Driving when it’s snowy is dangerous.

Complete the sentences by using the following adjectives and nouns.

tiring
1. I had a very winter day
Waiting
2. for buses when it is rainy is not much fun.
boring
3. My math class is really .
Taking
4. a shower every morning is necessary.
freezing
5. Outside is , so I prefer to be at home.
Sunbathing amazing
6. is in summer.
terrifying
7. It was a snowstorm.
Sw imming
8. is a good exercise.
listening
9. You can improve your using songs.
Raining
10. is common in spring.

24.How are tornadoes and hurricanes different?

Read the information about tornadoes and hurricanes.

A TORNADO
Width : 1/2 km Its shape can be seen by the naked eye.
Location : Most parts of the world -Develop over land and sea (they are known as waterspouts over the sea).

Tornadoes are typically identified as a funnel of spiraling air descending from the base of clouds to the earth.

The tornado is usually narrow and rarely it moves more than 20 km. Like hurricanes the precise mechanism of how the funnel forms in not
understood.

A HURRICANE
Width : 150km+ Its shape can only be seen from space.
Location : 8º and 15º north and south of the equator - Develop over warm seas.

They are called hurricanes only when they occur on the Atlantic Ocean, on the Pacific they are known as Typhoons and on the Indian
Ocean as Cyclones.
Hurricanes cause damage from the resulting floods from the surge, while tornadoes cause damage by their powerful wind funnel.
Read the text about tornadoes and hurricanes again and choose true or false for the following statements.

1. Tornadoes and hurricanes are similar. TF

2. Hurricanes can be seen only from space. TF
3. Tornadoes develop over land and sea. TF
4. Hurricanes have that name when they occur on The Pacific Ocean. TF
5. Tornadoes are typically identified as a funnel of spiraling air descending from the base of clouds to the earth. T F
6. Hurricanes cause damage from the resulting floods from the surge. TF
7. Tornadoes cause damage by their weak funnel. TF
8. The tornado is usually wide, and rarely it moves more than 200 km. TF

25.Hurricane Katrina

t’s time to read about Katrina hurricane.

Hurricane Katrina is called the most anticipated disaster in modern American history. For years, the Emergency Management Agency had
ranked New Orleans as the most vulnerable city to catastrophic natural disaster, and a day before Katrina’s landfall; the National Weather
Service warned that the hurricane would cause “human suffering incredible by modern standards”. Hurricane Katrina slammed into the U.S
Gulf Coast on Aug. 29, 2005 destroying beachfront towns in Mississippi and Louisiana, displacing a million people, and killing almost 1,800
when levees in New Orleans were breached, 80% of the city was submerged by the flooding. About 20% of its 500,000 citizens were trapped
in the city without power, food, or drinking water. Rescue efforts were so delayed and hazardous that many were stranded for days on
rooftops and in attics before help arrived. The city became a toxic pool of sewage, chemicals, and corpses, and in the ensuing chaos about
15% of the city’s police force had simply walked off the job. The 20,000 people who made their way to the Super dome, the city’s emergency
shelter, found themselves crammed into sweltering and fetid conditions. Relief workers, medical help, security forces, and essential supplies
remained profoundly inadequate during the first critical days of the disaster. As most of the city’s citizens fled the city, those without cars or
the financial means to relocate were left behind. The 100,000 who remained in the drawing city were largely poor and predominantly black,
exposing the racial dimension of New Orleans’s persistent poverty: 28% of New Orleanians are poor (twice the national average) and 84%
of those are black.

Complete the table below with information about the disaster called Hurricane Katrina.

About 20% of its 500,000 citizens were trapped in the city.

Date: On Aug. 29, 2005.
The city hit: New Orleans.
The city became a toxic
Some details: What happened? :
pool.
Deaths: Almost 1,800 people.

The statements below are false.

Read the text again.
Select the correct statements.

1. New Orleans was completely flooded.

80% of the city was submerged by the flooding.
2. Rescue operations quickly came to save people.
Rescue efforts were so delayed.
3. All the inhabitants of New Orleans remained without help.
The 20,000 people who made their way to the Super dome, the city’s emergency shelter.
4. The conditions inside the shelter were satisfactory.
Inhabitants found themselves crammed into sweltering and fetid conditions.
5. The weather forecast couldn’t predict the enormity of the disaster.
A day before Katrina’s landfall; the National Weather Service warned that the hurricane would cause “human suffering”.
Complete the statement by selecting the proper words.
Answer the questions below.
Record them and send them to your teacher.
inadeqate
*The disaster was so enormous that all efforts to relieve people were 1. As a result, the town fell into a disastrous
sew age corpses
condition: 2., 3. and 4.

1. What did most people do as soon as the hurricane started?

2. Why couldn’t other people do the same?

3. What did they do to escape the flooding and wait for help?

4. What did some officials have to do as a sign of disappointment and inability to offer help?

Complete the following words from the text above with the missing letters.
1. Vulnerable
2. Catastrophic
3. Warned
4. Suffering
5. Flooding
6. Levees
7. rooftops
8. haphazard
9. Fetid
10 . Poverty

26.Natural disasters

Click in the question mark box and match phrase.

Use the dictionary when necessary.

What is this?

This is a hurricane This is a volcano

This is a wildfire This is an earthquake

 This is a tsunami This is a landslide

This is an avalanche

How does it happen?

Warm and cold air mixes Earthquakes underwater

Snow gets too heavy Magma explodes

Rain makes the mountain Lightning and cigarettes

soft

Earth plates move

Where does it happen?

Near the sea At mountains and hills

Between the earth plates In snowy mountains

Around the earth plates Over the ocean

In hot and dry forests

How can you be safe?

I don’t pass warning signs I find cover

 I wait in a vault I go to high ground

I drive away I watch out for rocks

I cover mouth and eyes

27.Culture

Read the following passage.

Cartagena is one of the most important tourists’ destinations in the world, and the first choice for companies, governmental and
nongovernmental organizations to hold their conferences. One of these conferences is the Movie Festival where famous directors, producers,
and actors have participated. Cartagena has a very interesting "Cine Forum" where students, teachers, and all people interested get together
to enjoy good movies, to discuss trends and to watch from classics to post-modern productions. A few years ago, the theme of this forum
was “Movies and the protection of the Earth”. Participants had the chance to watch documentaries from over 35 countries, and attend
presentations and conferences about global warming, ecology, and recycling. One of the guest speakers even talked about producing eco-
friendly movies where some materials used in filmmaking have been changed in order not to pollute the earth.

Answer the questions below.

• The passage introduces the idea that Cartagena is.
A tourist destination only. Important because of its beaches.
A destination for national and international conferences.
• Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage about Cartagena?
Conferences.
History.
Movie festival.
• It can be inferred that participants at the Cine Forum are:
Students and teachers.
Members of the administration.
Everybody interested in the topic.
• Which activity was NOT included in the Forum on “Movies and the Protection of the Earth”?
Watching documentaries.
A book exhibit about ecology and recycling.
Presentation about eco-friendly movies.
• From the last sentence, it can be inferred that:
 All materials in the movie industry are eco-friendly.
The movie industry was not eco-friendly.
Producing movies about ecology is a good business.

28.Learning to Learn

Practice and study regularly. Try to devote 15 to 30 minutes every day. It is a good idea to set a study schedule with specific times to study
every day. This way you will not skip your lessons! You can start every lesson by reviewing what you did in the previous lesson.

29.Pronunciation: /ə/ as in above

Teacher People Vitamin Camera

About Student President Garden

Away Family Experiment Doctor

Cinema Arab Banana Summer

Pupil Level Measure Wizard

SelfCheck

1.Review

2.Idiomatic expressions

Drag and drop to complete the idioms, there is an extra half.

under the weather.
in th teacup.

• The tip of the iceberg.

• There is something in the wind.
• Raining cats and dogs.
• Every cloud has a silver lining.
• Feel under the weather
• Come rain or shine.

3.Vocabulary: The weather

Match the sentences with the pictures.

A: What’s the weather like in London? Sue is afraid of thunders. Take your gloves and your scarf, it’s
B: Rainy. freezing outside!

Drive cautiously, it’s foggy today.

Sarah is wearing her sunglasses We will go to the park when the storm
because it’s very sunny today. passes.
 Summer in India is really hot.

4.Like / Love / Hate

Answer the following questions by recording them. You need to speak between 60 and 90 seconds.

• Where do you hate to go? Why?

I hate going to funerals, because I don't like the scent of wreath flowers.

• Where do you love to go? Why?

I like to go to the countryside, because nature is harmonious.

• Which season would you like to experience? Why?

I like the summer season, because you can enjoy going to the river.

• Which weather condition would you hate to experience? Why?

Autumn, because everything turns gloomy and cold.

• Which city or country would you love to visit? In which season?

I would like to visit Cali, in the summer season.

5.Adjectives: The weather

Write the numbers of the words of Column A in the parenthesis of column B.

A B
1 Warm (6) Quiet
2 Summer (3) Outgoing
3 Shy (4) Sad
4 Happy (7) Sunny
5 Cloud (1) Cold
6 Noisy (2) Winter
7 Foggy

6.In case of an emergency...

Do you know what to do in a case of emergency?

Choose a natural emergency from the box. Write a composition about the preparation, actions, and reactions in case of
emergency. Write 100 words.

Hurricane, Flood, Thunderstorm, Volcano eruption, Fire.

In the event of a volcanic eruption, first of all an escape route must have been carried out previously, taking into account the recommendations
of the authorities, a route that should allow you to quickly get away from the mountainside where the volcano is located, looking for a high
place, you must have masks or handkerchiefs to cover your face, as well as you must have safety glasses; It is necessary to wear clothing
that covers the whole body, pants and a long-sleeved shirt, also preferably to wear boot shoes, such as those used for hiking. You have to
carry enough water to hydrate yourself.
7.Vocabulary: The Earth

Complete the following text with the information given by the audio.
CFCs and their effect on the Ozone Layer.
In 1974, scientists discovered that a particularly hazardous chemical, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), was damaging the (1) ozone layer very
rapidly. CFCs were commonly used in (2) aerosol sprays, in the production of plastic foams, as coolants in refrigeration (3) systems and
air conditioners, and as solvents to clean electronic components. However, when released into (4) the air, they adversely react with the
ozone layer in the (5) atmosphere. This substance is so harmful that in 1978 its use in aerosol sprays was banned in the US, and special (6)
regulations were designed to protect the population of the entire (7) planet.

8.Natural disasters

Match the words with its definitions, there is one extra definition.

What’s…?
A hurricane A drought Hail Fog Thunder Smog

It’s…
Fog: Condensed particles of water floating near the ground.
Smog: Fog mixed with smoke, usually found in cities.
Thunder: The sound that comes from the sky during a storm.
Accumulation of water covering an area that is usually dry.
A hurricane: A powerful storm in the Atlantic Ocean.
Hail: Precipitation in the form of small balls of ice.
A drought: A long period of time with very little or no rain.

9.Hangman: Natural disasters

Click on the letters to guess which letters are in each word.

TORNADO
HURRICANE
LANDSLIDE
WILDFIRE
AVALANCHE
VOLCANO
MAGMA
Earthquake
TSUNAMI
WIND

10.As…as / Like

11.Comparative: As... as

Look at the pictures they were taken in Bogotá, London and Barcelona.
2. Write a short paragraph comparing them considering the weather and send it to your teacher.

12.Word Search: Tornadoes and Hurricanes

Let’s check some vocabulary about Tornadoes and Hurricanes, Find the following words in the crossword.
HURRICANES SEA FLOODS INDIANOCEAN
SPACE TYPHOONS FUNNEL WIND
TORNADOES CYCLONES ATLANTIC SPIRALLINGAIR
LAND WARMSEAS PACIFIC

13.Review: Correcting yourself

Click on the unknown image.

Look for the image that matches the sentence.

Wait no! I found my passport, it was in

the luggage.

Sorry! You can’t travel without your Well, you could get the next flight but
passport. you have to pay an extra charge.

It’s too late, We had better hurry, I mean

run!.

Oops! I forgot the passport at home.

14.Pronunciation: /ə/ as in above

My Army

1.Weather, temperature and uniforms

Match each word with its corresponding picture.

Woodland / Forest Desert camouflage Snow camouflage

Jungle camouflage Fabric

Read the following text and answer the questions.

Choose the correct answer: True (T), False (F), Not Given (NG).
Colombia has tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts and mountain climates. Mountain climate has 4 different categories: “tierra caliente” or
hot land, “tierra templada” or temperate land, “tierra fría” or cold land, “tierra helada” or frozen land, and finally a land called Páramo. In
Colombia, the weather can change depending on the seasons in the North; for example, between the months of March and June, there is
mild weather, or spring season, between June and August there is hot weather, or summer season, between September and December, it
is cool, or the season called autumn or fall, and finally, between December and March there’s cold weather; this season’s name is winter.

Rainforests in Colombia have a lot of vegetation. True False Not given

The seasons in the North can modify the weather in Colombia. True False Not given
In January, the weather in Colombia can be similar to the winter season in the North. True False Not given

Continue reading the text and answer the questions.

Choose the correct answer: True (T), False (F), Not Given (NG)

Because of the different temperatures and weather in Colombia, military uniforms vary in color and fabrics. The color of the military face paint
can be different too. For example, the uniform and face paint used for a mission in a rainforest with a lot of vegetation is different from a
uniform used in a desert.
The weather in Colombia doesn’t influence the colors and the fabrics in military uniforms. True False Not given
The color of military face paint depends on the materials used to produce it. True False Not given
For missions in a rainforest military people always need a uniform and face paint. True False Not given

Finish reading the last part of the text and answer the questions.
Choose the correct answer: True (T), False (F), Not Given (NG).
Military students go to a special camp to practice their abilities, this camp is in a hot land and it’s called Fuerte Militar de Tolemaida. Located
at 484 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l); its average high temperature is around 31 degrees centigrade (°C), and the lowest is around 21°C.
Cadets go to Tolemaida to have physical and educational training, they practice how to shoot various weapons like machine guns, mortars
and grenade launchers among others; and they even take English classes. But students don’t live in Tolemaida, they live in different military
schools around the country, some are in temperate land, like ESMIC or ESUFA, and some are in hot lands, like ARC Barranquilla or ENAP.
There aren’t military schools in cold or frozen land cities.

Tolemaida is a camp for training. False True Not given

Students that live in Tolemaida can take English classes. False True Not given
There are military schools in different weather around Colombia. False True Not given

Match the Jungle and Desert uniforms with the best descriptions for each one.

It’s the most common uniform in the Colombian military.

Uniform that prevents mosquito bites.
Uniform used in warm places with vegetation.

Uniform used in very hot places with no vegetation.

“Desert camouflage” uniform.

Describe the weather and temperature conditions for the use of the “desert camouflage” uniform.

To wear the "desert camouflage" uniform, the weather has to be dry and hot, in an arid environment without much vegetation.

2.Geographical features and military missions

Read the following text.

Geography and topography are very important sciences to help understand natural formations and physical features of an area such as
mountains, rivers, lakes, valleys, etc., and also artificial constructions like roads, dams, towns and cities and travel and communication routes.

Armies use geographical information on water, hills, elevation, and other land formations to plan their military strategies. These characteristics
indicate different changes in terrain, heights of the natural environment, and the vegetation cover; this gives intelligence on combat elements
and helps the military plan logistical operations, because soldiers and equipment must be transported, stored, and deployed into each
operation at the right time and the right place.

The most important topographical features the military study are:

• Landforms – Characteristics that impact an area in a physical way. For example: valleys, hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans,
cities, roads and dams.
• Elevation – The height of mountains and other natural features. It is usually measured in meters above sea level (m.a.s.l).
• Latitude – From the equator line, latitude gives the north and south position of a place. The latitude of the equator line is 0 degrees.
• Longitude – This indicates the east or west position of a place. The unit to measure longitude is in degrees (°) from the Prime
Meridian.

The military uses different types of maps to plan their strategies:

• 1. Planimetric Maps. They show only horizontal positions and no relief. These maps are sometimes called line maps.
• 2. Topographic Maps. These maps indicate the vertical and horizontal positions.
• 3. Photomaps. They are replicas of aerial photographs, and they include names of places, route numbers, significant elevation
names, and boundaries.
• 4. Joint Operations Graphics. These are similar to topographic maps, but they include more information for air-ground operations.
The aerial version of the map shows additional symbols that help the military to identify positive features and obstructions for air
navigation.
• 5. Photomosaic. They are different aerial photographs put together or “mosaics”.
• 6. Terrain Model. This scale model of the territory can show industrial and cultural shapes that help plan assault landings.
• 7. Military City Map. They are similar to topographic maps, and they show some details of a town or city: the names of streets,
important constructions like buildings, and other important features that help plan navigation and operations in urban territories.
• 8. Special Maps. They are used for trafficability, communications, and assault

Match the sentences from columns A and B that correspond together.

In maps, landforms indicate terrain variations.
The military plan strategies in metropolitan areas using military city maps.
Elevation and altitude are examples of topographical features.
Mosaics are examples of maps.
Topography is important because it helps understand natural and physical features.
Maps can show different topographical features like valleys, altitude and elevation.
The military uses landforms to plan military strategies.
Dams are examples of artificial features.
Hills are examples of natural landforms.
Maps used to plan areal strategies are called joint operation graphics.

3.Military activities

Choose the correct answer(s) in each sentence.

The Captain isn’t marching, she is Those cadets are wearing antique
saluting. uniforms.
 The soldiers are carrying a lot of That cadet is not following orders!
equipment.

Are they giving a trophy to the cadet?

Write 6 sentences using the Present Continuous.

• Please use the verbs: carry, follow, give, salute, march and wear.
• You can use one verb more than once.
• Please include negative sentences and questions.

Example: : The Captain isn’t running, he is marching.

1. The lieutenant is giving an order to the soldier to stop.
2. The soldier is not following instructions.
3. The sergeant is saluting the flag.
4. The soldier is carrying a piece of artillery in his vehicle
5. Are they marching right now?
6. The corporal wears his ball gown for the ceremony.

4.Military vehicles and weapons

Match each word with its corresponding image.

M1A2 Abrams AH-64 A Apache

M3A2ODS Bradley

OH-58D Kiowa Warrior

M109A6 Paladin

UH-60L Blackhawk
Complete the sentences using like or as.
• 1. A battle is the same as an engagement.
• 2. A scout helicopter is like a transport helicopter but smaller
• 3. Some people, like rebels, oppose their government with force.
• 4. Like in other countries, an outbreak can occur soon in Colombia.
• 5. An uprising can be as dangerous as a civil war
• 6. When a battle tank fires, it sounds like a thunder.
• 7. As I am your captain; I order you to carry my equipment

Talk about vehicles and weapons.

Talk for one minute
Please use Like and As in some sentences
Example: “As a military student, I can ride on an attack helicopter. An attack helicopter is like a tank, but it can fly”

As a noncommissioned officer in the Colombian Army, I am capable of handling all kinds of weapons, such as long-range rifles, machine
guns, mortars, and grenade launchers; I have trained myself to have good accuracy in shooting exercises. Also, as a soldier I can drive
military trucks, I also like helicopters, but I don't have the training to fly them. as I am not a pilot, at least I can go as part of the crew, as a
gunner, I like to fly.

5.Armoured Fighting Vehicle Parts

Match the vocabulary with the corresponding part of the armoured vehicle.
Click on one word, listen to the pronunciation and then click on the missing part of the tank.

Cupola

Periscope/Gunsight

Engine deck

Side skirt

Tracks

Road w heels

Toe plate

Barrel

The hull is the bottom portion of the tank -- the track system and an armored body containing the engine and transmission.
Read carefully the following examples.
• The Hunter TR-12's hull is not as resistant as the hull of the BTR-80 “Caribe”.
• The BTR-80 “Caribe’s” suspension is as good as the Hunter TR-12's.

Choose the correct option.

Read the rules for using the comparative as...as and click on the option you consider is correct.
Rules:
• We use the comparative as...as to...
• compare things that are different
• compare things that are equal
• We use as + _________ + as to make comparisons.
• adjective
• subject
• We use not as...as to...
• compare things that are similar
• compare things that are very different.

Click on the 5 uses of the comparative (as...as) you hear while you watch the video.
Not as big as...
As resistant as...
Not as many…
Not as strong as...
As long as…
As many as...
Not as powerful as...
As effective as...
As fast as...
Not as resistant as…

Write 6 sentences to compare the Hunter TR-12 and the BTR-80 “Caribe”.
Use the comparative as...as.
You can use some parts of vehicles and adjectives from the box.

Parts of vehicles
Barrel, cupola, side skirt, road wheels, toe plate, Engine deck, periscope / gunsight, tracks.
Adjectives
Big, powerful, effective, resistant, fast, long, strong, many / much, good / bad.

• 1. The Hunter TR-12 is as fast as the BTR-80 "Caribe"

• 2. The BTR-80 "Caribe" does not have as many wheels as the Hunter TR-12.
• 3. The BTR-80 "Caribe" is as effective as the Hunter TR-12.
• 4. The Hunter TR-12 is not as powerful as the BTR-80 "Caribe"
• 5. The Hunter TR-12 is strong but not as resistant as the BTR-80 "Caribe"
• 6. The BTR-80 "Caribe" is not as big as the Hunter TR-12.

They are carrying their equipment on their backs; they are getting ready to board the helicopter that will take them to the battlefield; the
weather is sunny and hot.

are not as delicious as

Hello,

I'm Command Sergeant Major Rodríguez. I will help you with your questions.

The climate in Colombia is dry. The seasons are dry and rainy. There are natural disasters such as floods, fires, and landslides. Now there
is no type of natural disaster occurring.
A2 Unit 1 Module 2

Activities

1.How frequently?

Watch the presentation.

Tick the box if TRUE.
Sometimes Jerry has lunch at home. T
Jerry has a class every day at the University. T
Jerry always does homework with his son. T
Jerry wakes up at 5:00 am every day. T
Jerry also has some tutorial sessions on Tuesdays. T
Jerry hates to play baseball. T
Jerry’s life is very busy. T

2.Asking and answering questions about frequency

Look at the expressions.

Look at the position of these words.
Look at the chart about Karen’s activities in the week.
Write four sentences and submit them to your tutor.

Every day Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

Every other day One day yes, one day no.
On weekends Saturday and Sunday
Once a week One time in a week.
Never 0%
Sometimes 50%
Always 100%

• I take a shower every day.

• I go to the gym every other day.
• I visit my parents on weekends.
• I never drink soda for breakfast.
• I sometimes have hot chocolate in the morning.
• I always take a bus to school.

Mo Tu Wed Th Fri Sat Su

Have tea for breakfast x x x x x x x
Take the kids to the movies x x
Watch TV x x x x
Have fish for lunch

She has tea for breakfast every day.

She takes the kids to the movies on weekends.
She sometimes watches TV.
She never has fish for lunch.

3.How often…?

Listen to this radio program about healthy habits.

What about your habits? Complete with never, sometimes, always...
Eat vegetables Walk 10 blocks Eat fish and chicken

Drink water Go to the doctor Don’t smoke

• I always eat vegetables.

• I always drink 10 glasses of water a day.
• I sometimes walk a minimum of 10 blocks.
• I always go to the doctor minimum once a year.
• I sometimes eat fish and chicken.

4.Adverbs of frequency

Think about your routine. How often do you do things?

Put the activities next to the frequency adverbs.
eat salad.
• Always
cook.
• Usually
read.
• Generally
go to the movies.
• Often
go dancing.
• Sometimes
go shopping.
• Occasionally
have a party.
• Hardly ever
go camping.
• Never

Notice:
Example
Hardly ever cook.
Usually go dancing.
I occasinally go camping.

5.Food and drinks

Listen and repeat.

Milk Water Sausage

Pizza Jam Sandwich

Butter Meat
Cookies

Cheese
Eggs Fish

Chicken Cereal Soda

Chocolate Bread
Juice

Salad
Rice Hotdog

Milk shake
Ice cream Yogurt

Tea Noodles Chips

Coffee

6.Food and drinks

Listen and choose the right picture.

Sandwich Coffee Rice

Milk shake Ham

Chicken

Meat Cereal Jam

Chocolate Milk Cookies

Eggs
Soda
Juice Cheese Tea

Yogurt Chips
Noodles

Bread Sausages

Water

Ice cream Juice

Fish

Pizza Salad

Butter
 Bread

7.I love chocolate!

Write the vocabulary about food.

8.Eating habits

Mark the following statements T (True) or F (False).

Food gives our bodies the energy we need to function. For many people, it is very hard to change eating habits. To be healthy
and fit you have to adopt habits of success.
1. Wake up and eat! Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Eating a healthy breakfast reduces hunger during the
rest of the day.
2. Drinking enough water is vital. Not soda, not iced tea. Drink at least six to eight glasses of water a day.

It is not necessary to have breakfast every day. TF

It is a good idea to drink enough water. TF
Breakfast, lunch, dinner are the necessary meals. Do not eat more! TF
It is not necessary to eat fruits and vegetables very often. Your body does not need them! T F
It is not necessary to eliminate all your favorite foods. TF

9.Word Search: Food and drinks

SANDWICH APPLE
PASTA CARROT
CAKE COFFEE
POTATO LETTUCE
BUTTER ONION
BANANA

10.Quantifiers of food

Match the item with the correct quantifier.

A bowl of rice. A bunch of flowers. A slice of bread.
A bag of candy. A glass of water. A bunch of bananas.
A can of beer. A bunch of grapes. A pack of gum.
A bottle of vinegar. A bowl of soup. A jar of jam/marmalade.
A carton of milk. A bag of flour. A can of soda.
A slice of pizza. A bowl of noodles. A piece of cheese.
A cup of tea. A bar of chocolate.

11.The shopping list

Listen to a man talking about his shopping list then, complete the chart.

Amount Measurement Product

12 Bottles Yogurt
1 kilogram salt
3 Cartons Milk
2 dozen Eggs
1 Liter oil
2 Pounds sugar
4 cups Flour

12.How much sugar?

Read the ingredients.

Complete the chart.
Ingredients for Quiche Lorrain.
For the pastry.
• 175g plain flour, plus extra for • 75g butter plus extra for greasing
dusting. (alternatively use ready-made
• Salt. pastry).
For the filling.
• 250g English cheddar cheese, • 5 eggs, beaten. • Freshly ground black pepper.
grated. • 100ml whole milk. • sprigs of fresh thyme.
• 4 red tomatoes, sliced (optional). • 200ml double cream.
• 200g bacon, chopped. • Salt.

Amount Ingredient Type Preparation

175g flour Plain None
As desired salt --- ---
250 g Cheese cheddar Grated
4 Tomatoes Red Sliced
100 ml Milk Whole ---
200 ml Cream Double ---
2 sprigs thyme fresh ---
As desired Pepper Black None

13.Count and Non-Count nouns

Let’s review some details about count and non-count nouns.

14.An orange / Some fruit

Listen to the following conversation.

Look at the list of ingredients.
Complete the chart with the following items.

A: I’m thirsty!
B: Let’s prepare fruit juice!
A: Ok. What do we need?
B: First, we need milk.
A: Ok. There’s milk in the fridge.
B: Perfect! We need six strawberries, one pineapple and 2 bananas.

Fruit Juice
Ingredients
• Milk • 6 Strawberries • 1 Pineapple • 2 Bananas

Examples of count nouns:

• 6 Strawberries • 1 Pineapple • 2 Bananas

Examples of non-count nouns:

• Milk • Water • Sugar

Count nouns Non-counts nouns

Potatoes, cookies, apple, eggs, tomato. cake, bread, coffee, fish, soda.

15.Couch potatoes

Drag and Drop.

Complete the healthy food pyramid with the food and drinks.
At the bottom of the pyramid you must put the food you need to eat more; at the top of the pyramid you must put the food you
need to eat very seldom.

Fats Oils &Sweets Milk, Yogurt& Cheese Group Meats, Poultry Dry Beans Eggs &Nuts Group Fruit Group Vegetable Group
Bread, Cereal, Rice & Pasta Group

COUCH POTATO → A person who lives a sedentary lifestyle.

• Do you spend a lot of time sitting on the couch in front of the TV?
• Do you play videogames for hours and hours?
• Do you spend the afternoons eating junk food?
• If your answer is yes, then you are a couch potato.
• Having a sedentary lifestyle can be very dangerous for your health. To prevent heart illnesses, diabetes and other
diseases doctors recommend doing exercise every week and eating all types of food (especially fish, vegetables and
fruit).

16.Shopping for food: Preparing a shopping list

Listen to the phone conversation and fill in the blanks with the amounts you hear.
Shopping List
• 1 kg rice. • 1 bottle of olive oil.
• 1 dozen eggs. • 1 pound of pasta.

Now, choose the right word.

Shopping List
• 2 bottles of water • 2 loaf of bread.
• 1 pound of butter • 2 pounds of cheese.

• How many / much bottles of water? • How many / much pounds of butter?
• How many / much water? • How many / much loaves of bread?
• How many / much butter? • How many / much bread?

17.How much? / How many?

Complete the questions with HOW MUCH or HOW MANY.

• How much Coke do you drink every week?
• How many glasses of water do you drink every day?
• How many biscuits do you eat for breakfast?
• How much meat do you eat every week?
• How much fish do you eat every week?
• How many apples do you eat every week?
• How many candies do you eat at the weekends?
• How many sandwiches do you eat for lunch?
• How much rice do you eat in the week?
• How many carrots do you eat every week?
• How much chocolate do you have in the week?
• How many cups of milk do you drink every day?

18.Let's visits our friends

Read and compare.
Look at the example.
Now, write the sentence with LET’S+ one verb from this list: LEAVE, GO, EAT, and BUY.

Please, mix the ingredients! Let’s mix the ingredients!

(You do it) (You and I do it)

Let’s is a form of the imperative where YOU include yourself in the order, instruction or command. As a consequence,
it can be an INVITATION or an INVITATION TO ACTION.
A: What are you doing?
B: I am cooking for the party.
A: Oh, when is the party?
B: Tonight!
A: Wow! Then, let’s cook together.

Example:
A: I am so tired, and you, too.
B: Let’s rest a little.
• The earth is moving! Oh, gosh! It’s the second earthquake today in Bucaramanga! Let's leave the building!
• I am hungry and you are hungry as well, we are in Medellin so let's eat bandeja paisa.
• Do you want to go to the concert in Tunja? Yeah! Let's go to the concert.
• We need to buy the ingredients for the Sancocho. Let's buy everything at the supermarket.

19.Keep fit!
Listen to the conversations to complete the chart.

What do they do to keep fit? How often?

Melanie She goes to the gym. Every other day.

He plays tennis w ith his friends. Every w eekend.

Marco

She eats fruits and salads. Every day.

Karin

He exercises at home. Every morning.

Abraham

20.Eat your veggies!

Read and listen to the following conversation about healthy food. Then, fill in the blanks with the words you hear.
A: Hi mom.
B: Hi Frank.
A: What’s for dinner?
B: I made a delicious vegetarian burger.
A: A vegetarian burger?! Mom, you know I am not a vegetarian.
B: Well, you can try…
A: I am a big man, I need protein.
B: Actually, this burger is made from black beans. They are pure protein.
A: Well, the taste is not the same.
B: They don’t have all that cholesterol. Come on… try it…

21.Keep healthy!

Let’s read about sports in England:

Doing exercise is an excellent way to keep healthy. Obesity and eating disorders are sadly very often nowadays among
teenagers. Do you practice any sports? How often?
Sports play an important part in the life in Britain and is a popular leisure activity. Many of the world’s famous sports began in
Britain, including cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf and rugby.
England’s national sport is cricket although to many people football (soccer) is seen as our national sport. Football is our most
popular sport. Some of England’s football teams are world famous, the most famous being Manchester United, Arsenal and
Liverpool.

Cricket rules are similar to those of Baseball.

Teams are made up of 11 players each. They play with a ball and a bat shaped like a paddle. The game is scored according
to the number of runs, which is the number of times the batters exchange places. Matches can last for days! The longest match
record is 150 hours, it happened in Loughborough, 2012.
Other popular sports in England include netball (similar to basketball and played mostly by women), basketball, horse racing,
polo, table tennis, badminton, bowling, fishing, boat race, martial arts, bowls (mostly old people) and darts (specially at pubs).
There are so many to choose

Now tell us:

Do you practice any sport?
Yes, I practice MTB, I like adventure and riding in the countryside, it is very relaxing and healthy. It is important to drink enough
water and eat calories. Your bicycle should be light and resistant for the long journey, and you should not forget to have an
extra tire and tools for your bicycle, you may have a flat tire and there will be no one to repair it.

How often?
I practice MTB on weekends, because of my work I don't have enough time to do it every day, although I want to do it every
day.

Take some notes and record your answer. Speak for one minute.

22.The word "Sandwich"

Let’s read:
Answer the following questions:

Sandwich is, in fact, a small town situated in the south-east of

England. In the eighteenth century there was an aristocrat, Sir John
Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who loved playing cards. He loved
it so much that he didn’t even want to stop to have his meals; he
just wanted to go on and on, playing all day and night.

One day he had an idea: he told his servants to put some meat
between two slices of bread so, in this way, he could hold the food
with one hand and go on playing; he didn’t need a fork or a knife.
And that was the beginning of the sandwich. So, it’s thanks to Sir
John that we call sandwiches “sandwiches” today. We can call Sir
John Montagu the first couch potato.

Sandwich is a big city in the south of England. True False

Sir John Montagu loved to play cars. True False
Mr. Montagu played all day and night. True False
The sandwich was invented to feed Mr. Montagu while he played. True False
The name of Sandwich is because of the small town. True False

23.In a fast-food restaurant

In this video, two youngsters are ordering meals in a fast-food restaurant.

Now, it is your turn to place an order, remember to take a main dish, sides, some dessert and the beverage.

Listen carefully, practice the pronunciation and study the vocabulary.

Hello, what can I get you?
A double cheese burger, a big salad and French fries, please.
What about you?
I prefer fish. I'll have fish fingers.
Do you want fries with that?
No, I think I'll have onion rings.
Would you like anything to drink?
Orange for me and cola for my friend.
Small, medium or large?
Large, please.
Any desserts?
We'll have the apple pie and some fruit salad.
Anything else?
I think that's all.
That will be 22.20 It will be ready in a minute.

Sometime later
Thank you

Write down dialogue, you can make the changes you want. Send it to you teacher.

Hello, what can I offer you?

A chicken sandwich, a little potato salad, and French fries, please.
And you?
I like pork. I'll have barbecue pork ribs.
Do you want fries with that?
Yes I want it.
Do you want something to drink?
Water for me and soft drinks for my wife.
Small, medium or large?
Medium, please.
Desserts?
We will only have fruit salad.
Anything else?
I think that's all.
It will be 6:40 p.m. It will be ready in a minute.

Some time later

Thanks

24.Routines

Read the article.

Check the sentences True (T) or False (F).

Do you want to become a professional soccer player?

Soccer is the most popular sport in Colombia. Young kids from all over the country dream of becoming professional soccer
players, and they want to play in the best soccer teams such as Millonarios, Santa Fe, Deportivo Cali, Nacional, and Junior.

What’s it like playing at the top level of this sport?

Being a professional soccer player like Jackson Martinez is hard but very rewarding work. It takes time and efforts to join a
team. Soccer players need a lot of energy, and they need to be very fit. They never stop training; they do gym work every day
and have a training session in the morning that lasts 90 minutes, they go to their rooms to sleep for 2 hours and then they go
back to another training session in the afternoon. The best players will get selected to join the Colombian national team by
coach Queiroz.
Soccer players occasionally go to the gym. T F
Every morning training session lasts more than an hour. T F
They have two training sessions a day. T F

25.Turning verbs into nouns: Suffix "ion"

Read these other words for your reference.

Look at the sentences. Complete.
Look at the examples.

Verb Noun
Invent Invention What you invent is your invention.
Inform Information What you inform is information.
Create Creation What you create is your creation.

• Decide = Decision
• Explain = Explanation
• Discuss = Discussion
• Permit = Permission
• Solve = Solution
• Repeat = Repetition
• She competes in all the sports. She is in the competition.
• They produce plastic toys. They have a large production.
• If you want to apply you need to send your application form.
• The doctor operates every day. He is in an operation at the moment.
• The architect constructs buildings. At the moment he is in the construction.

26.Learning to Learn

Read the study tip below. Click on the icon to hear it.

Always have a dictionary near you, preferably an English-English dictionary. This way when you look for a new word in the
dictionary you will find other words to learn in the definition. In addition to this, you will stop translating all the time.

27.Talking about your favorite dish

Think about your favorite Colombian desert, for example: arequipe, cholados, flan de coco, arroz con leche and natilla.
What are the ingredients? Do you know how to make it? What region of Colombia is it from?

First write it, then record your description and send it to your tutor.

I like manjar blanco

The ingredients to make it are: milk, sugar and some rice flour. To make manjar blanco, a preferably bronze pot is
necessary; the milk, sugar and a tablespoon of rice flour are simmered to boil, it must be constantly stirred with a wooden
spoon until it thickens.

The manjar blanco is a traditional sweet and characteristic of Valle del Cauca.

28.Cooking Italian chicken

Write the measurements you can use for the following products.

Preparing a nice chicken breast with an Italian flavor is not a difficult thing to do. The first thing you need is the ingredients:

You need two tablespoons of olive oil, one tablespoon of paprika, one and a half tablespoons of dried oregano, and 1 kilogram
of chicken breast. You will need garlic and a little bit of salt. With all the ingredients ready, what you need to do is to fry the
garlic in olive oil. When you have done this, add the chicken breast in little pieces, and add the paprika and the dried oregano.
This is a good moment to add rice. 1 cup of rice will be perfect. Then add two cups of water and salt, and let it cook for 20
minutes.

• 2 tablespoons olive oil.

• 1 tablespoon paprika.
• 2 teaspoons dried oregano.
• Salt and black pepper to taste.
• 2 pounds skinless, boneless chicken breasts, cut into 2-inch pieces.
• 3 cloves garlic, crushed.
• 1 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes.
• 2 cups uncooked short-grain white rice.
• 1 pinch saffron thread.
• 1 bay leaf.
• 1/2 bunch Italian flat leaf parsley, chopped.
• 1-quart chicken stock.
• 2 lemons.
• 1 pound chorizo sausage, casings removed and crumbled.

Measurement Product
2 tablespoons Olive oil
1 tablespoon Paprika
2 teaspoons Dried oregano
2 pounds Chicken breast
3 cloves Garlic
2 cups Uncooked white rice

29.Pronunciation: /ɒ/ as in shock

Watch the video below.

Then go to section 2 and complete the recording exercise.
You can hear this sound in the words: / ɒ /.
Listen to the pronunciation of every word and then record yourself repeating these words. Focus on pronunciation.

Hot Stop Off Foggy

Rock Problem Block Dot
Want Job Clock Odd

SelfCheck

1.Review

Read and examine the chart.

Eliminate the incorrect word from each group.
Review your answers by clicking open the checkmark button.
2.Much / Many

Write much or many.

• There is much milk in the fridge. • There are many bottles of lemonade in the fridge.
• There were many kinds of vegetables in the shop. • There isn’t much water in the jar.
• Would you like much coffee?

3.Much / Many

Complete the following conversation by selecting the correct option.

A: Will you go with me to the supermarket? I need to buy some things to make a cake.
B: Sure. What do we need?
A: Mmmm… let me see… milk.
B: How many / much milk do we need?
A: Three cartons. And we need eggs. How many / much eggs do you need?
B: About three dozen. I know we need butter, how many / much butter do we need?
A: Two cups will do.
B: How many / much sugar do we need?
A: One pound. And we also need flour.
B: How many / much cups?
A: Four. I think that’s all we need. Let’s go.

4.Vocabulary

Food and drinks Activities Measurements

Coffee Cooking Pound
Sandwich Go camping Dozen
Pasta Go dancing Cup
Cake Reading Bottle

5.Game

There are four words in each line, one word doesn’t go with the rest for one reason. Can you find it? Use the dictionary for the
unknown words.

Milk Tea Coffee Yogurt

Pea Potato Apple Lettuce
Butter Milk Egg Cheese
Pineapple Nut Melon Banana
Hamburger Rice Hotdog Pizza
Water Wine Beer Champagne
Orange Lemon Lime Pear
Ketchup Salt Sugar Pepper
Cereal Chicken Biscuit Toast
Ham Honey Jam Butter
Chips Crisps Potatoes Onion
Blackberry Mango Redcurrant Grape

6.Countable and Uncountable nouns

Complete the table with the words below.

Write (U) when the noun is uncountable and (C) when the noun is countable.

Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

apple Bread
Lollipop milk
tomato Sugar
bun water
carrot rice

• An apple: C • An onion: C • Flour: U

• Bread: U • A sausage: C • Coffee: U

7.Countable and Uncountable nouns

Choose the correct word.
• She only eats some fish and salad.
a. time b. fish c. homework
• She hates drinking tea in the morning.
a. tea b. food c. carrot
• I met many people at the concert yesterday.
a. person b. friend c. people
• We are making a cake for my mom.
a. cakes b. cake c. biscuits
• There are a lot of stars in the sky.
a. star b. stars c. moon
• Mary likes tomatoes with a little salt on it.
a. tomato b. tomatoes c. tomatos
• He only has a few minutes; he must go.
a. minute b. minutes c. money
• I like eating a fruit in the afternoon.
a. fruit b. pears c. watermelon
• I’d like a pizza with a lot of cheese.
a. chess b. cheese c. cheesse
• Please, give me some bread.
a. orange juices b. bread c. cat

8.Let´s talk about habits

Answer the following questions.

Write the answer on your notebook, use the dictionary when necessary.
Once you are ready. Record your answers and send them to your teacher.

• What is your favorite kind of fruit?

My favorite are the tropical fruits
• What other fruits do you like?
I like apples and pears
• What vegetables don’t you like?
I don’t like asparagus, artichoke and Brussels sprout
• What is your favorite meat?
Beef haunch tip and pork ribs.
• What is typical breakfast for you?
The typical breakfast for me is corn arepa with scrambled eggs and chocolate.

9.School

Listen to the conversation between Dan and his mother.

Listen again. What are the differences?

• First, tick the things Dan’s group needs to take to school.

Milk Cream Oil Flour Cooking Apples Custard Powder Chocolate Sugar Butter Eggs Cheese Vanilla
• Now, tick the things mom needs to buy at the supermarket.
Milk Flour Custard Powder Butter Cooking Apples Sugar

• Tick the new ingredients you hear. Now they are going to make “Apple pie”.
Flour Cream Oil Sugar Cooking Apples Custard Powder Chocolate Milk Butter Eggs Cheese Vanilla

• Then, tick the things mom needs to buy at the supermarket.

Oil Cooking apples Eggs

10.Adverbs of frequency

Read each sentence.

Choose the correct adverb of frequency from the list.
Never, always, hardly ever, usually, often

Example:
Rita doesn’t like TV programs. She NEVER watches TV.
• Sandra walks to school everyday.
• Sandra always walks to school.
• My mom makes dinner from Monday to Friday, but she doesn’t cook on weekends.
• My mom usually cooks dinner.
• I don’t get up early on weekends. Oh, I don’t get up early during the week either.
• I never get up early.
• Richard only reads a book when there is a special assignment, maybe twice a year.
• Richard hardly ever reads a book.
• Luis plays basketball on weekends.
• Luis often plays basketball.

11.Adverbs of frequency

Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option.

Hello. My name is David. I want to tell you about my diet. I used to eat a lot of junk food and I was very heavy, so I decided to
change my eating habits.
I never /always eat fried food. Cholesterol is not good for you.
I usually /hardly ever have fruit for breakfast or never / sometimes cereal.
Sometimes /Always my mom makes cookies and I have one or two, but that doesn’t happen very usually / often.
I love chocolate, but now I always / hardly ever eat it. Only on my birthday.

12.Measurements and quantities in food

Loaves Dozen Liters

Cartons Pounds Bottles

13.How often do you eat fast food?

What do you do to keep fit?

Write a 200-word paragraph.
Example:
I never eat fast food because it has a lot of fat. I prefer to eat home-made food. I keep fit by running everyday…

I rarely eat junk food, because I seek to take care of my health, although I like to enjoy its variety of flavors and combinations.
In order to enjoy them at least once a month, I take great care of my diet, consuming fresh vegetables, fruits, legumes, lean
meats, chicken and fish. A whole variety in the diet, completing it by drinking enough fresh water and exercising regularly. I
have good eating and exercise habits, this allows me to eat junk food from time to time, preferably hamburgers and fries.
Although the truth is that I prepare hamburgers at home, taking care to select the best low-fat ingredients, fresh vegetables, a
good bread, in the preparation I take care not to add fat or too many sauces that contribute to increasing calories. I make the
fries in an oil-free deep fryer, making sure they are as healthy as possible without sacrificing a lot of flavors. I treat the drinks
that are not sugary, in case we have to add something sweet, we use stevia, which is a natural sweetener. Also, on some
occasions we prepare pizza, taking into account the same ingredients that we use in the hamburger, which are fresh
vegetables, chicken breast and mushrooms, we also take care not to use many sauces, especially tomato paste.

14.What's your favorite meal?

What are the ingredients in your favorite meal?

The ingredients are green banana, yucca, potatoes, chicken, cob and cilantro.

Why is it your favorite meal?

Because my mother gave it to me since I was a child. Since I can remember I have always liked it, it is a food that reminds
me of my mother, reminds me of her love and all her sacrifice for us.

Who prepares this meal for you or do you buy it anywhere?

My mom makes it for me. I can't find anywhere a meal the way she prepares it for me, it's special for me, almost unique.

Do you know how to prepare this meal?

Yes, I know how to prepare. Although it does not fit the same as the one my mother prepares, but I try to match it.

What do you usually have?

I try to eat once a week, especially on the weekend, which is when I have time to do it myself.

Record yourself. Speak for 2 minutes.

15.Pronunciation: /ɒ/ as in sock

Listen and type the word you hear.

teacher hot want

sock rock stop

 problem block dot

job clock odd

off foggy

My Army

1.Special Operations

Match the Special Operation Forces with their corresponding Army branch.

A. Joint Special Operations Command (CCOES):

Marine Corps Special Forces Battalion (BFEIM)
Special forces brigada
Urban Counter-Terrorism Special Forces Group: (AFEUR)
Rapid Deployment Force
Colombian Air Force (FAC)
Unified Action Groups for Personal Freedom (GAULA)
B. National Army of Colombia:
Battalion of Special Anti-Terror Urban Forces (BAFUR)
Presidential Guard
Brigade Against Drug Trafficking (BRCNA)
Battalion of direct action and recognition (BADRE)
C. Navy of the Republic of Colombia:
Naval Special Forces Command (COFEN)
D. Colombian Air Force (FAC):
Air Assault Aviation Division
Air Defense Operations Task Force

Listen to the description of the mission/objective of a Special Operation Force and click on the name it corresponds to.
Marine Corps Special Forces Battalion (BFEIM)

Naval Special Forces Command (COFEN)

Urban Counter-Terrorism Special Forces Group (AFEUR)

Unified Action Groups for Personal Freedom (GAULA)

Air Assault Aviation Division

 Presidential Guard (BIGUP)

Describe 2 of the Colombian Army branches from the list.

• Mention some Special Operation Forces.

• Talk for 1 minute.
• Navy of the Republic of Colombia
• Colombian Air Force (FAC)
• National Army of Colombia
• Joint Special Operations Command (CCOES)

Talk about their missions / functions.

The Joint Special Operations Command brings together the special forces’ units of the national army, the national navy and
the air force. Its mission is to attack high value targets for military intelligence, strategic objectives that contribute to winning
the war, that destabilize the enemy and thus break their will to fight, so that they surrender or be captured, or in the last case
they are neutralized.

2.Game

Read the text and answer the question with the word countable or uncountable.
Guerrilla groups in Colombia did different terrorist acts in some cities in the past; because of this, the Colombian Army had the
necessity to create a specially trained unit to fight. The mission of this unit is to operate and coordinate operations together
with other units of the army from other military branches.

There were lots of conflicts with different guerrilla groups in the past, but there were 2 particular terrorist acts that obligated the
creation of the unit. In 1980, there was an attack in the Dominican embassy, and in 1985 there was the attack in the Palace
of Justice.

In 2003, the Government of Colombia decided to form a unit and assign different units to main cities in the nation. These new
units were smaller, very well trained, and they operate under the orders of the AFEAU. That same year, Colombia’s Navy also
created an AFEUR unit together with the Marine Corps. The army trains this unit, but the Navy unit is a specialist in underwater
training and infiltration of amphibious operations. This unit helps other Marine Corps units in semi-urban operations.

• Are the nouns highlighted countable or uncountable?

Uncountable

Choose an appropriate title for the text.

Because of terrorist acts done in cities by guerrilla groups, the Colombian Army needed a specially trained unit to fight them.
This unit’s mission was to operate and coordinate operations with other units of the army.

There were a lot of conflicts with guerrilla groups in the past, but two terrorist acts in particular forced the formation of the unit;
the one that occurred in the Dominican embassy in 1980, and the attack in the Palace of Justice in 1985.

In 2003, the Colombian Government decided to create and assign more units to main cities across the nation. These units are
smaller, are trained, and operated under an entity by the name of AFEAU. That same year, the Colombian Navy also created
its own AFEUR unit with the Marine Corps. This unit is trained by the Army unit, but the Navy unit specializes in underwater
infiltration training and amphibious operations. This unit helps other Marine Corps units when they operate in semi-urban areas.

The union between the Marine Corps and the Colombian Army.
Terrorist attacks in Colombia.
The creation of some Special Operation Forces in the Colombian Army.
Underwater infiltration and amphibious operations in the Colombian Army.
Choose the correct answer for each question.

Why did the Colombian Army create a special unit?

Because of conflicts with guerrilla groups in the past.
Because the government needed to assign more units across the nation.
Because it was important to coordinate operations with other units of the army.
Because of two specific terrorist attacks.

One of the main objectives of the special unit is to:

Fight the terrorist attacks occurred in the Dominican embassy and the Palace of Justice.
Operate and coordinate special operations with different army units.
Operate and train other units under the AFEAU.
Work together with the Marine Corps.

The creation of AFEUR occurred in the year:

2003
1985
1980
The text doesn’t mention

According to the text, who trains AFEUR?

The Colombian Army.
The Marine Corps.
The Colombian Navy.
The AFEAU.

One of the functions of AFEUR is to:

Train with the Marine Corps.
Train other army units.
Help Marine Corp units in semi-urban areas.
Fight the terrorist attacks occurred in the Dominican embassy and the Palace of Justice.

Record your voice talking about the text.

Please talk beween 45 – 60 seconds about:

• Terrorist acts.
• AFEAU.
• The Navy special unit.

Terrorist acts are surprising actions that the enemy uses to cause fear and terror in the population, for this the national army
created the Urban Anti-Terrorist Special Forces Grouping, in order to counter the enemy's actions, they operate in a
synchronized and harmonious manner with the special forces units of the National Navy, operations that guarantee the best
results and the success of the mission.

3.Let's...

Click on the 2 sentences that correspond to the correct use of “let’s / let’s not”.

Examples:
• We have some free time after training, let’s exercise.
• Let’s not play anymore and start studying.

Use “Let’s/Let’s not” when...

We want to give a command to a group of people and we are not included in that group.
We want to give advice to another person.
We want to make a suggestion to a group of people and we are included in that group.
We want to give a command to a group of people and to ourselves at the same time.
We want to ask for advice.

Complete the instruction or command using “let’s / let’s not” related to each picture.

I’m very tired, let's rest.

We need to practice amphibious operations. Let's practice

It’s a very hot day and I‘m hungry. Let's go to lunch

Let's go. If they see us, we will have problems.

We can help the environment, let's go to clean the field.

 The mission is over, let's go to home.

This weekend we’re going out of the academy, let's go to the bar.

Record 5 instructions or commands you could say in the military school.

Use let’s OR let’s not and the given words for each sentence:
• Let’s rest to barracks
• Let’s wear a combat uniform.
• Let’s not attend the conference.
• Let’s follow your orders
• Let’s not fly the helicopter

On Mondays he has PT from 06:50 to 07:30, goes to the shower at 07:30 and has breakfast before 08:30; at 09:00 he goes to
the company, at 09:30 he has the morning reading, at 10:00 he returns to the unit to go to lunch from 11:30 to 13:30.
A2 Unit 1 Module 3

Activities

1.The story of how we met

Watch the following animation.

Check the verbs you listen.

Arrive Rain Run Apologize Fall Get Visit Talk Tell Wait

According to the video you just saw write a number (1-7) according to the sequence of the process the video showed.
a. 7 Well, bedtime. I’ll tell you more when you get older, my baby! Now, good night...
b. 4 We started talking and she offered to buy me some coffee. I accepted. We went to a café and spent three hours talking!
It was amazing!
c. 2 It was raining like cats and dogs! I was waiting for the bus when I saw a young woman running.
d. 6 When we left the café, it was not raining anymore. It was a sign that we were falling in love.
e. 1 And this picture, my son, was taken on the day I met your mother.
f. 5 I was telling her about my work when she said she had to leave. She had an appointment. Then, I asked her for her
phone number.
g. 3 She didn’t have an umbrella so she was getting wet. I felt bad for her so I offered to share mine.

2.Present Continuous vs. Past Continuous

Here you will find a comparison among Present Continuous and Past Continuous.
Read the short dialogues and answer the questions.

What is she doing?
She is painting the house!
But she was painting it yesterday!
Yes, but it was raining!
Why is she painting again?
Because it was raining.
Where are you going?
We are going for lunch.
But you were having lunch earlier.
Oh, no. That was a little snack!
Were they having lunch earlier?
No, that was just a little snack.
What are you studying?
I’m studying English grammar.
Why? You were taking a test yesterday!
No, I was late!
Why is he studying grammar again?
Because he was late for the test.
3.Wh Questions: Present and Past Continuous

Look at the chart.

Choose words from each column and write questions.
Send it to your teacher.
When Am I Studying
Where Is You Reading
What Are He ⁄ She ⁄ it Working
Why were They Watching

Write 10 possible questions.

When am I working? Where is he reading?
Where are you studying? What were they watching TV?
What were they reading? Why am I studying?
Why is she working? Where are you working?
When are you working? When is she watching the play?

4.Wh Questions: Present and Past Continuous

Click on the words in the correct order to make Wh questions in Present and past Continuous.

What time are your parents coming? When was your Moscow train arriving?
Where are you staying tonight? What car are you buying?
Who was my wife dancing with? How many people are coming?
What country were you visiting on vacation? What are you drinking?
Who were you speaking to? Where are you studying?

Read the sentences below.

Select the proper question.

Example: Alice and her parents were going to a restaurant.

Where were they going?
What is Gineth doing?
1. Gineth is reading the newspaper.
Who is playing in the garden?
2. Sonya is playing in the garden.
What is Michella w earing?
3. Michella is wearing a red dress.
What w as Bryan doing?
4. Bryan was doing his homework.
When is Martha leaving?
5. Martha is leaving at nine.
What w as Jole doing?
6. Jole was repairing his bike.
Who is Miranda going out w ith?
7. Miranda is going out with Dany.
When w ere they having a meeting?
8. They were having a meeting at two o’clock.
Who w ere they looking for?
9. Tulio and Sandy were looking for Phil.

5.Wh Questions: Present and Past

Read the following text carefully.

Now fill in the spaces with past continuous like in the example then send it to your tutor.

It’s a rainy Saturday, it’s raining a lot and Mary and her family are spending the afternoon at home; her uncles are visiting them.
Mary and her father are in the living room.
Mary was making a drawing and her father, Mr. Harris, was surfing the net. They are talking.

Mary’s older brother, Peter, is in his bedroom playing computer games. He is a computer fanatic and, he spends a lot of time
playing on the computer. His little brother, Jim is also in the living room. He is playing with his dinosaurs’ collection. Sometimes
he teases Mary because he is a really naughty boy.

Mary’s mother, Mrs. Harris, is in the kitchen preparing a snack for all of them, she is making some tea and talking to Mary’s
uncles –Lucy and Tom. They are from the nearest town and stopped by to say hello.

Fluffy, the family cat, is sleeping on the kitchen’s sofa. We can’t see him in the picture, but he is a true fluffy cat.

It was a rainy Saturday. It was raining a lot and Mary and her family were spending the afternoon at home. Her uncles were
visiting them. Mary and her father were in the living room. Mary was making a drawing and her father, Mr. Harris, was surfing
the net, they were talking. Mary’s older brother, Peter, was in his bedroom playing computer games. He was a computer
fanatic and, he was spending a lot of time playing on the computer. His little brother, Jim was also in the living room. He was
playing with his dinosaurs’ collection. Sometimes he was teasing Mary because he was a really naughty boy.

6.Past Continuous

Read the following conceptual map with the explanation about past continuous.

7.Talking about activities in progress in the past

Read the following text.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb.
Madonna is the most important singer in the world. She has sold over 300 million records worldwide. Here are some interesting
facts about her life. Her parents were immigrants. Her father, Tony, was working for Chrysler Motors when Madonna’s mother
died of breast cancer. Madonna moved to New York. When she was a ballet student, she was working at Dunkin Donnuts as
a waitress. She was a singer in a rock band with her boyfriend, and then she became famous. In 1996, she was the main
actress in Evita, and she got a special award as Best Actress in Motion Picture Musicals. She has been registered as the best-
selling female artist of all time in the Guinness World Records.

When Madonna lived in New York she (be) was busy all the time.
She (be) was always (rehearse) rehearsing, (dance) dancing, (sing) singing in the halls, (work) working as a
waiter, (study) studying music, and (meet) meeting friends.

8.Talking about activities in progress

Listen to the dialogue. A man is at the emergency room in a hospital.
Listen again and click on the things that are mentioned in the conversation.

• A man was in a hospital.

• He was sick with a stomachache.
• He had an accident at home.
• He was amnesic.

Notice:
What were you doing? She was eating a banana.
What was she doing? The man wasn’t driving.
What were they doing? His wife wasn’t watching TV.
I was going upstairs. The son and the daughter weren’t talking on the phone.
She was cooking in the kitchen.

9.Review: Verb To Be in Simple Past and Past Progressive

Match each question with a logical answer. Flip the cards as in the Concentration game.
What were you eating? We were eating paella.
Who was at the party? Only John, Chris and Ronald.
When was she studying at the university? She was there from 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM.
Where were you going yesterday? We were driving to San Francisco.
Click on the cards to pair a situation with a deduction.
Who was the person you were talking to? Oh, that was Jim
Why were you so happy? My friends were telling jokes!
How were you feeling on Monday? I was a little sick.
Was she playing volleyball with the rest of the class? No, she was sitting along.

10.Simple Past and Past Progressive in context

Read the situations. Choose the correct answer.

1. What were you doing at the office last 3. When was she here? 5. Were you here last week?
night? She is going to the office. Yes, I was here!
I finish the report yesterday. Yesterday. Yes, I am.
I was finishing a report. She was here. Yes, I am late.
I finish the report.
4. Where were you on Sunday morning? 6. How was the movie?
2. Why is she crying? I have breakfast at home. There was a movie.
Because she is crying. I was home, having breakfast. It was a good movie.
Because she is sad. I have breakfast. There is a movie.
Because she is working.

11.Connectors of sequence

Look at the directions to make a reservation in a hotel.

Write the steps to buy an apartment. Use the structure.

Sequencing refers to the identification of the components of a story (beginning, middle, and end). This also refers to the
ability to retell the events in the order in which they occurred.
 First, select the city where you want to live.
• Then, set the price you have to buy the apartment.
• Next, set the number of rooms you want.
• After that, look for apartment properties in your price
range and number of bedrooms.
• Finally, you buy the apartment that best suits your
needs.

12.Telling a story: Sequencing events

The following paragraphs make a part of a story, read the paragraphs.

Write the number in the box to put them in sequence.
Finally, I changed majors. I received my bachelor’s degree in music a couple of years ago. I play with a band and I teach
music at a local school. Life is funny, huh! And that’s how I became a musician.
5

Then, I applied and got accepted. I was very happy and so were my parents. I was finally on my way to become an engineer.
2

I always thought I was going to be an engineer, but I changed my mind and now I am a musician. Let me tell you how it
happened. First, I started looking for colleges as soon as I finished high school. I wanted to find one with a good engineering
faculty. I did.
1

After that, I decided to enroll in other music classes. At some point I had more music classes than engineering classes. I was
a little confused. Engineering was my dream, but music was my passion.
4

Next, I started classes. I enrolled in a class called introduction to music. Honestly, I just wanted to have fun. I always liked
music so I thought it would be fun. I loved it! It was by far the best class!
3

13.Game

Choose the appropriate form to organize the sentences to properly talk about actions in progress in present and past. Once
you’ve checked every word of the sentence, click the button NEXT in the lower part of the screen.
14.Uncountable and plural nouns

Listen to the audio.

What can the woman remember? Choose the correct answer from the table.
A room Two rooms
One woman Three women
A box Boxes
A child Two children
A baby Babies
A tooth Teeth
A car Three cars
A mouse A lot of mice
A foot Feet

Notice:
Some uncountable nouns appear to be in plural forms but are used with a singular verb:
• The news is bad.
• Acoustics is the study of sound.

Try to match these singular nouns to their plural forms.

Half Goose Half

Fungus

Man Criterion
Look at the examples. All the sentences on the left are incorrect. The nouns in bold are uncountable, so they cannot have a
plural form.
Look at the correct forms on the right:

Incorrect Correct
The teachers gave us three homeworks last class. The teacher gave us homework last class.
I have two news for you, a good one and a bad one. I have news for you.
Let me give you an advice, don’t go to the party. Let me give you a piece of advice, don’t go to the party.

Notice:
Some uncountable nouns appear to be in plural forms but are used with a singular verb:
• The news is bad.
• Acoustics is the study of sound.

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the nouns:
a. Where is my new pair of glasses?
b. Did you get all the information?
c. I need to get a new pair of jeans.
d. Physics is my favorite subject.
e. These scissors are very old.

15.Mass nouns

Read the list below and get ready to use it.

Singular Plural
Species Species
Salmon Salmon
Series Series
Means Means
Moose Moose
Trout Trout
Cod Cod
Squid Squid
Information Information
News News

Highlight the mass nouns in the following sentences.

1. We can store more information in a smart phone.
2. My dad has bought lots of furniture for the office.
3. We always eat rice at lunch.
4. I do not like to eat sugar.
5. There is no problem of electricity in my colony.
6. Games of thrones is the best series ever.
7. Happiness is the tool to remove all problems.
8. I like to make nice art.
9. I read news daily from the newspaper.
10 One of my best friends gives nice advice.

16.Dreams

Now choose True or false for the following statements.

The Empty House

I moved out of a shared house about a year ago, and hadn't been near it since then, or kept in touch with the people who lived
there. One night I had a dream, that I was walking down the street, and I looked in the window of the house, and it was empty.
Then I went to the store, and there I ran into a friend named Karla. (end of dream). So that day I went back to the house and
looked inside. Sure enough, it was empty! Then I went down to the store, and who should I see there? You guessed it: my
friend Karla. (It wasn't a store that either Karla or I went to very often). I was scared don't believe in clairvoyant or precognitive
dreams, but this was memorable because the dream showed both something that had already happened, and something that
was going to happen later. But then, stranger things can happen in a lifetime of dreaming!

She lived in a shared house. TF

She had already moved 2 years ago. TF
She was not in touch with the people who lived there. TF
She went to the places she was in her dream, but nothing happened. T F

Read the following dream and complete it with the appropriate words.
The Earthquake
a church
I was doing construction inside 1. . This was true, I really was (the dream hadn’t
yet lunch time
started 2. ). At 3. I was really tired so I found a chair to sit in, and 4.
closed
my eyes. Soon, I fell asleep. I woke up because of a sound, and looked around and felt the 5.
room shaking
, like an earthquake was happening. I jumped up and ran outside. The building was shaking apart, and
collapsing w oke up
the walls started 6. . I was scared ...Then I “ 7. . I was back in the chair. Relieved,
earthquake
I looked around. But just then, the room started shaking like an 8. was happening. I jumped up and ran
outside. The building started collapsing again. I was scared ...Then I “woke up”, again. I was back in the chair. Relieved, I
looked around. But just then, the room started shaking like an earthquake was happening. I jumped up and ran outside. The
building started collapsing again. I was scared...but then thought the double waking was weird. I was lucid. I tried to “really”
Nervously
wake up... Then, I “woke up” again. I was in the chair. 9. , I looked around, hoping the room would not
start shaking. It didn’t. I decided I was “really” awake. I got up a bit of nerve, and went outside for a walk. 10.
Nothing
unusual happened.

17.Currency and measurements

Using quantities: Currency and measurements

In measurements there are a series of different categories, for example time, length, distance, weight, among others, here are
some examples:

Length: in length remember in the United States use the English measurement system, and the rest of the world generally use
the international measurement.

The English measurement system is this:

1 – Length
Unit name Measure Translation
Inch 1/12 ft Pulgada
Foot 1 ft Pie
Yard 3 ft Yarda
Mile 5280 ft Milla

2 - Weight
Unit name Measure Translation
Ounce 1/16 Lb Onza
Pound 1 Libra
Ton 2240 Tonelada

The other way of measurement is the international measurement system, based in meters, used in almost the rest of the
world.

3 - Length
Unit name Measure Translation
Millimeter 1/1000 mt Milimetro
Centimeter 1/100 mt Centimetro
Meter 1 mt Metro
Kilometer 1000 mt Kilometro
2- Weight
Unit name Measure Translation
Milligram 1/1000000 kg Miligramo
Gram 1 /1000 kg Gramo
Kilogram 1 kg Kilogramo
Ton 1000 kg Tonelada

Talking about Currency there are different types of currencies all over the world, here we will talk about the most
important ones:
Currency name Symbol Value in COP
US Dollar $ 3209.29
Euro € 3652.97
Japanese Yen ¥ 28.35
Pound £ 4166.63

18.Understanding a text: Measurements and prices

Read the flier and the check the correct statements.

• La Platina is a puddle in San Cipriano.

• La Barbacoa Arun is located 2 hours away from La
Platina.
• It’s not possible to go into the rivers in San Cipriano.
• There are only three attractions in San Cipriano.
• You can go hiking and enjoy the puddles, too.
• You get everything at the hotels and cabins for up
to $40.000 a night.
• Pay $60.000 for a tour to La Platina and La Barbacoa
Arun.

19.American and British English

In this video, Ann an American woman, is talking about the differences between American and British English. Listen
carefully, practice the pronunciation and study the vocabulary:
20.American and British English

The following words are synonyms in British English for those in the previous activity.
Match the words on the table to the synonim in English.

Lift
Elevator Parking lot
Car park Lot

Lorry
Truck
Biscuit
Cookie

Dustbin
Trashcan
French fries
Chips

Apartment
Flat
Petrol
Gas

Film
Movie
Trousers
Pants
 Autumn Holiday
Fall Vacation

21.Game

Pass the word.

Click on each letter and choose the equivalent word in American or British English. You have 20 minutes to choose the
correct option for each letter

22.Useful American English phrases

Whassup? The magazine.

23.Useful American English phrases

Match the following expressions with the corresponding meaning.

Select the proper definition.
Expression Meaning
What’s up? / Wassup? / ‘sup? “Hello, how are you?”

Awesome! Great!

Bananas / bonkers/ nuts Crazy / out of control/ beyond believe.

To hang tight To w ait patiently

whatever I don’t care

For real True / honest

For sure Definitely / certanly

I get it / I got it Definitely / certanly

24.Learning to Learn

Click on the play button.

Study new words in sentences. It is a good idea to write examples for every word so you can have a context of use. Words
can have more than one meaning so sentences will help you understand and learn more effectively.

25.Writing a story about the past

Use the past continuous and sequence connectors to describe how you met your best friend.

Example: We were having lunch together with other friends. First, she was talking, and then I asked her name.
Do you remember how you met your best friend? Use the past continuous and sequence connectors.
Write the story in 200 words:

First, I met my best friend many years ago when I took the course at the Tolemaida NCO Military School in 1995. Second, he
was my bunkmate when we joined EMSUB in the Sucre Company of the Second Student Battalion; Later, we became best
friends even though we knew each other, because each one came from different regions of the country, he came from Bogotá
and I came from Valle del Cauca. Later, with the passage of time, we strengthened our friendship, we took advantage of the
fact that we both agreed on many things in common, one of many was that we were the same age, we shared the same goals,
very applied in our lives. tasks, always excelling in everything. So, we helped each other in all the assigned tasks, we were the
best spears. So, we managed to rise to the rank of second corporal, each one took a different course, but each time we met
again, we shared the experiences that we had lived separately. Finally, today we both managed to rise to the rank of Command
Sergeant Major, always standing out from the rest, although we have appointments in different places, we are always in
contact.

26.Culture

Read the text.

Considered the second city in the State of Boyaca, Duitama is mainly a business and industrial city. This city is located in a
strategic place right between Bogota and the eastern states of Casanare and Santander in the north. Despite some important
tourist attractions such as the Pueblito Boyacense, the Religious Art Museum, and the Libertadores Square, Duitama has had
some difficulty in promoting itself as a tourist destination.

Many analysts argue that this is a result of the proximity to Paipa, the third city attracting tourists after Villa de Leyva and Tunja.
However, local authorities have invested time, efforts and money in positioning it as the “Polite City” with excellent climate and
great attractions. Additional to generating a culture of quality service amongst the population, more money has been invested
in hotel infrastructure as well as in the handicraft industry and in security.

Answer the questions according to the text.

1. According to the passage, Duitama has been considered:
• A business and industrial city.
• A tourist destination.
• A center for the production of handicrafts.
2. A possible reason for the difficulties in positioning the city as a tourist destination is:
• The quality of its tourist attractions.
• It’s proximity to a tourist destination.
• The money invested in infrastructure.
3. According to the text, the second touristic city in the state is:
• Villa de Leyva.
• Tunja.
• Paipa.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a strategy to position Duitama as a tourist destination?
• A polite city.
• Tourist attractions.
• Education in schools.
5. In order to make Duitama a tourist destination, local authorities are investing in:
• Hotels and the handicraft industry.
• Business centers.
• Roads to communicate with Casanare.

27.Pronunciation: Two vowels together: Diphthongs: /ɪə/ as in here

You can hear this sound in the words: / iƏ /

Beer Here Appear

 Beard Fear Tear

Clear Gear Year

Dear Hear

Ear Near

SelfCheck

1.Review

Check the incorrect word from each group.

2.Verbs ending in "ing"

Write the verb with the correct ing ending.

VERB -ING FORM

Work Working
Live Living
Study Studying
Rehearse Rehearsing
Drive Driving
Watch Watching
Paint Painting
Have Having
Reduce Reducing
Cry Crying

3.Past Continuous

Match each question with its corresponding answer.

Were you at home watching the Copa America last night?
Yes, and I watched the game until I fell asleep.
Was she playing volleyball when you found her?
Yes, she was. Her team was winning!
Was she with someone?
No, she was alone eating a buñuelo.
Why were you crying?
I lost my job at El Dorado airport. I don’t know what to do!
Who is the guy you were talking to?
Oh, that’s my brother, Mark.
Who was in class this morning?
Just Sam, Amanda and I.

We were talking on the phone.

4.Sequencing events

Listen to the audio.

Put the numbers from 1-8 in the order that you hear.
The government is promoting the use of recycled materials in the construction of new buildings.
7

Were you calling me? I have a missed call.

2

I thought of that idea this morning while I was driving to work.

5

You’re not doing it right! Let me show you.

4

When I was born, my mother was studying abroad. That’s why I’m Canadian.
6

A: What are you doing? B: Waiting for Mark to call me.

1

A: Why was she here? B: She is the new boss. She was introducing herself.
8
Excuse me, are you talking to me?
3

5.Mass nouns

Fill in the gaps with is or are.

1. Silence is essential in libraries to ensure that people can concentrate on what they are reading.
2. There is a lot of company advertising during major sports events.
3. Shopping is one of the most popular leisure activities for women.
4. There is a lot of information available online about IELTS.
5. There is a lot of traffic in city centers during rush hour.
6. There is enough money spent for research on cancer.
7. Water is essential for plants to thrive.
8. I think that childhood is one of the best times of a person’s life.
9. The management procedures are difficult to understand.
10. Not enough is given to third world coutries.

6.Word Search: Plural nouns

Find the plural of the nouns in the word search.

Mouse | Wife | Watch | Box | Man | Baby | Criterion | Child | Foot | Woman

MICE WATCHES MEN CRITERIA FEET

WIVES BOXES BABIES CHILDREN WOMEN

7.First, I went to...

Think about how you started at your college. How was the process? Record yourself talking about all the steps you followed,
from choosing a major to getting accepted and starting classes at your college. Use connectors of frequency to help you
show the order in which things happen.

First, I started college at the suggestion of my wife; Second, I wanted to study civil engineering, I looked for universities that
had it at a distance, there was only one option, the Nueva Granada Military University. Then, make my registration attaching
all the required requirements; after this, I was accepted and started my virtual classes. Finally, after a lot of effort and time I
was able to graduate as a Civil Engineer.
8.Past Continuous

Look at the times in the past mentioned in the chart. What were you doing?
Write sentences.

3 years ago, same day and time.
1 year ago, same day and time.
46 days ago at 10 pm.
12 days ago at 8 am.
3 days ago at 3 pm.
24 hours ago.
3 hours ago.
35 minutes ago.
Three years ago, I was working in training battalion No. 30.
A year ago, I was taking the PISAJ course.
46 days ago, I was in my bedroom, resting.
12 days ago, at 8 am, I was reviewing the Military School for NCOs.
3 days ago, at 3 in the afternoon, I was in the auditorium of the Military School for NCOs,
as the final act of the inspection.
24 hours ago, I was in my office in the Special Brigade of Engineers.
3 hours ago, I was having breakfast in my apartment.
35 minutes ago, I was taking the language course.

9.Game

Choose the correct form (present & past continuous) of the verb to be in order to complete the phrase.

10.Dreams

Read about Sam ́s dream and fill in the blanks with the verb to be in the past tense: was / were

Two nights ago I had a dream. I was (be) walking past an abandoned house in a street near my house. I saw that the door was
(be) opened, I went in. Suddenly I was (be) in a dark forest. I was (be) afraid because I couldn´t see very well. There were
(be) big bats flying around. I looked for a way out, but I couldn´t see one. Suddenly I heard a voice. "Come over here", it said
I looked around, but nobody was (be) there. I wanted to run out of the trees, but I fell...

11.British English vs. American English

Complete the sentences with the correct word:

pants / cookies / hood / elevator / gas / chips / candy / movies / apartment / roundtrip / trunk / fries / elevator / vacation /
garbage / roommate / sweater / truck / line / fall / trashcan /
Example: In the UK, you play football; in the US, you play soccer.
1. In the UK, you eat biscuits; in the US, you eat
Cookies.
2. In the UK, you buy a return ticket; in the US, you buy a
Roundtrip.
3. In the UK, you take a lift; in the US, you take an
Elevator.
4. In the UK, you go to the cinema; in the US, you go to the
Movies.
5. In the UK, you wear trousers; in the US, you wear
Pants.
6. In the UK, you go on holiday; in the US, you go on
Vacation.
7. In the UK, you wait in a queue; in the US, you wait in a
Line.
8. In the UK, you put petrol in your car; in the US, you put
gas in your car.
9. In the UK, you drive a lorry; in the US, you drive a
Truck.
10. In the UK, the third season is autumn; in the US, the third season is
Fall.
11. In the UK, you wear a jumper; in the US, you wear a
Sweater.
12. In the UK, you eat sweets; in the US, you eat
Candy.
13. In the UK, you live in a flat; in the US, you live in an
Apartment.
14. In the UK, you live with a flatmate; in the US, you live with a
Roommate.
15. In the UK, you eat chips; in the US, you eat
Fries.
16. In the UK, you eat crisps; in the US, you eat
Chips.
17. In the UK, you throw away rubbish; in the US, you throw away
Garbage.
18. In the UK, you throw rubbish in the dustbin; in the US, you throw garbage in the
Trashcan.
19. In the UK, the back of a car is the boot; in the US, the back of a car is the
Trunk.
20. In the UK, the front of a car is the bonnet; in the US, the front of a car is the
Hood.

12.Connectors of sequence

Organize the story according to the events:

• First, Maria woke up early feeling excited. It was the big day.
• Then, She got up, had a shower, and ate a light breakfast.
• As soon as she’d made herself up carefully, she put on her best clothes.
• After, she was ready, she rushed out of the house and she was getting on the bus, she bumped into her friend Daisy.
• During, the journey they chatted about the job she was applying for.
• Then, she drove along, the traffic began to get worse. her car broke down and they were delayed another twenty
minutes.
• Finally, they reached the Mega Corp building, she was half an hour late.

13.Weight and Length

Complete the chart: Weight

• 1mg = 0.001 g How long is it?
• 1000 mg = 1 g
• 1000 g = 1 kg
• 1000 kg = 1 t
kilogram, milligram, gram, tonne.
80 kg = 80000 g
How heavy is it?
6 mm = 0.6 cm

5 t = 5000 Kg
5 mg = 0.005 g person, ant, elephant, pencil
8 cm = 80 mm
Complete the chart: Length
• 1 mm = 0.1 cm
• 10 mm = 1 cm
• 10 cm = 1 dm
• 100 cm = 1 m
8 g = 8000 mg • 1000 m = 1 km
kilogram, milligram, gram, tonne. 3 dm = 30 cm
 1.80 m = 180 cm 8.872 km
= 8872000 m
person, ant, elephant, pencil

14.Pronunciation: Two vowels together: Diphthongs: /ɪə/ as in here

Click on the words you hear.

My Army

1.We were training when...

Read the exercise sentences.
Select and choose the sentence in each group that best expresses the use of the Past Continuous.

a. When they attacked the World Trade Center I jogged.

b. I jogging when they attack the World Trade Center.
c. When they attacked the World Trade Center was jogged.
d. I was jogging when they attacked the World Trade Center.

a. My parents were working while the M-19 was invading the Palace of Justice.
b. The M-19 invading the Palace of Justice while my parents worked.
c. My parents working and the M-19 invaded the Palace of Justice.
d. The M-19 was invaded the Palace of Justice while my parents were worked.

a. The environmental pollution increases so the Major’s office established “pico y placa” on
the weekend.
b. The Major’s office was establishing “pico y placa” on the weekend while the environmental
pollution increased.
c. The environmental pollution was increasing, so the Major’s office established “pico
y placa” on the weekend.
d. “Pico y placa” was establishing the weekend, so the environmental pollution was
increasing.

a. While Colombia’s government and the FARC were negotiating the peace process,
some cadets were training in Tolemaida.
b. Colombia’s government and the FARC negotiated the peace process, so some cadets
training in Tolemaida.
c. Tolemaida was training some cadets while Colombia’s government and the FARC was
negotiating the peace process.
d. While Colombia’s government and the FARC were negotiated the peace process, some
cadets were training in Tolemaida.
Examine the exercise sentence fragment listed in the two columns.
Select and match each sentence fragment in left column with the appropriate fragment in the right column.

It was a cold October night the president was getting ready to have dinner with his family when he received a very strange
phone call, hello cell the president, don't board the presidential airplane tonight so the mysterious voice I work as a part of your
personal security group and yesterday while I was walking through the president's house I heard a very strange conversation
I think you are in danger finish saying the voice and then hung up the phone while the president was putting the phone down
and as he was walking he dropped a sheet of paper on the floor the president picked up the papers he was feeling scary when
he started reading. The note said go to the bunker with your family while the president and his family were walking to the
bunker his telephone ring again, yes answered the president you don't have much time the president and his family ran and
arrived to the bunker, as they were opening the door and walking into the room, they saw some people wearing mask and
guerrilla uniform, he didn't know but a surprise Halloween party was starting.

The President received the first phone call when he... Was getting ready to eat dinner.
A man walked by the President while he... Was putting his phone down.
As the man was walking he... Dropped a piece of paper to the floor.
When the President started reading the note, he.. Was feeling scared.
As the President and his family were walking to the bunker... The president’s phone rang for the second time.
They saw people in guerrilla uniforms... As they were opening a door.
The President didn’t know that...A Halloween party was starting.

2.Assembling and disassembling weapons

Read the listed and boxed words.

Examine the exercise chart.
Using the listed words, select and correctly match with the appropriate category in the chart.

secondly / finally / while / first of all / in the end / firstly / meanwhile / next / first / after that / when / then / lastly

Introductory ideas: We use introductory connectors to present an idea or to mention the initial steps.
1. first of all
2. firstly
3. first

Sequencing ideas: We use sequencing connectors to mention the actions or events that follow the first steps.
1. when
2. secondly
3. then
4. next
5. after that

Concluding ideas: We use concluding connectors to talk about a closing idea or event, or to mention the last steps.
1. finally
2. lastly
3. in the end

Simultaneous ideas: We use simultaneous connectors to present two or more ideas or actions that occur at the same time or
in the same moment.
1. while
2. meanwhile

Examine the pictures.

Read the text.
Vocabulary:
Assemble: Put together the separate component parts of a machine or other object.
Disassemble: Take or put something to pieces. Separate the component parts of an object.
Before disassembling the weapon, first, separate the magazine and the cartridge, check the rifle to confirm that the barrel
chamber doesn’t have ammunition in it.

Secondly, put the fire selector lever in the “R” (semi-automatic) or “A” (automatic) position. After that, press the cover catch
with the right hand while using the left hand to turn the cover assembly to the right, then lift and pull back to remove it from
the rifle.

Next press the cover catch with the right hand. Meanwhile, take out the return spring assembly; then extract the pull bolt
carrier from the receiver.

Finally, you need to disassemble the Gas Cylinder.

Read the exercise text: steps for disassembling a Galil rifle.

Select and choose the correct sequence for the process.
First: remove the magazine.
and then check that there is no ammunition in the barrel.
After that, move the fire selector lever to a semi-automatic or automatic position.
Next, remove the cover assembly from the rifle. To do this, press the cover catch.
Meanwhile turn the cover assembly to the right.
While you press the cover catch, take out the return spring assembly.
Lastly, disassemble the gas cylinder.
3.Air missions
Click open the video/ animation watch, listen and learn.
Read the listed words or terms.
Select and match each listed word with the appropriate animation and definition.

Airdrop: When troops of equipment leave an aircraft.

Drop zone: The area where paratroopers land or where equipment is dropped by parachute.

Jumpmaster: The person who controls the paratroopers from entering the aircraft until they exit.

Pass: A short run by an aircraft over a target.

 Stick (or Chalk): A group of paratroops assigned to one aircraft.

Wave: A formation of forces that land at the same time.

Read the exercise sentences.

Type / write the correct form of the word (s) in parenthesis using the Present or Past Continuous.

1. Right now the helicopter is making (be/make) the airdrop of the troops.
2. That chalk was assigned (be/assign) to this aircraft one minute ago.
3. Look, the jumpmaster is calling (be/call) us now. We need to jump.
4. Can you see all those waves that are landing (be/land) in this moment?
5. During the last combat, an AH-60L Arpía IV helicopter was making (be/make) a pass at another helicopter while some
troops were jumping (be/jump) off the aircraft.
6. Finally, our troops are arriving (be/arrive) on the drop zone in this moment.

Examine the exercise activity.

Read the examples.
Unscramble the series of words to make a sentence using Present or Past Continuous.
Use the upload button to review your answers.

Examples:
Captain / the / two hours ago / be / cadets / the / call.
The Captain was calling the cadets two hours ago.

Those / not be / helicopters / now / the / enemy / troops / attack.

Those helicopters are not attacking the enemy troops now.

1. drop zone / land / paratroopers / be / in this moment / the / Those / on

Those paratroopers in this moment are land on the drop zone.
2. morning / give / jumpmaster / the / instructions / this / Be / ?
Is the jumpmaster give the instructions this morning?
3. aircraft / stick / That / now / the / board / be
That stick Is board the aircraft now.
4. be not / wave / land / That / the / at / same time
That wave is not land at the same time.
5. pass / when / be / jog / They / aircraft / the / made / a / ?
Are they jog when the aircraft a pass made?

4.Life in the Military School

Select, each WH word into the appropriate sentence space.
Who / When / What / Where / How / Why
Who
1. are those officers coming this way?
They are the General and the new academic coordinator.
Where
2. was Ms. Bustamante goi ng so fast?
She was running to the Captain’s office.
Why
3. was she going to the infirmary?
Because she cut her hand with a knife.
How
4. That’s amazing! are you doing that?
I can teach you. It’s difficult, but very fun!
What
5. I didn’t understand. is the teacher saying?
He is explaining how to answer the exercises.
When
6. were you studying English?
I was studying three years ago; at the same time, you were studying Japanese.
How
7. much time were they training per day?
I think they were training for 4 hours a day.
Why
8. is he so worried?
Well, we have a test today and he didn’t study.
Where
9. was your sister living when you came to Bogotá?
She was living in Canada at that time.
What
11. was Mr. Giraldo eating? It looked disgusting!
He was eating a traditional Korean dessert.
When
10. are we studying for the next test? Sorry, I forgot.
We are studying tomorrow night, remember?
Who
12. is the new cadet? She is beautiful!
Her name is Alexandra, she is very nice.

Click on REC and record yourself reading the 6 listed sentences.

Pay attention to intonation and pronunciation.

Example
Where was Ms. Bautista Going?

1 Why was Mr. Bernal training so hard?

2 Where were you studying yesterday?
3 How is the Major doing that?
4 When are we training for the physical test?
5 Who was cleaning the barracks this morning?
6 What am I doing?

Prepare an appropriate question for each listed answer, using Present or Past Continuous.
Use the appropriate WH word for each question / answer.
Click on REC and record your questions to each answer.

1. Q: Where was she eating?

A: She was eating in the cafeteria.
2. Q: What are we drinking?
A: We are drinking soda.
3. Q: Who is driving the truck?
A: Mr. Pacheco is driving the truck.
4. Q: Why were we stop?
A: Because we were very tired.
5. Q: When was Catalina studying?
A: Catalina was studying yesterday.
6. Q: Wow! That is impressive! How know are you?
A: I don’t know how, but it’s really amazing. He’ great!

5.Military vehicles and aircraft

Examine the pictures.

Read the listed words.
Select and match each word to the appropriate picture.

Plane / tank / jeep / helicopter / truck / Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) / Armored Fighting Vehicle (AFV)

Vehicles

truck

tank

jeep

Armored Fighting Vehicle (AFV)

Aircraft

Plane
 helicopter

Unmanned Aereal Vehicle (UAV)

Click open the audio and listen to the recording.

In the appropriate space, write or type the uncountable or singular / plural nouns that you hear in the recording.

CONVERSATIO
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS SINGULAR / PLURAL NOUNS
N
tank times
1. w ater fruit

bananas troops
2. bread coffee

concentration soap helicopter vehicle

3.
aircraft

Click on the audio and listen to the recording.

Select and click on the sentences that you hear in the recording.

a. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle is like an airplane but with a pilot.

b. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle is like an airplane but with no pilot.

a. Armored fighting vehicles are protected from arms, fire and may have some infantry weapons mounted.
b. Armored fighting vehicles are protected from small arms, fire and may have some non-infantry weapons mounted.

a. Tanks are heavily armored and may resist heavy weapons fire. They can mount a heavy caliber weapon.
b. Tanks aren’t heavily armored and may resist heavy weapons fire. They can’t mount a heavy caliber weapon.

a. Jeeps, like the Willis MB are used by the military.

b. Jeeps, like the Willis MB aren’t used by the military.

a. Trucks are multipurpose vehicles used to transport equipment and troops.

b. Trucks are multipurpose vehicles used to transport equipment and troops.

a. “Orcas” aren’t Russian helicopters used by the Colombian Air Forces.

b. “Orcas” are Russian helicopters used by the Colombian Air Force.

6.Operational Terms
Examine the Vocabulary / Definition chart.
Select and match the vocabulary to the appropriate definition.

A. How the commander plans to fight the battle.

1. Commander’s intent.
B. The most important action for the success of the mission.
2. Main effort.
C. The amount of confidence that a group of soldiers feel.
3. Morale.
D. How the commander sees the situation at the end of the battle.
4. Concept of operations.
E. A description of the battlefield conditions, enemy and friendly force.
5. Situation.
F. A clear statement of tasks that each unit must carry out.
6. Mission.

Read the text story.

Write / type the appropriate operational term in each of the blanks spaces in the text.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

Use the operational terms vocabulary:

Main effort / Commander’s intent / Concept of operations / Morale / Situation / Mission

Before the mission, the Commander got his troops together and described to them how the enemy was positioned; he also
talked about the terrain and about some forces that were going to help them during the battle (1) Situation. Then, he talked
about the actions that they were going to take in battle and gave his strategic ideas (2) Commander’s intent. Finally, he
explained the responsibilities that the units were going to do (3) Mission. The troops were very motivated and excited after
the Commander’s speech, they were sure the mission was going to be a success (4) Morale.

The operation started and continued for hours, everything was working perfectly and according to the plan, but there was one
more action the troops had to do; it was the final an most important activity for finishing the mission in the best way (5) Main
effort. Some minutes passed, everything was in silence when suddenly the Commander stood up and said: “It’s over, the
mission was a success! Congratulations!”.

After the mission ended, the Commander got his troops together again, he analyzed the conflict and the situation (6) Concept
of operations before he told is troops to go home and rest for some days because they did a very good job.

Review the Operational Terms.

VOCABULARY DEFINITION
Commander’s intent How the commander plans to fight the battle.
Main effort The most important action for the success of the mission.
Morale The amount of confidence that a group of soldiers feel.
Concept of operations How the commander sees the situation at the end of the battle
Situation A description of the battlefield conditions, enemy and friendly force.
Mission A clear statement of tasks that each unit must carry out.

Click open the audio(s) and listen to the recording(s).

Select and click on each of the operational terms that were mentioned in the audio recording(s).

1. 2. 3.
o Main effort o Main effort o Main effort
o Commander’s intent o Commander’s intent o Commander’s intent
o Concept of operations o Concept of operations o Concept of operations
o Morale o Morale o Morale
o Mission o Mission o Mission
o Situation o Situation o Situation
4. 5. 6.
o Main effort o Main effort o Main effort
o Commander’s intent o Commander’s intent o Commander’s intent
o Concept of operations o Concept of operations o Concept of operations
o Morale o Morale o Morale
o Mission o Mission o Mission
o Situation o Situation o Situation

Concerning the previous lesson, answer the listed questions.

Write / type 20 to 30 words per question.
Upload and send your answers to your teacher.

Why is a good morale important before a battle?

Because morale pushes men to continue until the end of the battle, it is the inner force that moves them to continue
regardless of the adversities of the battlefield.

Why is the Commander’s intent important before a mission?

Because each man is explained how they should act in the combat field, what is their contribution to the mission,
synchronizing all the tasks in a single objective.

first/ primero
then / entonces
so / por lo tanto
because / porque
because of / debido a
A2 Unit 1 Module 4

Activities

1.Introduction to the Past Tense

Watch the following video and pay attention to the verbs used in it.

Hi Claudia, what did you do last weekend?

I did a lot of things. On Saturday, I went shopping.
What did you buy?
I bought some new clothes.
I also played tennis.
Who did you play with?
I played with Tom.
Did you win?
Of course, I won!
What did you do after your tennis match?
Well, I went home and took a shower and then went out.
Did you eat in a restaurant?
Yes, my friend Diana and I ate at the wonderful Steak Restaurant.
Did you enjoy your dinner?
Yes, we enjoyed our dinner very much. We also drank some wonderful wine!
Unfortunately, I didn't go out this weekend. I didn't eat in a restaurant and I didn't play tennis.
What did you do?
I stayed home and studied for my test.
Poor you!

2.The Simple Past

Use the simple past tense to talk about finish or complete actions in the past:
• We stayed in a hotel in Miami.
• Valery went to London last summer

To form the simple past, add -ed to regular verbs:

• She asked me if I could help her.
• It rained yesterday.

Some verbs are irregular so they take different forms:

• We ate a large pizza.
• I lost my car keys.
• Know / Knew
• Drink / Drank
• Meet / Met
• Sell / Sold
• Win / Won

Notice:
Rules to adding –ED
1. Regular verbs ending in Y preceded by a consonant, change Y > I and add -ED.
• Copy > copied, study > studied, cry > cried, fry > fried.

2. Regular verbs ending in stressed consonant + vowel + consonant (C+V+C) double the last consonant and add –ED.
• Prefer > preferred, spot > spotted, infer > inferred, stop > stopped.

3. Regular verbs ending in –E just add D

• Close > closed, rate > rated, deduce > deduced, produce > produced.
The verb be has two past forms, was and were.
• I / he / she / it: was.
• You / we / they: were.

The verb To Be has two forms, was and were.

PERSONAL NOUN TO BE
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were

3.Talking about the past

Read the following text:

I remember the days when I was working in Mexico. I arrived in the city in May, 1980. I was accepted at the university immediately. I studied
for five years in order to get my BS in Physics. During my senior year, I visited many places around the country. I didn’t travel to the most
touristic cities like Acapulco or Puerto Vallarta, but I visited small villages full of color and extraordinary people. After my graduation, I worked
as a volunteer for the Mexican government in a special program for rural schools. I worked with excellent professionals in different states.I
finished my studies and I came back to my country, but I will never forget Mexico.

You can form the past tense by using the past tense of the verb. There are two kinds of verbs: Regular and irregular verbs. For now, we will
focus only on regular verbs.

Regular verbs end in -ED

Arrive Register Study Visit
Arrived Registered Studied Visited

Look at the example and write the past tense of the verbs:
Example 1: Study – studied
Example 2: Chop – chopped
Example 3: Erase – erased

Based on the examples given above, write the past tense of the following verbs.
• Cry cried
• Fry fried
• Infer inferred
• Stop stopped
• Deduce deduced
• Produce produced

Notice:
I arrive on time.
I apply for college.
I study Languages now.
I visit many places on holidays.

Past:
I arrived late.
I was accepted in college.
I studied my BS in Physics.
I visited many places in the country.
4.Review: Regular verbs

Write the simple past of the following verbs.

• Want wanted • Consider considered
• Use used • Work worked
• Try tried • Seem seemed
• Ask asked • Need needed
• Help helped • Live lived
• Play played • Move moved
• Believe believed • Continue continued
• Happen happened • Include included
• Change changed • Stop stopped
• Watch watched • Follow followed
• Create created • Offer offered
• Open opened • Walk walked
• Remember remembered • Call called

Learning verbs.
Here is an excellent way to remember verb that are similar in Spanish. Here are some examples

ENGLISH SPANISH
Use Usar
Create Crear
Consider Considerar
Include Incluir
Move Mover

Write the corresponding word in Spanish.

Accept aceptar Alert alertar Offend ofender
Escape escapar Admire admirar Analyze analizar
Educate educar Exist existir Admit admitir
Order ordenar Enter entrar Expand expandir
Object objetar Attract atraer

5.Learning by heart: Regular verbs

Another excellent strategy to remember verbs is by classifying them into different categories. Check the following Web Page for
enriching your understanding of the Simple Past: Regular verbs.
https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-intermedio/verb-tenses-past/past-simple

Try to include more verbs under the following categories.

When you finish send it to your teacher.

Regular verbs related to speaking:

• Call
• Discuss
• Ask
• Explain
• Answer
• Clarify

Regular verbs related to math operations:

• Add
• Divide
• Subtract
• Calculate
• Multiply
Regular verbs related to physical activities:
Jump
Climb
Jog
Lift
Tire
Perform

Regular verbs related to thinking:

Consider
Believe
Ponder
Contemplate

Regular verbs related to music:

Articulate
Busk
Arrange
Interpret

Regular verbs related to elections:

Conduct
Boycott
Fight
Contest

Thinking Verbs: believe, consider, contemplate, decide, dream, forget, forgive, guess, idea, imagine, know, notice, realise, remember,
see, suppose, think, understand, wonder.

6.Asking questions in the past

Read the sentences:

What did you do when you lived in Atlantico?
Did you go the beaches close to Barranquilla?
Did you go to any soccer match in the Roberto Melendez Stadium?

Use did before the subject (noun) to ask questions in the past:
• Did you live in Mariquita?
• Yes, I did. I lived there for 8 years.
• Did you work there?
• No, I didn’t. I was a student.
• Did you study there?
• Yes, I did. I studied at the university.

Complete the following conversation with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses:
• Did you have (have) a good weekend in Pasto? Yes, I did.
• What did you do (do)? I went camping with my son.
• Wow! Did you cook (cook) over a fire? No. We took some food with us.
• I see. Did you spend (spend) the night outside? Yes, we put up a tent.
• Did you sleep (sleep) well? Not really. There were a lot of mosquitoes!

Notice:
When asking questions in the past, the verb stays in BASE FORM
Did you go to the movies last night?
Did you went to the movies last night?

7.Make it right!
Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct word.
• Did you had fun at the weekend? have
• What did you watched on TV yesterday? watch
• Do you write an email yesterday? did
• Where was you go on holiday? did
• Who did your brother played with yesterday? play
• What do you eat for breakfast this morning? did
• What was your sister do last weekend? did
• Did your friend spoke to you yesterday? speak

8.They didn't...

Read and analyze the following sentences.

• When I was in Cundinamarca, I visited small towns but I didn’t visit touristic cities.
• I studied Colombian history. I didn’t study Engineering.
• I stayed with my cousins. I didn’t stay in a hotel.

Use didn't before the verb to make negative statements in the past:
I visited small towns.
I studied Colombian history.
I didn't visit touristic cities.
I didn't study Engineering.

Now, read the conversation and write the correct form of the verbs.

When I (be) was in Leticia, I (check in) checked in at the hotel and (stay) stayed all the time in my room. I (not / go) didn´t go out. I (not
/ visit) didn't visit any park and I (not / walk) didn´t walk anywhere. I (be) was in my room all the time because they (inform) informed
me that the city (be) was very dangerous!

When I (be) was there, I (visit) visited many places! I (not / stay) didn´t stay in my room. I (walk) walked to the Santander Park, the
Amazonas jungle tour and the isla de Los Micos! That (be) was a great time!

Notice:
Use DIDN'T for negative and the verb in BASE form
• I didn't come to English class last week.
• I didn't came to English class last week.

Do not use didn't with the verb be:

• I wasn't at home last night.
• I didn't be at home last night
• we weren't hungry.
• we didn't be hungry

9.Match them up!

Match the questions and the answers.

Did you go to the cinema yesterday?
Did you have a nice weekend?
What did your sister watch on TV last night?
Did your friends come to your party?
Where did your brother go last weekend?
Yes, I did. The film was great!
No, I didn’t. It was raining.
She watched cartoons.
Yes, they did. We played games!
He went to the park.

10.Did they? No, they didn’t

This picture shows what happened yesterday in my neighborhood.

Match the questions with the corresponding answers.
 1 Did John listen to music on the stairs?
Yes, he did.

2 Did Dimitri take the dog for a walk?

No, he didn’t.

3 Did Suszanne and Adam swim in the pool?

Yes, they did.

4 Did Adela play the drums?

No, she didn’t

5 Did Mr. Cardoso and Ms. Kean take the bus?

Yes, they did.

6 Did Kevin ride a bike?

No, he didn’t.

7 Did Paul buy a post card?

Yes, he did.

11.Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs are those that don’t make the past tense with -ED.
Examples:
I write many emails every day. Yesterday, for example, I wrote 125 emails at the office.
Present: Past:
Write Wrote
• Here is the list of the top 25 most common irregular verbs!
• And here is a little game for you to remember the verbs.

Present Past Know Knew

Say Said Keep Kept
Show Showed Get Got
Make Made Hold Held
Leave Left Give Gave
Go Went Write Wrote
Feel Felt Find Found
Take Took Stand Stood
Put Put Think Thought
Come Came Hear Heard
Bring Brought Tell Told
See Saw Let Let
Begin Began Become Became

Write the verbs that have the same form for present and past.
put bet hit hurt
let cost cut shut

Now, write the verbs that have a different form for present and past.
Leave: Left Take: Took Keep: Kept
Go: Went Bring: Brought Think: Thought
Feel: Felt See: Saw Tell: Told

Finally, look for the meaning of the verbs you don’t know. You will see that in this way you will remember your verbs very quickly
lend chop scream deal shrink
ring dye shine flee split
survive hire snore forsake spoil
apologize peel arise grind stink
book pour creep kneel strike
tear weep

12.When did she...?

Read and listen to the conversation.

• A. What did you do on your first day in Washington?
• B. I didn’t do much. I went to the National Gallery and found lots of interesting things there. I stayed there for four hours and I didn’t go
to the other museums because I didn’t have any money.
• A. But all the Smithsonian’s are for free!
• B. Really? I didn’t know that! How did you know?
• A. I found some information on the Internet.
• B. Where did you find that?
• A. In tripadvisor.com
• B. Oh, I spoke to other tourists but they didn’t know anything either.

Complete the chart with the verbs mentioned in the conversation.

Present Past
Do Did
Go Went
Find Found
Stay Stayed
Have Had
Am / is / are was / were
Speak Spoke

Notice:
I did a lot of things. I didn’t do much.
What did you do? DO works as a MAIN verb and as an AUXILIARY.

13.Using irregular verbs in context

Look at Linda’s agenda, answer the questions and fill in the blanks.

My agenda for today

• Get up at 7:00 a.m. • Discuss the new contract.
• Have breakfast. • Watch “Star Wars” at the movies with Samantha at 7:00.
• Go to the office (take a taxi). • Go for dinner.
• Meet with John and Paul. • Go to bed.

• What time did she start her activities? • She met John and Paul.
• She started her activities at 7:00 a.m. • What topics did she discuss during the meeting?
• Where did she go after breakfast? • She discussed the new contract.
• She went to the office. • Where did she go after lunch?
• How did she get to the office? • She went to the movies.
• She went there by taxi. • What movie did she watch?
• Who did she meet? • She watched "Star Wars".

14.Review: Wh Questions in the past

Look at the chart, pay close attention to the verbs.

What time did she start her activities?

Where did she go after breakfast?
How did she get to the office?
Who did she meet with?
What topics did she discuss in the meeting?

Match the answers with the questions.

 He said I had to see another doctor and asked me to w ait.
• What did the person say?
No! And his assistant told me it w as his day off!
• Why? Didn’t he go to his office?
I had a medical appointment, but it w as terrible!
• You look very upset! What happened?
Four hours! I w aited there for four hours!
• How long did you wait?
It w as at Central Hospital. But I never saw the doctor!
• Where was the appointment?
I talked to the person in charge.
• What did you do, then?

15.Crossword puzzle: Irregular verbs

Fill in the spaces with present form of the following verbs.

DOWN
1. Made
2. Thought
3. Ran
ACROSS
4. Read
5. Told
6. Rang
7. Brought

16.Connectors: Because – Because Of

Read the paragraph and examples of the usage of because and because of.
Ali and Deyanira got married a month ago in Cartagena. Their marriage was very unusual and filled with accidents. The video was uploaded
on YouTube and it soon became one of the most visited video clips. It became famous because of the amount of things that went wrong.
First, the bride was wearing a gigantic dress and she didn’t fit into the car because of the size of the dress. She had to go to the ceremony
in a horse carriage. When she arrived, she fell down because the size of the dress didn’t let her see the steps! When she was walking down
the aisle at the famous church of San Pedro Claver, there were candles on the floor, and one of the candles set fire to her wedding dress.
Someone used a fire extinguisher because she was about to get burned.

The wedding became famous because it was very unusual and filled with accidents.
She fell because the size of the dress didn’t let her see the steps.
Someone used a fire extinguisher because she was about to get burned.
The video became famous because of the amount of things that went wrong.
The bride didn’t fit in the car because of the size of the dress.

Choose because or because of:

• I didn’t come to class because of the rain.
• I didn’t come to class because it was raining.
• I was late because there was a traffic jam.
• I was late because of a traffic jam.
• She was happy because you came to visit her!
• She was happy because of your visit.

Notice:
Because of and because are both used to introduce reasons.
Because of is a preposition, it is generally followed by a verb + ing or a noun.
Because is a conjunction, it is followed by a subject and a verb.

17.Because / Because of

Complete the following sentences with your own information.

1. We got into trouble because of the accident.
2. We cancelled the trip because of the hurricane.
3. We hurried indoors because it was raining.
4. She passed the test because of her intelligent.
5. She passed the test because she studies a lot.
6. I couldn’t arrive on time because there was a lot of traffic.
7. He can’t ride bike because of the storm.
8. She didn’t pass the exam because she does not study.
9. Thousands of people lost their jobs because of the pandemic.
10. I couldn’t understand him because of the noise.
11. The government banned that movie because it was offensive.
12. She had an accident because she was driving too fast.

18.Turning verbs into nouns: Suffix"ment"

Many countries need to develop their economies. They need to work more on their development.
Some verbs make nouns by adding – ment. Here are some examples:
• She graduated from Harvard. She achieved this after lots of efforts. This is a great achievement.
• The President agreed to increase the salaries. This is a very important agreement.

Choose the correct word for each sentence.

• I took the placement test because I want to have place in the class.
• We increased the employment rate because we employ a lot of people.
• We don’t need to argue. Your argument is the same as mine!
• The doctor decided to give a very intensive treatment. This doctor decided to treat the patient with lots of education.
• We didn’t need to advertise the service because the positive comments were the best advertisement.
• She was going camping and didn’t have any equipment. She has to equip herself next time!

19.Simple Past vs. Past Continuous

Use the past continuous to talk about actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past:
• I was doing my internship last summer.
• I was taking a nap when you called me.
• At 8 am I was having breakfast.

Form the past continuous with the appropriate form of the verb be in past and a verb + -ing
• What were you doing at the library yesterday?
• I was checking my email at around 10 am.

When we use the simple past tense and the past continuous in one sentence, we usually imply that the action in progress was
interrupted by the action in the simple past tense: verb + -ing
• I was taking a shower when you knocked on the door.
• I was talking on the phone when the accident happened.

We can use two sentences in the past continuous to indicate that they were in progress at the same time.
• While I was doing the dishes, she was cleaning the house.
Use while with the past continuous:
• She came in when I was getting dressed.
Use when with the simple past tense:

20.Past Continuous (Past Progressive)

Listen to the text:

I was preparing for my guitar lesson…when the phone rang. It was my dad. He said my guitar teacher was sick and wasn't coming for the
lesson. I was really happy because they I didn't practice enough. Later, I was watching TV in my room…when I heard some noise coming
from the kitchen. When I went there…two dogs were playing with my math textbook. I took the textbook, because I needed it for my exam
at the end of the term. I was going out of the kitchen, when the Black dog started barking. He wasn't happy. I decided to run. While I was
running down the street, the black dog was running after me. When I turn left...the other dog was coming to me. I was thinking... what to do
when I heard my dad saying... It's OK, David, it's only a bad dream. How was the guitar lesson?
Now, mark the statements T (for true) and F (for false).
David was preparing for a guitar lesson when he heard noise in the kitchen. True False
When the phone rang, David was watching TV. True False
When David went to the kitchen, two dogs were playing with a book. True False
The black dog was running down the street while David was in the kitchen. True False
David was thinking what to do, when he heard his dad talking. True False
While David was watching TV, his guitar teacher came in. True False

21.Simple Past vs. Past Continuous

Read the following passage.

This morning, I was taking a shower when the phone rang. I was totally wet. I left the shower and began to walk downstairs. When I was
going down, I fell because my feet were wet and with soap! I answered the phone and it was Billy. I was telling him about the accident when
someone knocked on the door! I was just wearing a towel! I went to the door, opened, and saw a woman. She was selling books door to
door. She showed me the books but I was freezing! I told her that I didn’t have time for her. She packed her books and left. While she was
leaving, my girlfriend arrived and she found me just like that! With a towel!

You can combine these sentences in two ways:

• I was taking a shower when the phone rang.
• The phone rang while I was taking a shower.
Example:
• I was going downstairs.
• While I was going downstairs, I fell.
• I was going downstairs when I fell.

Combine these sentences. Use when or while

• I was telling Bill about the accident. Someone knocked at the door.
While someone knocked at the door, I was telling Bill about the accident.
I was telling Bill about the accident when someone knocked at the door.
• The woman was leaving. My girlfriend arrived.
My girlfriend arrived when the woman was leaving
While the woman was leaving, my girlfriend arrived.

Notice:
(A long activity - while) At the same time: while
I was taking a shower. Please clean the house while
(A short activity - when) I cook. / She was reading while
The phone rang. I was watching TV.

22.Simple Past vs. Past Continuous

Unscramble the conversation.
1. Sam: Hey, Kim, did you go out yesterday?
2. Kim: No, I studied for the math exam at the end of the term.
3. Sam: Really? I guess we were playing basketball while you were studying then. It was a good game.
4. Kim: How late did you play?
5. Sam: At 10 pm my dad called, and we were still playing.
6. Kim: Oh, wow! At 10 pm yesterday I was falling asleep on my desk. Couldn’t study any more.
7. Don: Do you think Kim was really studying when you called him yesterday?
8. Sam: Yes, I do. It’s the end of the term. He can’t fail this test.
9. Don: If he was studying all day yesterday, he’ll be OK.
10. Sam: Sure. We’ll play some other time.

23.Review: While / When

Complete the sentences with while or when.
• Were you watching Colombia versus Brazil when I called you?
 • I wasn’t drinking sangria when you arrived.
• While Alberto was driving to Chia I was calling Tom’s mother.
• We were walking by the roller coaster in the National Coffee Park when a man had a heart attack.
• I saw you yesterday while you were taking the bus to Facatativá.
• What were you doing when it started to rain?
• I was looking for my keys when I found a vueltiao hat on the street.

24.Telling anecdotes

Listen to the story, and organize the pictures as you hear them.
You will never imagine what happened to me at the restaurant yesterday. I had a business dinner at 7:30 at Stanford's. I made the reservations
on the phone. And I arrived there. It's 7:00 When I arrived there were no Empty Tables. Am I guess we're ready to arrive at any moment,
when they arrived I was talking to the wiser about my table I was very worried because they were very important business people, fortunately
they gave us the tables 5 minutes later we saw the menu and ordered when one of my guests began to eat his face turned red he began to
have an allergic reaction I didn't know what to do one of his friends knew about his situation and gave him a special medication the man react
to the medicine we can continue with dinner as planned.

25.Reacting to situations

Choose the best option that completes the conversation.

A: She was very sick last night.

B: .............................................
Did you call a doctor?
Was she sick?
When did you go?

A: I saw you while I was driving my car.

B: .............................................
When was that?
How do you drive?
When did you arrive?

A: I was driving home when I saw a huge cat.

B: .............................................
It was big.
Your cat is here.
What color was it?

A: Mary was running to her office.

B: .............................................
What happened?
Where was she going?
Did she run to her office?
26.Writing someone’s anecdotes

Interview a friend or a family member, ask them about an adventure they lived or experienced.
Write the anecdote in 200 words.

Hello, I am going to tell you an anecdote that my brother Carlos told me during a trip outside the country, in Chile, for him it has been a unique
and unrepeatable experience. The story that my brother Carlos told me happened many years ago, when he was passing through Chile. He
spent three months getting to know this country, having the opportunity to tour the Atacama Desert, a desert that is the driest non-polar place
on Earth. While he was there on an excursion, he had the opportunity to see a copper mine, there they were taken to a vehicle that took
them several kilometers into the earth, it was incredible for him to be so deep, he never imagined it like that, for him it was a terrifying but
fascinating experience. Inside the earth he felt like he was running out of air, it was very hot, he couldn't wait to get back to the surface. After
that day he decided that the best thing was to know quiet and relaxing places on the surface of the earth, visiting tourist places on the shores
of the Pacific Sea, places with white beaches and turquoise blue seas.

27.Learning to Learn

Read the study tip below. Click on the icon to hear it.
Download a word game (such as Scrabble or Boggle) on your smartphone or tablet. You can also play online word games on your computer.
This will help you to improve your spelling and learn new vocabulary.

28.Pronunciation: Two vowels together: Diphthongs /ei / as in wait

You can hear this sound in the words: /ei/

Record yourself saying the following words.

Wait Bathe Eight

Day Say Paint

You can hear this sound in the words: /ei/

Way Remain Sale

Rain Stay
SelfCheck

1.Review

Read and examine the chart.

Eliminate the incorrect word from each group.
Review yur answers by clicking open the checkmark button.

2.Simple Past: Irregular and regular verbs

Drag and drop.

Fill in the sentences with the correct form on the verbs from the box. There is one extra verb.
• My father stopped smoking ten years ago. It was the best decision he has ever made.
• My friends suggested going to the movies last night, but I preferred to stay home and do homework.
• The little boy gave his father a hug before he went away on his trip.
• It was raining cats and dogs when Elizabeth left the house this morning.
• I visited the White House when I went to Washington last year.
• Peter speaks French very well. He studied languages in college.

3.Negative sentences and questions in Simple Past

Complete negative sentences or questions with a verb from the box, don’t forget to use the pronouns in parenthesis.
There is an extra verb.
tell | know | call | put | explain | live
• You didn't tell me the test was today! I didn’t study.
• Did you call (you) me last night? I left my phone at the office so I couldn’t answer.
• Sue didn't live in London for 3 years; she was there for 30 years! for 30 years!
• Did you know (you) that Alex and Bryan were dating? Wow, I didn’t see that one coming!
• The teacher didn't explain the topic very well. Nobody understands his class.

4.Because / Because of

Match the two halves of the sentences. There is one extra half.

Mike didn´t call you because he didn’t have your number.

They took their umbrellas because it was raining.
My grandmother was happy because of our visit. She missed us!
The plane didn’t land in Chicago because of bad weather.
President Santos was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize because of his efforts to get peace in Colombia.
because nobody liked it.

5.Because / Because of

Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence.

1. We stopped playing football because of the rain.
2. It was all because of him that they got into trouble.
3. We had to stay indoors because it was raining.
4. He is late because of the traffic.
5. We didn’t arrive until five o’clock because the traffic was terrible.
6. He found the exam easy because she had worked hard during the course.
7. The restaurant closed down because of the recession.
8. He found working in China very difficult because of the language problem.
9. She’s very difficult to understand because of her accent.
10. They moved to Cartagena because of her job.
11. They came to Barranquilla because he got a job there.
12. He crashed his car because he was driving too fast.

6.Simple Past: Wh Questions

Complete the following questions by using the verbs in parenthesis

Then match the sentences by selecting the correct answer phrase for every situation.
NOTE: There is one extra answer.
How did you (come) to the office today?
By bus. My car broke down. (did you come)
What time did you (start) class?
At 8 am. The teacher is always on time. (did you start)
What did you (have) for breakfast?
Scrambled eggs and orange juice. (did you have)
What did you (do) on vacation?
I visited my parents, who live in Mexico. (did you do)
Where did they (meet)?
At the park while she was jogging. (did you meet)
Who did he (go) with?
He asked his son to go with him. (did he go)

7.Simple Past vs. Past Progressive

Complete the sentences with the proper past tense (simple past or past continuous).

• When it started (start) to rain, my brother was coming (come) back from school.
• While Tom was doing (do) homework, his sister was playing (play) guitar.
• I saw (see) an accident while I was driving (drive) to my office.
• I was sleeping (sleep) when you called (call) me. You woke me up!
• When I got up (get up) yesterday, the sun was shining (shine).

8.Past Continuous

Let’s get a lot of points with target shooting!

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences and get lots of points.

When the phone rang, she was ________ a letter. B. listening

A. write C. cleaning
B. writing
C. writes While John was_________ last night somebody stole his car.
A. clean
We _______ having a picnic and it started to rain. B. sleeping
A. were C. driving
B. was
C. Are Sandy was _______ for us in the airport.
A. organizing
What were you_______ last night? B. buying
A. sleeping C. waiting
B. eat
C. doing Ashly ________ writing an email for her boss last night.
A. was
I was __________ to music in my bedroom. B. been
A. playing C. were

9.Past Continuous
Underline the correct form of the verb To Be.
She was studying / studied when her brother came home.
Sam was playing / played basketball, while Kim studies / was studying.
When my dad came home yesterday, I read/ was reading a book.
Lora prepared / was preparing for her piano lesson when the phone rang.
We had dinner / were having dinner when somebody knocked on the door.
They were taking / took a test, when the principle entered the room.
I was watching / watched TV, while my brother played/ was playing a video game.

10.Tom's day

Correct any mistakes in each sentence:

1. Tom woke up at 7:30
he got up at 6:30
2. He looked through the window and saw it was nice weather.
he opened the door and saw it was bad weather (freezing cold and raining)
3. Tom went to the bathroom, combed his hair and had a bath.
he brushed his teeth and had a shower
4. All of his friends were at the bus stop.
none of his friends…
5. Tom had cereals and juice for his breakfast.
he had toast and a coffee
6. It was Monday and he went to school as normal.
it was sunday and he went back home

11.Miss Smith

Match the question and its answer:

Miss Smith, a primary teacher, always reads a story to her class at the end of the day. Yesterday was no exception. At 3 0’clock, she
gathered her class around her. She opened the story book and turned the pages. She started from chapter 3, which was the right place. It
was the part where the monster flew across the town and terrified everybody. All the children wanted a happy ending to the story, because,
really, they liked the monster! The monster always tried to be kind. At the end, the monster found a lovely forest to live in and made friends
with another monster.

What did Miss Smith do at the end of every day?
What did she do at 3pm?
Where did she start reading from?
What did the monster do?
Why did the children want a happy ending to the story?
What happened to the monster in the end?
She read the class a story.
She gathered the class around her.
She started reading from chapter 3.
The monster flew around town and terrified everybody (but it didn’t mean to,
because it was a kind monster!)
They wanted a happy ending because really, they liked the monster.
It found a lovely forest to live in and it made a friend. (So, like all good fairy
tales, there was a happy ending!

12.Verbs in Simple Past

Put the verbs into the past simple tense.

Two men went (go) into a café and sat (sit) down. Then they ordered (order) drinks from the waiter. Next, they took (take) their sandwiches
out of their bags and began (begin) to eat them. ‘Hey, guys!’ the waiter shouted (shout). ‘You are not allowed to eat your own food in this
café!’ The men looked (look) at each other and then they swapped (swap) sandwiches! ‘Come on guys!’ the waiter said (says).‘You have
to buy your food in here!’ At this, the men quickly drank (drink) their coffee and paid (pay) for them. Then they got (get) up and left
(leave) the café. They found (find) a nice bench in the park and they ate (eat) their sandwiches there.

13.A past experience in another place

Have you ever lived in another country or city? Have you ever visited another country or city in your country?
Think about the things you did there. Now, record a description of your experience.
Use the simple past and the past progressive.

A few years ago, I had the opportunity to live for a time in the Sinai Peninsula - Egypt, a country where the culture is quite different from ours.
I went to this country on commission. During this time, I was visiting many places in this country, I visited the pyramids of Giza, I also took
cruises on the Nile, I met and toured the temples of Karnak and Luxor, in Hurghada I was diving in the Red Sea, I also went on an excursion
to Mount El Sinai. This time was full of adventures and excursions to unique places, full of history and new, unique and unforgettable
experiences for me.

14.Personal anecdotes

Write a personal anecdote using the simple past and past progressive.
Write between 100 and 150 words.

I am going to tell you the following anecdote that happened to me a few years ago. This happened to me when I traveled on commission to
Egypt, where I had the opportunity to travel to Israel, more exactly to Jerusalem, where I toured and got to know the ancient city. After a long
walk we went to have lunch at a local restaurant where they sold shawarma; This is a traditional dish that has previously seasoned lamb
meat, cooked on a vertical and rotating spit, served on pita bread with vegetables, seasonings and a variety of sauces; The truth is that it
looked delicious, when they served us at the beginning it seemed good, but as we ate, the flavor of the lamb became strong, having to leave
the food more than half; After that better choose to look for food in restaurants like McDonald's or eat roast chicken.

15.Pronunciation: Two vowels together: Diphthongs /ei/ as in wait

Look at the picture. Write the word that corresponds with the picture.
WAIT SAY WAY STAY
DAY EIGTH RAIN SALE
BATHE PAINT REMAIN

My Army
1.Two epic battles

Click open the audio and listen to the recording.

Examine the Regular and Irregular Verbs Chart.
As you listen to the audio select and click on the verbs that you hear.

DeVargas swamp and the boyaca bridge battle.

The battle in Vargas swamp, was a battle that happened near a town called Paipa on July 25th 1819. The Venezuelan army and the new
Grenadian army joined forces and their Commander was Simone Bolivar. Ordinary people attended and fought in this battle they were called
the commoners; this big army prevented the Spanish forces from arriving at Santa Fe the Bogota. This city wasn't well defended but Bolivar's
army we successfully defeated of the Royal in Spanish army. The troops were very tired because they had to walk through Paramo de Pisba
and Cross the swamp. The Vargas swamp battle and the next victory at the Boyacá bridge secured the independence or New Granada.
Finally, Colombian and Venezuelan Lancers combined forces in a collaborative attack. They defeated the Spanish army and won.

The battle is commemorated in De Vargas swamp Lancers memorial

Regular Verbs
• Occurred
• Joined
• Battled
• Entered
• Commanded
• Deployed
• Attended
• Prevented
• Defended
• Abandoned
• Defeated
• Secured
• Established
• Guaranteed
• Served
• Combined
• Commemorated
• Promoted

Irregular Verbs
• Was
• Were
• Brought
• Fought
• Thought
• Caught
• Had
• Got
• Bought
• Spoke
• Won

Read the excerise sentences.

Using the previous activity and audio as a guide, select T for true, F for false or NG for not given.

The Venezuelan army joined the New Granada’s Army for the Vargas Swamp Battle. T F NG
We don’t know who commanded the army. T F NG
The battle lasted for 5 hours. T F NG
Common people attended and participated in the battle. T F NG
The army prevented the Spanish from arriving to Bogotá. T F NG
Bogotá was very well defended. T F NG
Bolivar fought the Spanish Commander. T F NG
Colombian and Venezuelan Lancers won the battle. T F NG
There is a commemorative celebration every year. T F NG

Prepare a report about the Battle of Boyaca.

Use a dictionary, if necessary.
Include some of the the following vocabulary in your report: deploy, join, win, command, defend, defeat, attend, prevent, fight
and have.

On the morning of Saturday, August 7, the royalist army deployed its troops and advanced towards Santafé. His objective was to help Viceroy
Sámano and join forces to defend himself on a military front against the independence army under the command of Simón Bolívar and thus
prevent it from reaching Santafé. They chose the route through the Boyacá bridge on the Camino Real, in the direction of the capital of the
viceroyalty. Aware of this movement, Bolívar ordered the march of his army, ready to take the bridge to prevent Barreiro from advancing,
fighting fiercely, achieving the victory that ended with the defeat of the royalist army.

2.Hangman: Career Verbs

Be present or go to an event, meeting, or function. Attend

To add more units to a group. Link; connect. JOIN
Come or go inside or into. Begin to be involved in something. ENTER
Move (troops or equipment) into a position for military action. Bring into effective action. DEPLOY
To convince or promise in a formal way (typically in writing) that the conditions will be satisfactory. To promise with certainty. GUARANTEE
Perform duties or services for another person or an organization. Do specific activities for someone or in an institution. SERVE
“Move” a person to a higher position or rank. PROMOTE
Announce or publish information online, typically on a blog or social media, on a website or an application. POST

Read the text story.

Select and choose the correct verb form from the given options.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

National Hero
Attention! The official military website just posted an article about how a Colonel from the National Army was promoted this morning after
saving the city Mayor’s life. The now Brigadier General is a national hero. This year he will be serving the army for 30 years. He joined the
military school when he was only 15 and he was always the best student and a very dedicated person in his military career. Three years ago,
he was in one of the first deployed units in the desert for “Operation Ghost Eagle” and he was the person who entered the Presidential
helicopter 5 years ago to protect the Vice-President in his visit to Japan.

Apparently, the Colonel was attending a conference on Peace activities with the City Mayor when he saw a suspicious man walking in the
mayor’s direction; he immediately jumped and took a weapon from the man’s hands.

Definitely, having a person like him in our military ranks guarantees safety for civilians and government representatives.

Read the exercise sentences.

Select and click on the best option to answer each question.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

When did the military website posted the article?

Yesterday
Today
It will post it tomorrow
It’s not mentioned in the text

Why was the Colonel promoted?

Because he visited Japan on a mission.
Because he entered the Presidential helicopter.
Because he disarmed a man.
Because he joined the military school when he was 15.

The new Brigadier General has served the army for:

5 years.
30 years.
3 years.
15 years

What was the Mayor doing?

Visiting Japan.
Attending a conference.
Deploying in “Operation Ghost Eagle”.
Guaranteeing civilians’ safety.
It’s correct to say that:
The Colonel saved the Vice-President.
The Colonel created “Operation Ghost Eagle”.
People feel safe because the Colonel is part of the military.
People in Japan feel safe because the Colonel visited them.

3.General, Admiral and Field Marshal

Examine the pictures.

Read the exercise text.
Select and match each picture to the appropriate military rank.

Field Marshal
A Field Marshal (FM) is a military rank that is very high, it is better than the rank of general, and the highest
rank in an army, but very few people can have this rank. This is a five-star rank (OF-10) in many countries. A
general could receive the promotion to the rank of Field Marshal for doing or achieving a military, goal or a
victory in war. This rank is sometimes used in the military as a command rank in a division or as a brigade
command rank.

General
The General officer rank is very high in the army, and in some countries’ air forces or marines. A General can
be a generic rank for all grades of General officers, or it can be a specific rank. Today, in some countries a
General is a four-star rank (OF-9); but in some other countries that use different systems of stars or other
insignia for high ranks, it is the highest rank currently in use in different armies, air forces, and marine
organizations.

Admiral
The Admiral rank is one of the highest ranks in some navies, and in other navies, it is the highest rank. In
some countries and in the United States, a “full” Admiral is equivalent to a “full” general in the army, and is
above the rank of vice Admiral and below the rank of Admiral of the fleet. The rank of Admiral is a four-star
rank (OF-9).

Click open the audio and listen to the recording.

As you listen, select and click the appropriate rank for each person listed.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

General
Agustín Agualongo
 Field Marshal
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá

Admiral
Isoroku Yamamoto

4.Past experiences

Read the exercise sentences.

Write / type the correct form of the listed verb.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

• I woke up (wake up) at 04:00 hours.

• The troops were (be) ready for the advance.
• She took (take) the grenade and threw (throw) it to the enemy lines.
• The enemy had (have) to break down its formation.
• The first unit reached (reach) its objective.
• The enemy’s AFV shot (shoot) our troops and hit (hit) the commander.
• She loaded (load) the gun and then she fired (fire) to the target.
• Last week I flew (fly) a Super Tucano! It was (be) amazing!

Read the text.

Select and click two times on each verb/ word that represents the Simple Past Tense.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.
• There are 24 words in total.
• Some words are repeated.

The troops were getting ready for the assault, I was nervous because on my first mission I had to shoot a person and it felt terrible. What a
difficult experience...While my partners got ready, I meditated and thought about my responsibilities. When I finished loading my weapons
and getting my equipment ready, I joined the rest of the unit and the commander talked to elevate our morale. There was a moment of
silence, you could feel the tension in the air. Suddenly, an explosion sounded in the distance; it didn’t sound loud, but all the troops got very
anxious and nervous. I wasn’t thinking about anything, my partners didn’t talk, my mind started to review the steps of the operation, all
we heard were the steps of our feet on the wet ground, and little by little, louder and louder, the sound of shots, explosions and people
shouting. We didn’t break our concentration, we didn’t speak, we weren’t afraid. We were ready for action...

Read the exercise sentences.

Using the previous text activity as a guide, select and click the sentences into the correct order.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

• The soldier was nervous.

• He shot a person on his first mission.
• The soldier meditated and then joined the rest of the unit.
• The commander elevated the troops morale
• The troops could feel the tension in the air.
• The explosion didn’t sound loud.
• His mind started reviewing the steps of the operation.
• They heard their steps, and shots, explosions and shouts.
• They didn’t speak or break their concentration.
• The troops were ready to go into battle.

5.The Army: Memories and past activities

Examine the exercise text.

Write / type the bracketed verbs in the correct Simple Past or Past Continuous form.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.
Example: The trooper wasn’t thinking (not think) clearly and he fired (fire) his weapon..
The enemy didn't expect (not expect) us to attack their base. An aircraft carrying a special operation forces unit took off (take off) from
our base at 02:00 hours. While they were flying (fly) over the ocean, the jumpmaster reviewed (review) the instructions and some special
recommendations for the mission. When the jumpmaster finished (finish) talking the troops got (get) ready to jump from the plane to the
designated drop zone. When they were (be) ready they started (start) to jump one by one. As they
were falling (fall) in the air, one of the troopers had (have) a problem; his parachute didn't open (not open).

Click open the audio and listen to the recorded cadence.

Examine the listed exercise words.
Select from the listed words and fill in the missing lyrics.

made / were born / were growing up / feeling / were weak / were reborn / was flying
Hey you (hey you)!
Hey you (hey you)!
1. You were born (you were born)
2. You were weak (you were weak)
Oh no! (Oh no!)
3. You were growing up (growing up)
Getting stronger (getting stronger)
Getting stronger (getting stronger)
But not enough (not enough)
The military (military)
4. made you tough
(made you tough)
Ah, ha! (Ah, ha)
Ah, ha! (Ah, ha)
Now in the air (in the air)
5. we were reborn (were reborn)
6. Then I was flying (I was flying)
7. and feeling free (feeling free)
And in the air (in the air)
I can be me (can be me)

lick open the audio and listen to the conversation.

Read the exercise questions.
Using the recorded conversation as a guide, answer the questions.
Use the checkmark button to review your answers.

• Why did the third corporal ask the soldier what he was doing at 05:00 hours?
Because someone threw a rock and broke the Sergeant Major bedroom window.
• What was the soldier doing at 05:00 hours?
The soldier was jogging.
• Who was the soldier with at 05:00 hours?
He was with the Sergeant Diaz and another two soldiers.
• What was the third corporal doing at 05:00 hours?
He can't remember where he was.
• Why is the third corporal in trouble?
 Because he remembered is waking up this morning outside his bedroom in his pajamas but with a helmet on. He was holding his rifle
like a bad and he was hitting some rocks with it.

Soldier, sir yes sir. Where were you at 0500 hours this morning? I was out the barrack sir. What were you doing outside the barracks? I was
jogging sir. And who are you with? I was with the Sergeant Diaz and another two soldiers; may I ask why you're asking? Don't worry soldier,
someone threw a rock and broke the Sergeant major bedroom window. Really, that person is in trouble. Big trouble. May I ask what you were
doing corporal? Is okay, I was sleeping, no wait, I was walking, no, I remember I was playing baseball. Baseball. I can't remember, sometimes
I walk in my sleep all I remember is waking up this morning outside my bedroom in my pajamas but with a helmet on. I was holding my rifle
like a bad and I was hitting some rocks with it. Oh corporal I think you're in trouble. Why, what did I do?

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