Ijme v14n1p88 Fa

‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ، 1400‬دوره ‪14‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼق و ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬
‫‪Abstract ref‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪﻫﺎي دﯾﻨﯽ و اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ در دورهي آلﺑﻮﯾﻪ )‪ 330‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 447‬ه‪.‬ق(‬
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‫*‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺿﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ .1‬اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر‪ ،‬ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ و ﺗﻤﺪن ﻣﻠﻞ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬
‫* ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪهي ﻃﺮف ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎﺋﯽ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳـﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫آدرس‪ :‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ آذرﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎن‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ؟‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ و ﺗﻤﺪن ﻣﻠﻞ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺪ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ‪5375171379 :‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻔﻲﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺐ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪09144182199 :‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻴ ﺶﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷــﺪ؛ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳــﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪Email: ac.m.rezaei@azaruniv.ac.ir‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳـــﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺣﮑﻮﻣـﺖ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪1399/9/29 :‬‬
‫ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش‪1399/12/8‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪1400/07/28 :‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺁﻳـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺸـــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـــﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷـــﻤﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﻠﺴــﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﻀــﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ )‪ ۳۲۴‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۳۷۲‬ﻩ‪.‬ﻕ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺷــﺮﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﺴـﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺨﺸــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫واژﮔﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻃﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﮐﺜﺮﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮐﺘﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ )‪ (۱‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ )‪ (۲‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻃﻼﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ؛ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۳‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ »ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ« )‪» ،(۴‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ« )‪(۵‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭ »ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ« )‪ (۶‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻱ »ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺒﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ )ﻗﺮﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻫﺠﺮﻱ(« )‪ (۷‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻃﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺭﻧﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﻪﺷﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﴼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺟﺪﻱ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦﻫﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻃﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﺋﯽ ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫)‪۸‬ﻭ‪ .(۹‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﻱ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﻪﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻤﺎﺷﺖ )‪ ،(۸‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻱ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﴼ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩﻱ »ﻻﺿﺮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻻﺿﺮﺍﺭ« ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ )‪ ،(۱۳-۱۰‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻭ »ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮑﺮ«‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﻨﺎﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺖﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ )‪۳‬ﻭ‪.(۱۴‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺐ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ ﺍﺑﻦﺍﺑﻲﺍﺻﻴﺒﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ »ﺳﻨﺎﻥ« ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﻱ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۱۵‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﮑﻮﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺫﻫﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻤﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺁﻻﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺮﺏ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻥﮔﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﺏﻭﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥﺩﻫﻲ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ »ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ« ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ »ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﺧﺴﺮﻭ«‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ )‪ .(۲۵‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺑﻦﺯﮐﺮﻳﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ )‪ (۱۶‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻱ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪-۱۷‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗﴼ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺮ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪ .(۲۰‬ﺍﺑﻦﺳﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻨﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺁﺏﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻮﻱ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ )‪ .(۲۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬
‫)‪۸‬ﻭ‪.(۹‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ )‪۲۲‬ﻭ‪ ،(۲۳‬ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺳﺒﮏ ﻭ ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵ ﺁﺏﻭﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۲۲‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﺸﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻤﻮﻝ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻠﮑﻴﺖ ﮐﺴﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﺏﻭﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻟﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۸‬ﻭ‪ .(۹‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺷﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩﻧﮑﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺪﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺷﺮﺏ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺳﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﮐﺜﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺏ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﺞ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﮑﻠﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩ )‪.(۲۶‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﻥﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪.(۲۴‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﺅﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮ‪ ،‬ﻃﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ )ﺻﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺯﻻﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺭﻧﮓﻭﺑﻮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ( ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺳﺒﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺖ )‪ (۲۲‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﺒﮑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۱۹ ،۱۷‬ﻭ‪.(۲۱‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻼﺣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﻧﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﮐﻮﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﻪﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﭼﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻗﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﮐﻴﺰﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺎﻝ ﻧﻮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﮎ ﭘﺎﮎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻻﻱﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺘﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﭘﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫)‪» .(۳۳‬ﻣﺆﻳﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻱ »ﺍﺑﻲﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞﺑﻦﻋﺒﺎﺩ«‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۱۹‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻭ »ﺍﺑﻲﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﺣﻤﺪﺑﻦﺷﺎﺩﻱ« ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۳۷۱‬ﻩ‪.‬ﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﻳﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ )‪.(۳۴‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ )‪ (۲۷‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻲﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻨﻮﺧﻲ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﮐﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﮑﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻭﻱ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻤﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﻮﺩ )‪(۳۵‬؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻲﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ )‪۲۸‬ﻭ‪ .(۲۹‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺣﮑﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ »ﻣﺰﻣﻞ« ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪(۳۰‬؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺏ ﺷﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﮐﻴﺰﻩ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻦﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۳۶‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺐ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﮑﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )‪ .(۲۸‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻏﺬﻳﻪﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫)‪۱۹‬ﻭ‪ .(۲۱‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺒﮏ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ »ﮐﻠﻴﻪﻱ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ )‪.(۲۲‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻞﻭﻧﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۳۱‬ﻭ‪(۳۲‬؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻀﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ« )‪.(۳۷‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺏﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﺴﺐ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﻱ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫﺑﺢ ﻭ ﻧﻤﮏﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ )‪۴۱‬ﻭ‪.(۲۶‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﻱﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﻱ »ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺦ« )‪ (۳۸‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺼﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﮐﻲ »ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ« ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺷﻪﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫)‪۳۹‬ﻭ‪ .(۴۰‬ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )‪ (۴۲‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺑﺎﻏﻲ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﭼﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺾ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﻞ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﮐﺒﺎﺑﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﻳﺴﻪﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻠﻮﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻪﭘﺎﭼﻪﭘﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺼﺎﺑﻲﻫﺎ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﮐﻴﺰﻩ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )‪.(۲۲‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻞﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺣﺴﺒﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ﺍﺷﻨﺎﻥ« ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩ ﺁﺟﺮ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ )‪۴۳ ،۴۱ ،۲۶‬ﻭ ‪.(۴۴‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻧﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻪﻻﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﺭﻧﺞ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻏﻼﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﻧﺎﻥ )ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻓﺘﺮﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﺤﻪ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ( ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩ )‪۴۳ ،۴۱ ،۲۶‬ﻭ‪ .(۴۴‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻝﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻏﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﮎﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﮎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﺸﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﺏ ﺗﺎﺯﻩﺗﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ )‪۴۱‬ﻭ‪ .(۴۴‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﺬﺍﺧﻮﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻏﻼﺕ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﻮﺩ )‪ .(۴۱‬ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﮕﻦ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﺁﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻏﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ )‪ .(۲۲‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۳۳‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ﺍﺭّﺟﺎﻥ« ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﻱ‬
‫)‪.(۲۲‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺤﻮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﺩﮐﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖﻧﮑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺧﻤﻴﺮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻦﺍﺧﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻐﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺼﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩﻱ ﮐﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻩﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۳۱‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ »ﮐﻨﺎﺱ«‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۴۱‬ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻳﺴﻪﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﻨﻪﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۴۷ ،۴۵‬ﻭ‪ .(۴۸‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۴۵‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﻡﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۳۵‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۳۲‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻔﺎﻋﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺏﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮐﻨﺪﻥ ﺟﻮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﭼﺎﻩ ﭘﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻏﺬﺍﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﺩ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺿﺮﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ )‪۸‬ﻭ‪(۹‬؛‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺮﻫﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۴۰‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺟﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۲۲‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ »ﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ« ﺧﻠﻴﻔﻪﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬
‫)‪۲۹۵‬ﺗﺎ‪ ۳۲۰‬ﻩ‪.‬ﻕ( ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﺏ ﺣﻤﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﻩ ﺣﻔﺮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﮎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ .(۴۹‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻀﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻻﺑﻪﻻﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺯﺷﺘﻲ ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )‪ .(۲۴‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺳﺒﮏ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﺸﮑﻞﺳﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻧﻬﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺘﻪ؛ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩﻱ ﻻﺿﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺯﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۲۶‬ﻭ‪ .(۴۳‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۴۶‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﺑﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﴼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪ ﺷﻴﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۲۵‬ﻭ‪(۵۰‬؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ .(۴۱‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺎﮐﺮﻭﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ )‪ (۴۱‬ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﻬﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ )‪ .(۵۱‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ )‪.(۲۲‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻣﮑﻨﻪﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﮑﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺼﺎﺭﮐﺸﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻗﺒﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩ )‪۴۱‬ﻭ‪.(۴۳‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻀﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻃﺒﺎﺧﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻀﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ »ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻔﺮﻣﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ«‪ .‬ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻞ »ﻻﺿﺮﺭ ﻭ ﻻﺿﺮﺍﺭ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ )‪(۵۲‬؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺜﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺯﻳﺎﻥﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ )‪ (۴۱‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻲﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻬﺪ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻀﺪﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩ )‪(۱۷‬؛ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ ﮐﺜﺮﺕ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎَ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﻭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺣﺼﺎﺭﮐﺸﻲ ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﮕﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺫﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ )‪۲۲‬ﻭ‪ .(۳۲‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻋﺪﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺯﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻱ »ﺍﺑﻦﻣﺴﮑﻮﻳﻪ« ﺩﺭ ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ »ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻻﻧﻪﻱ ﺳﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﮐﺮﻭﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ«‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﺒﺰﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ )‪.(۳۳‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺁﺏ ﺣﻮﺽ ﻭ ﺧﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ )‪۴۱ ،۲۶‬ﻭ‪.(۴۳‬‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﮑﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝﺑﻮﻳﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﮐﻴﺰﮔﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺣﺼﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻴﺪﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩ )‪۴۱‬ﻭ‪.(۴۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﺒﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻬﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ )‪(۵۰‬؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺒﺶ ﻗﺒﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺟﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﺑﻪﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻃﻼﻳﻲ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺣﺎﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻲﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺤﺘﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻭﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻼﻥ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪ )‪۴۱ ،۲۶ ،۹‬ﻭ ‪ .(۴۳‬ﺑﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﻪﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﮑﻮﮎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﺞ ﺭﻭﺯﻣﺮﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺨﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ )‪۴۳‬ﻭ‪.(۵۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻭﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻣﮑﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﭼﻨﺎﻥﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﮐﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﮑﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩﻱ ﻻﺿﺮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻲﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﭼﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺩﺟﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﺞﻓﻬﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
97 ١٤ ‫ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬،١٤٠٠ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
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... ‫ﺑﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻝ‬: ‫ﺭﺿﺎﺋﯽ‬ 2021, Volume 100
14
Review Article
The Effect of Religious and Moral Advice on Environmental Health Situation during
Al-Buwayh Period (447-330 AH)
Mohammad Rezaie*1
1. Assistant Professor, Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University,
Tabriz, Iran.
Abstract
Received: 19 December 2020 The present study seeks to find an answer to this question, “how effective
Accepted: 26 February 2021 was the religious and moral advice on environmental health situation of
Published: ƠƠƠ
cities under the territory of Al-Buwayh dynasty”? Findings indicate that in
*Corresponding Author: the first half of the Al-Buwayh era, following the increase in population and
Mohammad Rezaie expansion of some cities, the need for health measures in various areas was
Address: Department of History and felt, of which is considered a responsibility of environmental health
Civilization of Islamic Nations, Azarbaijan
authorities nowadays. In addition to the instructions and recommendations
Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
Postal Code : 5375171379 being embodied in some verses of Quran and hadiths being the basis of
Tel: (+98) 9144182199 health laws, a number of rulers of this dynasty, like Azd al-Dawlah
Email: ac.m.rezaei@azaruniv.ac.ir intervened in the health affairs of cities in various fields such as providing
drinking water, constructing of medical and service centers, and appointing
Citation to this article:
Sheriffs (Darougheh). A part of the mentioned actions was involved with
Rezaie M. The effect of religious and moral
advice on environmental health situation the community health in the field of food hygiene, roads and public places,
during Al-Buwayh period (447-330 AH). water hygiene as well as sewage disposal. In the present study, first,
Medical Ethics and History of Medicine.
2021; 14: 88-100
narrative, historical, medical and geographical books were indexed by using
descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources; second, the
data in the most important areas related to environmental health was
classified; and then, a conclusion was reached.
Keywords: Al-Buwayh, City health, Environmental health, Medicine.
Website:
Copyright © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published http://ijme.tums.ac.ir
by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Interna onal license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ ، 1400‬دوره ‪14‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼق و ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺁﻳـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺸـــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـــﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷـــﻤﺎﺭ‬

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