Ijme v14n1p74 Fa

‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ، 1400‬دوره ‪14‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼق و ﺗﺎرﯾ ﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬
‫‪Abstract ref‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋادي و ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ‬

‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﺤﻲ* ‪ ،۱‬ﺳﻴﺪﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﮐﻲ‬
‫‪ .1‬داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪي اﺧﻼق‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر‪ ،‬ﮔﺮوه ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪي اﺧﻼق‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻗﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬
‫* ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪهي ﻃﺮف ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴـﮏ ﻭ ﺗــﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻓﺼﯿﺤﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺭﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸــﺮﻓﺘﻲ‬ ‫آدرس‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن اﯾﺘﺎﻟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼك ‪ ،74‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪي‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬
‫ﭼﺸــﻤﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮐــﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﻴﺮﻩﮐﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖﻫــﺎﻱ ﺑﺴ ـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﻮﺯﻩﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺪ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ‪1417743646 :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﮐﺎﻣﻴـﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪88953141 :‬‬
‫‪Email: hoseinefasihi@gmail.com‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻴـﺪﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺷــﻌﻒﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴـﮏ ﻭ ﺗــﻼﺵ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺑــﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖﺟﻮﻳﺎﻧــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫــﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺳــﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪1399/12/23 :‬‬
‫ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﻴـﺪ ﺑــﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش‪1400/4/20 :‬‬
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪1400/7/25 :‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻼﻗـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴــﻞ ﻭ ﻧــﮋﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣــﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷــﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‪ /‬ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻧــﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﮔﺬﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑــﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺮﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫واژﮔﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ )‪.(۲‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﮊﻧﻴﮏ‪ ،١‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ‪ EU‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ »ﺧﻮﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ« ﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻪﻱ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬ ‫‪ Gense‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ »ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪﺷﺪﻩ« ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﮏ ﮊﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﺘﻮﻥ ‪۱۸۲۲) ٢‬ﺗﺎ‪ ،(۱۹۱۱‬ﻣﺮﺩﻡﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۸۸۳‬ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﮐﺮﺩ )‪.(١‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻳﮏ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮐﺴﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ )‪.(۴‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮐﺎﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )‪.(۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺺ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﮔﺎﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻝﻫﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ؛ ﭼﺮﺍﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻣﺤﺎﺑﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﻧﻮﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﭘﺴﺮﻋﻤﻮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻳﻮﮊﻧﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺍﺯﻣﻴﺎﻥﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪(۵‬؛‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﺑﺮ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺴﻨﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻬﻞﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﮐﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﻦﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻟﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ )‪(۶‬؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪﻱ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ )‪.(۳‬‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ »ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺧﻼﻗﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ« ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﻨﺎﮎ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻧﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ )‪ .(۷‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﻈﺮﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ‬ ‫‪1. Eugenics‬‬
‫‪2. Francis Galton‬‬
‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬ ‫‪76‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﮊﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮊﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩِ ﮊﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪.(۸‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﮊﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ‪ ،‬ﮊﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫)‪.(۱۰‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻲﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻴﺮﻩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮊﺗﻨﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﺎ ‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦِ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﺭﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )‪.(۹‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺚ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺤ ِ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﻱﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﮑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﮐﺴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﴼ ﺩﻟﺒﺨﻮﺍﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )‪ .(۱۱‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﮐﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺷﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،۱۹۹۸‬ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮءﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﻭ ﻓﻨّﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ )‪.(۴‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫‪1. Somatic cell‬‬
‫‪2. Germ cells‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )‪(۱۲‬؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۱۳‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﮊﺗﻨﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮءﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﮊﻥﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ؛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﮊﻥﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪﺑﺴﺎ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺧﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎءِ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﮊﻥ ﻳﺎ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺾ‬ ‫)‪ .(۴‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ )‪.(۱۴‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﮊﻧﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻝﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺭﺑﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻭﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺷﮑﻠﻲ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻮﮊﻧﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺭﺍﮎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮐﻮﺩﮎﮐﺸﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۱۵‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﮐﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﻪﻱ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ )‪.(۱۵‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺰ ‪ ٥‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻋﮑﺲ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻢﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍَﺑَﺮﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻳﺎ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﭘَﺴﺖ ‪ ٢‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻴﻖﺗﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ )‪.(۱۵‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭ‪ .‬ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﮔﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،٣‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻮءﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩِ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﻌﻀﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎءِ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺪﺷﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﻪﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻃﻔﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﺩﺟﻮ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮓﺯﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﺮﺩ )‪.(۱۱‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻣَﮑﺴ ِﻮﻝ ﻣِﻬﻠﻤَﻦ ‪ ٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ :Peter S. Wenz .5‬اﺳﺘﺎد ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ در داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﯾﻠﯿﻨﻮي‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫در اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮓ ﻓﯿﻠﺪ )‪ (University of Illinois Springfield‬و‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎد ﻫﻤﮑﺎر در زﻣﯿﻨﻪي ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ در داﻧﺸﮑﺪهي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ آن‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬او ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪهي ﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎي ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮق ﺳﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺟﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان آزادي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و اﺧﻼق زﯾﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪1. Super-Humans‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﻣﺮوز اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼع ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﮕﺎه ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪2. Sub-Humans‬‬
‫‪3. Ronald Michael Green‬‬
‫‪https://www.uis.edu/philosophy/homepage-‬‬
‫‪middle/research/wenz‬‬ ‫‪ :Maxwell Mehlman .4‬اﺳﺘﺎد و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق و اﺧﻼق زﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﺬﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺯﭘﻴﺶﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.(۱۳) .‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺯ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﻭ ﭼﻴﺰ‬
‫ﮐﻢﺷﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(۱۵‬؛ ﺩﺭﻋﻴﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﺱ‪ ١‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﭼﻪ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﺮﺩ؛‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺙ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻴﺼﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ )‪ .(۱۶‬ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﭼﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﻧﺞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺯﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۱۷‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻢﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫‪1. Annas‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺯﻭﻳﻞ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﴼ ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮐﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻴﻨﴼ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯﭘﻴﺶﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ »ﻭﺣﺸﺘﻨﺎﮎ«‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﭘﻴﺶﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯﭘﻴﺶﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺯﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭ(؛ ﻭﻗﻔﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪﻱ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﻤﻲﺯﻧﻨﺪ )‪.(۱۵‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ :Ray Kurzweil . ٢‬داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم راﯾﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺘﺮع و آﯾﻨﺪهﭘﮋوه‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏِ ﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬از ﻧﻈﺮ او ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺮاﯾﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل ‪ 2050‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ و در‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻧﻮرﺑﺎتﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮﮐﻨﻨﺪهي ﺑﺪن ﻗﺎﺋﻞ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪهي‬ ‫ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥِ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭ‪ ١‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎي زﯾﺎدي ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺮاﺑﺸﺮﯾﺖ‪ ،‬آﯾﻨﺪهﭘﮋوﻫﯽ و ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏِ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻱ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮي و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺧﻠﻖ ﯾﮏ ذﻫﻦ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼع ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﮕﺎه ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ‪:‬‬
‫و ‪https://www.kurzweilai.net‬‬
‫‪https://su.org/about/faculty/ray-kurzweil‬‬ ‫‪1 .Law of Accelerating Returns‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻻﺣﻖ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻣﺰ ﻧِﺂﻡ ‪ ٢‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺮﺯﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁﻣﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﻱ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﮏ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕِ ﺯﻣﺎﻥِ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺷﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﮐﻤﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ )ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬
‫ﻣﺒﻠﻐﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻱ ﺁ ﺑﻪ ﺏ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﮐﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻱﭘﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﺍﻥﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮐﻢﻣﺼﺮﻑﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﻦﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‬
‫ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪ ،۲۰۰۸‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ۲.۷‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ‬
‫)‪.(۱۵‬‬ ‫ﺩﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫‪1. Marginal Enhancement‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫‪ :Ramez Naam .2‬ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژﯾﺴﺖ و ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪهي ﻣﺸﻬﻮر آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ‪ .‬او‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ )‪.(۱۵‬‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ روي ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺟﺴﺖوﺟﻮ و‬
‫ﮐﺎوش در اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ Internet Explorer ،Bing‬و ‪ Outlook‬ﮐﺎر‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﮎﺷﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺴﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻮﮐﺲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻮﮐﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻮﮐﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝِ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﻤﻞﻭﻧﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻲﺭﺑﻂ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ‪١‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﻭﻟﻴﻨﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻗﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ‪۳۳‬ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﻠﺪﻫﺎﻝ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺬﺍﺑﻴﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﮐﻢﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﻲﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮑﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪1. Cognitive and/or Virtue Enhancement‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﭼﻪﺑﺴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﺪﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺪﺭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺁﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺖﮐﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮑﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺩﺍﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ )‪.(۱۵‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻗﻮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﮐﻤﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻝﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭ ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻌﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳ ْ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﺴﻴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮑﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮎ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺘﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺖﮐﻢ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺗﺎﺁﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞِ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺖ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻮءﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻭﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺳﻮءﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺷﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﮑﻞِ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻊﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫)‪ .(۱۵‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺠﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺑﻲﻋﺪﺍﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭﻻً ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺷﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﺩﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﮑﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ١‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺳﻮ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻕﭘﮋﻭﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻱ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1. Bio-Classes‬‬
‫ ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺼﻴﺤﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ 86
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
1- Byrnes WM. Human genetic technology, va Ayande]. Medical Ethics. 2012; 4(12):
eugenics, and social justice. The National 149-62. [in Persian]
Catholic Bioethics Quarterly. 2001; 1; 10- Kiani M, Bazmi S, Sheikh Azadi A. Gene
1(4): 555-81. therapy, ethical considerations, challenges
2- Callahan D, Singer P. Encyclopedia of and solutions. Medical Ethics. 2010; 4(11):
Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021
Applied Ethics. Chadwick, R. (Eds.). 2nd 39-52. [in Persian]

ed. New Yourk: Academic Press. 2012; p. 11- Rahnama H, Sanjarian F. Bioethics in
190. genetic engineering. Ethics in Science &
3- Anomaly J. Defending eugenics. Monash Technology. 2011; 6(3): 68-76. [in
Bioethics Review. 2018; 35(1): 24-35. Persian]
4- Ghafoori F, Vedadhir A, Golian Tehrani S. 12- KhastKhodai L. [Eugenics Az Didgah
Ethical issues of embryo genetic Edalat Keyfari va Siyast Jenai]. Tehran:
manipulation. Med Ethics J. 2016; 10(36): Majd Publishing; 2016. [in Persian]
35-45. [in Persian] 13- KhastKhodai L. From Eugenics to
5- Mollayousefi M, Rezaee Mostaqim R. A Patents: Genetics, Law, and Human
Review of Francis Galton’s Thesis of Rights. Bioethics Journal. 2016; 4(14):83-
Improvement of the Races. Science and 114. [in Persian]
Religion Studies. 2014; 5(9): 91-114. [in 14- Larijani B, Zahedi F, Asghari F. Etidcal
Persian] issues in collaborative international
6- Nekooei Nejad L. Authority in human medical research. Journal of Diabetes and
reproductive cloning. Medical Ethics and Metabolic Disorders (Ethic in Clinical
History of Medicine. 2011; 4(5) :31-8. [in Researchs). 2004; 4: 71-82. [in Persian]
Persian] 15- Garcia T, Sandler R. Enhancing Justice?.
7- Kazemi A, Ansari B, Blake J, Mahmoudi Nano Ethics. 2008; 2(3): 277-87.
S. Transhumanisms, the future of human 16- Nobahar R. International declaration on
dignity, fundamental rights and freedoms human genetic data: Concerns, approaches,
mankind. Journal of Bioethics. 2016; and its compatibilities with islamic
5(18): 11-47. [in Persian] perspectives. Journal of Comparative Law.
8- Mirhashemi Z. [Tarh Ejbar Ghanoni ya 2005; 20(7): 61-98. [in persian]
Ekhtiar Rezayatmandane Eslah Nejadi va 17- Mohseni E. Transhumanism: Threats and
Tolid Mesl Entekhabi bar Asas Etelaat opportunities of modern technologies for
Genetiki]. Family Law and Jurisprudence. human beings. Bioethics Journal. 2019;
2014; 59 :41-58. [in Persian] 8(30): 9-22. [in Persian]
9- Jalali A, Abbasi M. [Gendarmani Akhlagh
Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir
Medical
87 Ethics and History of Medicine ١٤ ‫ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬،١٤٠٠ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ 2021, Volume 14
Review Article
Eugenics and Ethical Considerations Regarding the Violation of Justice
Hosein Fasihi*1, Seyyed Mohammad Hoseini Souraki2
1. Master of Ethics, Department of Ethics, Qom University, Qom, Iran.

2. Assistant professor, Department of Ethics, Qom University, Qom, Iran.
Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021
Abstract
Received: 13 March 2021 It is clear that technologies related to medicine and genetics, especially
Accepted: 11 July 2021 genetic engineering and eugenics, have grown significantly in recent
Published: 17 October 2021
decades. These advances have led to prevention of abnormalities and
*Corresponding Author treatment of diseases. However, it seems the use of genetic engineering
Hosein Fasihi and eugenics and the possibility of irresponsible and profitable use of
Address: 5th Floor, No. 74, Italia St., these technologies it's worrying. Hence, some moral philosophers say that
Tehran, Iran.
to use eugenics’ methods it is morally wrong. Because the result of
Postal Code : 1417743646
Tel: (+98) 21 88 95 31 41
eugenics is injustice. In this study, while referring to the meaning and
Email: hoseinefasihi@gmail.com types of eugenics and related ethical issues, moral considerations to
eugenics are explained and analyzed with emphasis and focus on the
Citation to this article:
violation of justice and with analysis and explanation, it becomes clear that
Fasihi H, Souraki SMH. Eugenics and
ethical considerations regarding the with some wise decisions, injustice caused to eugenic can be prevented or
violation of justic. Medical Ethics and reduced.
History of Medicine. 2021; 14: 74-87.
Keywords: Ethics and technology, Eugenics, Genetic engineering,
Violation of justice.
Copyright © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Interna onal license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.

Ijme v14n1p74 Fa

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ijme v14n1p74 Fa

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ ، 1400‬دوره ‪14‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼق و ﺗﺎرﯾ ﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋادي و ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ‬

‫واژﮔﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺾ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۱۳‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. Cognitive and/or Virtue Enhancement‬‬

Applied Ethics. Chadwick, R. (Eds.). 2nd 39-52. [in Persian]

Hosein Fasihi*1, Seyyed Mohammad Hoseini Souraki2

1. Master of Ethics, Department of Ethics, Qom University, Qom, Iran.

You might also like