General

Education 1

Area: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Basic Mathematics
Competencies: Use the four fundamental operations in problem solving (whole numbers, integers,
decimals, fractions, LCM, GCF, divisibility rules, ratio and proportion, percent, rate, base measurement)

Presented by: RIZA C. BASIERTO

Part I. KNOWLEDGE UPDATE

Guide in Solving Worded Problems

1. Read the problem carefully and understand what it says.
2. Determine what is wanted or what is asked for.
3. Find what is given and which data are needed to solve the problem.

4. Reason out what processes to apply and the order in which they are to be

applied.
5. Summarize the problem by means of an open number sentence.

6. Compute carefully; check each step in the computation.

7. Decide the reasonableness of the result.
8. Check the result by seeing to it that the result satisfies all the conditions of the

problem.

The Complex
Number
System

Real Imaginary

Rational Irrational

Integer Fraction Decimal

negative zero positive Terminating Repeating

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1.1. THE WHOLE NUMBER SYSTEM

A. Divisibility

An integer is divisible by a certain divisor (also an integer) if it can be divided exactly by that divisor.
That is, there is no remainder left after the division process is completed. The integer 12 is divisible by
2, 3, 4, and 6 because 12 ÷ 2 = 6; 12 ÷3 = 4; 12÷4 = 3 and 12 ÷6 = 2. Now 12 is not divisible by 5 and 9
because 12 ÷ 5 = 2 reminder 2 and 12 ÷ 9 = 1 remainder 3.

The following divisibility rules will help us determine whether the integer is divisible by a certain number
or not.

v An integer is divisible by 2 if it ends either with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Moreover, a number is even if

it is divisible by 2; and odd if it is not.

Example: 55552 because it ends with 2; 333456 because it ends with 6

v An integer is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.

Example: 32145 because 3 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 5 = 15; 15 is divisible by 3

11298 because 1 + 1 + 2 + 9 + 8 = 21; 21 is divisible by 3

v An integer is divisible by 4 if the last two-digit is divisible by 4.

Example: 11312 because the last two-digit is 12 which is divisible by 4

5677828 because the last two-digit is 28 which is divisible by 4

v An integer is divisible by 5 if it ends with either 0 or 5.

Example: 10170 because it ends with 0; 32675 because it ends with 5

v An integer is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.

Example: 123408 because the sum of the digits is 18 and it ends with 8
251142 because the sum of the digits is 15 and it ends with 2

v An integer is divisible by 7 if the integer represented without its unit digit, minus twice the
unit’s digit of the original integer, is divisible by 7.

Example: 581 because 58 – (2)(1) = 56; and 56 is divisible by 7

v An integer is divisible by 8 if the last three-digit is divisible by 8.

Example: 4572128 because 128 is divisible by 8

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7902320 because 320 is divisible by 8

v An integer is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.

Example: 2312343 because the sum of the digits is 18
5678226 because the sum of the digits is 36

v An integer is divisible by 10 if it ends with 0.

Example: 222350 because it ends with 0
467890 because it ends with 0

v An integer is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits on the even
powers of 10 and the sum of the digits on the odd powers of 10 is either 0 or divisible by 11.

Example: 180829 because the digits on the even powers of 10 (8 + 8 + 9)
sum up to 25 and the digits on the odd powers of 10 (1 + 0 + 2)
sum up to 3. And 25 – 3 = 22, which is divisible by 11.

B. Factors and Multiples

The numbers which we will multiply are called factors and the resulting number after the numbers are
multiplied is called the product. In 3 · 5 = 15, the numbers 3 and 5 are factors of 15, and 15 is the
product of 3 and 5.

The factors of a number, say x, are the numbers which when multiplied will give a product equal to x.
Sometimes, we use the term “divisor” instead of factor.

The multiples of x are the products when x is multiplied to some integers. From the above example, 3 ·
5 = 15, the factors of 15 are 3 and 5 while 15 is a multiple of 3 and 5.

Example: The factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
The multiples of 12 are: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, …

Fill in the blanks with either 9 or 234.
a. ________ is a factor of ______.
b. ________ is divisible by ______.
c. ________ is a divisor of ______.
d. ________ is a multiple of _____.
e. ________ divides _____.

C. Prime and Composite Numbers

Whole numbers, except 0 and 1, are categorized as either prime or composite number. An integer is
prime if it has exactly two factors: one and itself. An integer is composite if it has more than two factors.
The numbers 0 and 1 are special numbers. They are neither prime nor composite.

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Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, are prime numbers less than 10

4, 6, 8, 9 are the composite numbers less than 10

D. Prime Factorization

This is a process of expressing a number as a product of prime factors.

Example: Express 28 as a product of prime factors.
Answer: 28 = 2 x 2 x 7

E. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

The GCF of two or more numbers is the largest possible divisor of the given numbers.

Example: Find the GCF of 24 and 36.

Solution: 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
GCF: 2 x 2 x 3 = 12

Find the GCF of 15, 30, and 48.

Solution: 15 = 3 x 5
30 = 3 x 5 x 2
48 = 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
GCF: 3

F. Least Common Multiple (LCM)

The LCM of two or more numbers is the smallest possible number that can be divided by the given
numbers.

Example: Find the LCM of 6 and 15.

Solution: 6 = 3 x 2
15 = 3 x 5
LCM: 3 x 2 x 5 = 30

Find the LCM of 15, 30, and 48.

Solution: 15 = 3 x 5
30 = 3 x 5 x 2
48 = 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
LCM: 3 x 5 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 240

1.2. INTEGERS

The set of integers is just an extension of whole numbers defined by │ = {…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …]

A. Multiplication

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The product of two integers with like signs is positive while the product of two integers with unlike signs
is negative. To be specific:
positive x positive = positive and negative x negative = positive
while, positive x negative = negative and negative x positive = negative

Example: i. (-4) x 7 = (-28) ii. (-5) (-8) = 40

B. Division

The quotient of two integers with like signs is positive while the quotient of two integers with unlike
signs is negative. To be specific:
positive ÷ positive = positive and negative ÷negative = positive
while, positive ÷ negative = negative and negative ÷ positive = negative

Example: i. (-128) ÷ (-4) = 32 ii. (36) ÷ (-2) = (-18)

C. Addition

The sum of two integers with like signs is the sum of their absolute values with the common sign
prefixed before it.

Example: i. (-14) + (-7) = (-21) ii. 20 + (-4) = 16 iii. (-35) + 17 = (-18)

D. Subtraction

Express subtraction statements as addition statements and follow the procedure in Addition.

Example: i. (-15) – 8 : (-15) + (-8) = (-23)
ii. 38 – (-18) : 38 + 18 = 56
iii. (-9) – (-15) : (-9) + 15 = 6
iv. 12 – 14 : 12 + (-14) = (-2)

A substance with a temperature of 12°C is placed inside a freezer. If the temperature
dropped by 27°C, what would be its new temperature?
Solution: 12°C - 27°C = - 15°C

E. Parenthesis-Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction (P-MDAS)

When two or more operations are involved in a single expression, operations are performed in the order
of P-MDAS. That is, we perform first the operation inside the parenthesis and then followed by
multiplication and division, and lastly the addition and subtraction. Should there be multiplication and
division only, we perform the operation from left to right. Similarly, should there be addition and
subtraction only, we also perform the operation from left to right.

Example: Simplify:
i. 5 + 7 x 3 – 12 ÷ 6
ii.7 – 18 ÷ (3 + 2 x 3) + 5

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iii. 5 x 12 ÷ 3 x 2 ÷ 4

Solution:

i. 5 + 7 x 3 – 12 ÷ 6
5 + 21 – 2 we multiply first 7 and 3, then divide 12 by 6
26 – 2 we operate left to right
24 final answer

ii. 7 – 18 ÷ (3 + 2 x 3) + 5
7 – 18 ÷ (3 + 6) + 5 in the parenthesis, multiply 2 and 3
7 – 18 ÷ 9 + 5 in the parenthesis, add 3 and 6
7 – 2 + 5 divide 18 by 9
5 + 5 subtract 2 from 7
10 the final answer

iii. 5 x 12 ÷ 3 x 2 ÷ 4
60 ÷ 3 x 2 ÷ 4 operate from left to right
20 x 2 ÷ 4
40 ÷ 4
10 the final answer

1.3. FRACTIONS

A. Multiplication of Fractions

Multiply the numerators to get the numerator of the product and multiply the denominators to get the
denominator of the product.

3 4 12 1
Example: • = or
8 9 72 6

B. Division of Fractions

Multiply the dividend to the reciprocal of the divisor.

2 8 2 15 30 3
Example: ÷ = • = or
5 15 5 8 40 4

C. Similar or Like and Dissimilar or Unlike Fractions

§ Similar fractions have the same denominators.

Example: ¼, ¾, 7/4

§ Dissimilar fractions have different denominators.

Example: 1/3, 5/15, 3/9

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D. Changing Dissimilar Fractions to Similar Fractions

Determine the LCD and change each fraction to its equivalent.

Example: Change ¾, 1/5, 2/3 to similar fractions

3 15 45 1 12 12 2 20 40
• = ; • = ; • =
4 15 60 5 12 60 3 20 60
Hence, the like fractions are 45/60, 12/60. 40/60

E. Addition of Fractions

Change the fractions to like fractions then add the numerators to get the numerator of the sum and
copy the denominator.

Example: Add 2/3 + ¼ + 5/6

Solution: The LCD is 12, so change the addends to similar fractions with 12 as
denominator.

8 3 10 21 3
+ + = or1
12 12 12 12 4

F. Subtraction of Fractions

Change the fraction to similar fractions. Subtract the numerators to get the numerator of the difference
and copy the denominator.

Example: i. 3/5 – ½

6 5 1
Solution: − =
10 10 10

ii. 5 – 2/7

Solution: We borrow 1 from 5. Express it as 7/7 so that we could subtract.

7 2 5
5 – 2/7 4 − =4
7 7 7

1 4
iii. 6 −2
3 5
Solution: We borrow 1 from 6. Express it as 15/15 so that we could subtract.

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1 5 15 + 5 20
6 →6 5 5
3 15 15 15
8
− − − =3
15
4 12 12 12
2 →2 2 2
5 15 15 15

1 1
Three boys weigh 160 kgs. If the first two boys weigh 45 and 50 kgs., what is the
2 4
weight of the third boy?
⎛ 1 1⎞
Solution: 160 - ⎜ 45 + 50 ⎟
⎝ 2 4⎠
= 160 – (45 + 50 + ½ + ¼)
= 160 – (95 + ¾)
= 64 ¼ kgs.

A 150 cm wire is cut into pieces to be used in making flowers made in paper. If each
piece is 7 ½ cm long, how many pieces of wire are there?

150 150 150(2)
Solution: = = = 20 pieces
1 15 15
7
2 2
If each bag contains 1 ¼ kg of flour, how many kilograms of flour are there in 32 bags?

Solution: (1 ¼) (32) = (5/4)(32) = 40 kg

G. Fraction as Part of a Whole

Example: i. What is 5/8 of 56?

Solution: N = (5/8) • (56) = 35

ii. 24 is ¾ of what number?

Solution: 24 = (3/4) • N
N = 24 ÷ (3/4)
N = (24) • (4/3) = 32

iii. What part of 42 is 24?

Solution: N • 42 = 24
N = 24 ÷ 42
N = 24/42 or 4/7
1.4 DECIMAL NUMBERS

A. Addition/Subtraction of Decimal Numbers

Place the decimal point in one column and perform the operation.


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Example: 12.123 + 6.8021 + .008 + .02151

Solution:
12.123
6.8021
.008
.02151
18.95461

B. Multiplication of Decimal Numbers

In multiplying decimal numbers, the number of decimal places on the right of the decimal point in both
factors should also be the number of decimal places on the right of the decimal point in the product.

Example: .024 x .003 = 0.000072

C. Division of Decimal Numbers

Change the divisor into a whole number by multiplying it by a certain constant. Note also that
the dividend must be multiplied by that same constant. Then perform the division.

Example: 0.56 divided by 0.002

0.56 1000 560

Solution: = = = 280
0.002 1000 2

A lady bought eight notebooks at P14.75 each, 3 pad papers at P11.25 each, and 2
umbrellas at P144.30 each. If she gave a P500 bill to the cashier, how much change did
she get?
Solution: 500 – [(14.75 x 8) + (11.25 x 3) + (144.30 x 2)]
500 – [118 + 33.75 + 288.60]
= P59.65
A piece of candy costs P0.75. How many pieces of candies can be bought with P60.00?
Solution: 60.00 ÷ 0.75 = 80 pieces

1.5 CONVERSION

A. Fraction to Decimal

Divide the numerator by the denominator.

Example: Convert 3/8 to decimal.

Solution: . 375

8 3. 000
2 4

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60
56
40 answer = 3/8 = 0.375
40
0
B. Decimal to Fraction

Terminating – multiply the number by a fraction (equal to one) whose numerator and denominator is a
multiple of 10 such that the numerator becomes a whole number.

Example: Convert 0.125 to fraction

1000 125 1
Solution: 0.125 × = or
1000 1000 8

C. Percent to Decimal Numbers

Multiply the percent by 0.01 such that 1% = 0.1 = 1/100

Example: Convert 23. 47% to decimal.

Solution: (23.47%)× (.01) = 0.2347

D. Decimal Numbers to Percent

Multiply the decimal by 100.

Example: i. Convert 0.33476 to percent

Solution: (0.33476) X (100%) = 33.476%

ii. Fill in the blanks.

Fraction Decimal Percent

½ ______ ______
______ ______ 125%
______ 0.45 ______
1/3 ______ ______
______ 0.001 ______


1.6 PERCENTAGE
Percentage is a percent of a given number. The given number is called the base. The percent is
called the rate.

Formulas: Percentage (P) = (base) = (b) x rate (r)
Hence: b = P/r r = P/b

Example: i. What is 40% of 85?

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Solution: 40% of 85
(0.40) x (85) =34.0 or 34

ii. 75 is 30% of what number?

Solution: 75 = (0.30) • (N)
75 ÷ 0.30 = N
N = 250

iii. 16 is what percent of 80?

Solution: 16 = P • (80)
P = 16 ÷ 80 = 0.20 = 20%

In a mathematics test, Gabriel got 84%. If the test was consisted of 150 items,
how many items did Gabriel get?
Solution: N = (84) (150)
N = 126

Mr. Del Pilar earns P 96,000 a year. If he receives a 12% increase in his alary,
how much is his annual salary now?
Solution: 96, 000 + increase
96, 000 + (12% of 96, 000)
96, 000 + (0.12 x 96, 000)
96, 000 + 11, 520
=P 107, 520

According to the latest survey, only 70% of the congressmen are efficient. If
there are 168 efficient congressmen, how many congressmen are there in all?
Solution: 70% of the congressmen is efficient
(0.70)(congressmen) = 168
Congressmen = 168 ÷ 0.70 = 240

1.7. DISCOUNT
The discussion on DISCOUNT is very similar with the discussion on PERCENTAGE. Here we
consider the following:
Original Price -as the Base
Rate of Discount -as the Rate
Discount -as the Percentage
Selling Price -Original Price minus Discount

Example: i. A book with an original price of P90 is being sold at 20% discount. Find its
selling price.
Solution: OP = 90; R = 20% D = ? SP = ?

D = (OP)(R) = (90)(0.20) = 18.00

SP = (OP) – (D) = 90 – 18 = 72.00


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ii. An item has a selling price of P42.00. if this is 70% of the original price,
what is the O.P.
Solution: 70% of OP = 42
0.70 x OP = 42
OP = 42 ÷ 0.70 = P60. 00

iii. A bag is being sold at P240.00. If its OP is P400.00, find the rate of
discount.
Solution: Discount = 160
Rate of Discount is 160 ÷ 400 = 0.40 = 40%

1.8. INTEREST
Interest is the amount paid for the use of money.
Principal is the money that is borrowed.
Time is the number of days/months/years for which the money is being borrowed and interest
is calculated.

Simple Interest (I) = Principal (P) • rate (r) • time (t) or 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡

Thus, 𝑃 = 𝐼/𝑟𝑡 and r= 𝐼/𝑃𝑡

Example: i. Find the simple interest of P5, 000 for two years at 3.5% per year?
Solution: 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝐼 = 5, 000 0.035 2
𝐼 = 350 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠

ii. Find the amount of the principal if the interest at 15% per annum after 4
months is P2, 000.
Solution: 𝐼 = 2,000 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠 𝑟 = 15%
4 1
𝑡 = 4 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 = 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
12 3
R W
𝑃 = = 2,000/(0.15)( )
ST X
𝑃 = 40, 000 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑠

1.9. RATIO AND PROPORTION
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers.
A proportion is a number sentence stating the equivalence of two ratios.

Example: Find the value of x if 21: 7 = 6: x
Solution: Equate the product of the two means to the product of two extremes.
Then solve for x. Thus,
(21)(x) = (7)(6)
𝑥 = (7)(6)/21
𝑥 = 2

A. Direct Proportion
As one quantity increases, the other increases also.

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Example: If someone can ride 106 km in 2 hours, how far can he go in 5 hours?
Solution: 106 : 2 = x : 5
2x = (106)(5)

x =
(106)(5) = 265km
2
B. Inverse Proportion
As one quantity increases, the other decreases.

Example: If the food in the crate is sufficient to feed 30 flood victims in 75 days,
how many days would it last for 45 flood victims?

Solution: Equate the product of the terms in the first condition to the
product of the terms in the second condition, thus we have:
(30 victims)(75 days) = (45 victims) (x days)

(30 )(75) = x
45
x= 50 days
C. Partitive Proportion
One quantity is being partitioned into different proportions.

Example: A wood 90 cm long is cut in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. Find the measure of each
part.
Solution: 2/10 x 90 cm = 18 cm
3/10 x 90 cm = 27 cm
5/10 x 90 cm = 45 cm

1.10. GEOMETRY
A. Units of Measure

1. linear measure (one dimensional): centimeters, meters, kilometers
(length, width, height, perimeter)
2. area (two-dimensional): cm2, m2, km2
(area covered by polygons)
3. volume (three-dimensional): cm3, m3
(capacity of the solids such as cube, prism, cylinder, sphere, pyramid, cone)

B. Polygons
It is a closed figure with three or more sides. Every two consecutive sides meet only at the endpoint;
every two consecutive vertices (endpoints) are contained in one side. Polygons are named according to
the number of sides.

Name of Polygon Number of sides Name of Polygon Number of sides
Triangle 3 nonagon 9
Quadrilateral 4 decagon 10
Pentagon 5 undecagon 11
Hexagon 6 dodecagon 12

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Heptagon 7 pentadecagon 15
Octagon 8

A polygon is equilateral if all its sides are equal.
A polygon is equiangular if all its angles are equal.
A polygon is regular if all its sides and angles are equal.

C. Perimeter
It is the distance around a polygon. To obtain this, we just add the length of all the sides of the polygon.
In the case of regular polygons, we just multiply the length of one side to number of sides.

Example: i. Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides 3, 5, and 7 cm.
Answer: P = 3 + 5 + 7 = 15 cm

ii. Determine the length of one side of a regular octagon if its perimeter is 32
cm.
Answer: 32 cm ÷ 8 sides = 4 cm on a side.

iii. Complete the table below.

Regular Polygon Length of a Side Perimeter
1. Square 12cm _____
2. _______ 7cm 42cm
3. nonagon _____ 54cm
4. _______ 3cm 36cm
5. heptagon ____ 56cm

D. Areas of Triangle and Quadrilaterals

D.1. triangle = (1/2)(base)(height)
D.2. rectangle = (base)(height) or (length)(width)
D.3. square = (side) (side) or ½ (diagonal)(diagonal)
D.4. parallelogram = (base) (height) or ½ (diagonal)(diagonal)
D.5. rhombus = ½ (diagonal1) (diagonal2)

Example: i. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 5 cm and its altitude is thrice its base.
Solution: A = ½ bh
= ½ (5 cm) [(3) (5 cm)]
= 75/2 cm2 or 37.5 cm2

ii. Find the area of a rectangle whose width is 6 meters and its length exceeds 5
times the width by 3.
Solution: A = lw
= (5w + 3)(w)
= [(5) (6) +3]m (6m)
= (33) (6) = 198 m2

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iii. Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 36 cm.

Solution: A = s2 and since the perimeter is 36 cm, then 36 ÷ 4 = 9 cm, measure of
each side. So, the area is:
A = (9cm) (9cm) = 81 cm2

iv. Find the area of a parallelogram whose base is 24 meters and its height is 3
less than 2/3 of its base.
Solution: A = bh
= (b)[(2/3)(24) – 3]
= (24m)[(2/3)(24)-3]
= (24m)(13m) = 312m2

v. Find the area of the rhombus whose diagonal1 is 16 cm and its diagonal2 is 3
more than ¼ of the diagonal1.
Solution: A = ½ d1d2
= (1/2) (16cm) [(1/4) (16 ) + 3]cm
= (1/2)(16cm)(7cm) = 56cm2
E. Circle
It is set of points equidistant from a fixed point. The fixed point is called the center, and the fixed
distance is the length of the radius.

Circumference = 2πr where π = 3.1416
Area = πr2

Example: i. Find the circumference of a circle with radius 5units.
Solution: C = 2 • 3.1416 • 5
= 31. 416 or 10π units

ii. Find the area of the circle if its circumference is 8π meters.

Solution: Since the circumference 8πm, then its radius is 4m. Hence, the area:
A = (3.1416) (4) (4) = 50.2656 m2 or 16π m2

iii. Complete the tale below:

radius diameter Circumference (in π) Area (in π)

1. 3 cm
2. 10 cm
3. 12 π m
4. 64 π cm2
5. 9m
6. 36 cm

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7. 25 π cm
8. 49 π m2

F. Volume of Solids
It describes how much space a three-dimensional figure occupies.
f. 1. cube = (side)3
f.2. rectangular prism = lwh or (area of the base) (height)
f.3. pyramid = (1/3) (area of the base) (height)
f.4. sphere = (4/3) π r3
f.5. cylinder = π r2 h
f.6. cone = (1/3) π r2 h

Example: i. Find the volume of a cube whose edge is 7 cm.
Solution: V = (7cm)3 = 343 cm3

ii. The length of a rectangular solid is 15 cm, its width exceeds 1/5 of the length
by 4 while the height is 2 less than 1/3 of the length. Find its volume.
Solution: length = 15
Width = (1/5)(15) + 4 = 7
Height = (1/3)(15) – 2 = 3
Volume = lwh = (15cm)(7cm)(3cm) = 315 cm3

iii. The area of the base of a pyramid is 24m2 while the height is 5m. Find its
volume.
Solution: V = (1/3)(bh) = (1/3)(24m2)(5m) = 40 m3

iv. Find the volume of a sphere whose diameter is 12 m.
Solution: Since the diameter is 12 m, then the radius is 6 m. Thus,
V = (4/3)(πr3) = (4/3)(π)(6m)3 = 288π m3

v. A cylinder has a base circumference of 16π m. its height exceeds ¼ of the
radius by 3. Find its volume.
Solution: C = 16π m, hence, the diameter is 16 m and the radius is 8m.
h = (1/4)(8) + 3 = 5
V = πr2h = π (8m)2 (5m) = 320 π m3

vi. A cone has base diameter of 12 cm and its height is 2 less than ¾ of the
diameter. Find its volume.
Solution: Since the diameter is 12 cm, then the radius is 6 cm.
height = (3/4) (12) – 2 = 7

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V = (1/3) πr2h = (1/3)π (6cm)2(7cm) = 84 π cm3

good luck!
Thank you for listening.

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