‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ ، 1400‬دوره ‪14‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼق و ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬

‫‪Abstract ref‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﯼ‬

‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪي آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا در اﯾﺮان ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر‬

‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬

‫*‪۳‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ‪ ،۱‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،۲‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ .1‬دﮐﺘﺮي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ )ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪي ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﮔﻠﺸﻦ آذر ﺣﮑﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر‪ ،‬ﮔﺮوه ﻗﻠﺐ و ﻋﺮوق‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪهي ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬داﻧﺸﯿﺎر‪ ،‬ﮔﺮوه ﻗﻠﺐ و ﻋﺮوق‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ و ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬ ‫* ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪهي ﻃﺮف ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﺮﺩﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﺪار‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﮑﺮﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫــﺎﻱ‬ ‫آدرس‪ :‬ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎرﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮوه ﻗﻠﺐ و ﻋﺮوق‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﮐﺪ ﭘﺴﺘﯽ‪5166615573 :‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻱ »ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ«‪ ،‬ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺨﺴــﺘﻴﻦﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼــﺮ ﻗﺎﺟــﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪04133363880 :‬‬
‫‪Email: namdar.hn@gmail.com‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻮﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻣــﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫــﺪﻑ ﭘــﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪﺍﻱ ﺗــﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮔــﺎﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﺭﺳ ـﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪1399/06/12 :‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش‪1400/02/21‬‬
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪1400/07/28 :‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ »ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠــﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ«‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺨﺴــﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺳــﺎﻟﻪﻱ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪﺷــﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔــﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻡ ﭘــﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮐﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌــﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫واژﮔﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﯼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪102‬‬

‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺁﻧﺰﺍ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻱ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۱۸‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻱ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﺩ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻮﻭﻳﺪ ‪ ۱۹‬ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺴﺖﻭﺟﻮﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪"Compromised‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻓﺨﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‬
‫‪constitutions: the Iranian experience with the 1918‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻃﺐ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫"‪ (۱) influenza pandemic‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻱ "‪(۲) "Influenza‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺣﻔﻆﺍﻟﺼﺤﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻱ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺴﻮﻁ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺐ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭻﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺐ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪّﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭ ﭼﺎﭖﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭﻳﻲﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﻱ‬

‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
 ‫‪103‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻱ »ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ«‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۸۹۰‬ﻡ‪۱۳۰۷/‬ﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﭙﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﺮﺩﺳﺎﻻﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ« )‪.(۳‬‬ ‫»ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ« ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ »ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ« ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗﴼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۸۳۳‬ﻡ‪ ۱۲۴۹/‬ﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﺒﻞ ‪١‬‬
‫‪۱۳۰۷‬ﺗﺎ‪۱۳۰۹‬ﻕ )‪۱۸۹۰‬ﺗﺎ‪۱۸۹۲‬ﻡ( ﻭ ‪۱۳۳۷‬ﻕ )‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۸۸۹‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪۱۸۳۳‬ﻡ‪ /‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻱﺍﻻﻭﻝ ‪۱۲۴۹‬ﻕ‪،‬‬

‫ﺻﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺷﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴ ﻮﻉ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺪﺕﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬ ‫»ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ]ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ[ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۸۹۰‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺯﻧﺪﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﻴ ﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ« )‪ .(۳‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺗﻲ ﮐﻤﺒﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻔﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺯﮐﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻨﻪﭘﻬﻠﻮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺻﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﮐﺸﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ )‪۲‬ﻭ‪.(۴‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻗﺤﻄﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ )‪ .(۳‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺟﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۰۷‬ﻕ‪۱۸۹۰ /‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﻳﮑﻢ ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺍﮐﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،۱۸۳۳‬ﻫﺠﺪﻩ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺎﭖﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺮﺩﺳﺎﻻﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪» :‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﻭﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﭽﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ‬

‫‪1. Campbell‬‬

‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﯼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺧﮏ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩ ﮔﻠﻮ ﻭ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺪﻳﻪﻱ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ« )‪.(۶‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺠﺎ« ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﺧَﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺋﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻳﮏ )ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏ( ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧُﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺠﻴﺐﺍﻟﺸﮑﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﻱ ﺫﺭﻩﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﮏﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ« )‪ .(۶‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻳﮏ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫»ﻣﮑﺘﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ«‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪﻱ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫»ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮐﺎﻏﺬ ﺧﺒﺮﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻱﺍﻻﻭﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ )ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰﻩ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ )ﻏﺮﻳﺐ( ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﮎﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ )ﺯﮐﺎﻡ( ﻭ )ﺳﻴﻨﻪﭘﻬﻠﻮ(‬
‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺁﻥﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻼﻱ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺍﻏﻨﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﻤﻠﮑﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﻃﺒﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﺍ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﺯﺁﻥﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺪﻣﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﺨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻻﺩﺕ ﻭ ﻭﻓﺎﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪،‬‬
‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
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‫ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺁﻏﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ‪ ۲۴۸‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺍﻳﻨﻔﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺯﺍ« )ﺯﮐﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ( ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﻃﻴﻤﺲ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۷۴۱‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ »ﺍﻳﻨﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰﺍ«‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﺳﺎﺋﺮﻩ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺯﮐﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﮐﺎﻡ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻧﮓ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ« )‪ .(۵‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۸۳۷ ،۱۸۳۳ ،۱۸۰۳‬ﻭ ‪۱۸۴۷‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻴﮏ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۵‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻳﺐ« ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ‪» :‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ‬
 ‫‪105‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬

‫ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪﻱ ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺛﺮﻯ ﻧﺒﺨﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺁﻥﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻧﺸﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺭﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯﺍﻻﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ‬

‫‪ ،۸۳‬ﺍﻻ ﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻩ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺘﺎﺩ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﮔﻔﺖ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﻡ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻓﻮﺕ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ« )‪.(۴‬‬
‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺗﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻡ؛ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻣﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ« )‪.(۷‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۰۹‬ﻕ‪۱۸۹۲ /‬ﻡ )ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺻﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦﺷﺎﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻭﺭﻳﻪ‪ ١‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺗﺶ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ‬

‫»ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﴼ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻼﻳﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺁﺫﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻪﻭﻗﺖ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۵‬ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺟﺰ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﻳﺸﺐ ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻱ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﻩﻓﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻜﺪﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻧﻰ!‪«...‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺩ‬

‫)‪ .(۸‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻓﻮﻭﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ ‪۲۳‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۵‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬

‫ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪۱۸۹۲‬ﻡ )‪۲۲‬ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻱﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪۱۳۰۹‬ﻕ( ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﻣﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮐﺎﻓﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﻪ ﮔﻨﻪ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻼﺕ ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۶‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۰۷‬ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪ ۱۳۰۷‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺯﻛﺎﻡ ﻣﻬﻠﻜﻰ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺟﻪﻃﺒﻴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺩﻓﻌﻪﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻰ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻌﻴﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻧﺎﻑﺑﺮﻱﺍﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ« )‪.(۸‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﺴﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻮﻭﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ ۲۸‬ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪۲۷ /‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻓﻴﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻱﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻓﺖﻭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺭﻭﺯﻯ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬

‫‪1. Feuvrier‬‬

‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﯼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﮐﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﺎﺑﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﮐﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﻪﻱ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮐﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺳﻲ‬
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‫ﻓﺎﺭﻣﺎﮐﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﺐ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻩ‪.‬ﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﺣﺴﻴﻦﺧﺎﻥ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺖ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﺵ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻘﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻴﻦﺍﻻﻃﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻃﺒﻴﻪ )ﻃﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺘﻴﻖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ( ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻃﺐ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦﺧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ‬
‫ﮐﺴﺐ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﻴﻨﻴﮏ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﺳﻴﺪﺣﺴﻴﻦﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۳۰۸‬ﻩ‪.‬ﻕ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﻪ ﺷﺪ‪» :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۰۸‬‬
‫ﻫﺠﺮﻱﺳﺖ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﭘﻮﺗﻴﮑﻮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺩﻭﻳﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢﻟﻪ ﺍﺻﻐﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮐﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭖ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﻄﻪﻱ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﻪﻱ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻣﺴﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻱ ﻟﮋﻱ ﺍﺩﻭﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﻼ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬
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‫ﻭ ﺩﻭﺷﺎﻥﺗﭙﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺷﺎﻥﺗﭙﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩ‪» :‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺧﻮﺍﺑﻰ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻛﺎﻡﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻭﺭﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻫﻔﺖ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪ /‬ﻫﺸﺖ ﺭﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺧﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺣﺖﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۸‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦﺧﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺗﻴﭗ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﺍﻱ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ ﺫﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۹‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺑﻲﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻳﭗ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۳۰۷‬ﺗﺎ ‪۱۳۰۹‬ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻠﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭﻳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻱ ﻃﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻃﺐ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻤﺢ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ﻃﺐ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻃﺐ‬
 ‫‪107‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ«‬

‫)‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﺯﺥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻃﺐ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻧﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻃﺐ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
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‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ‪:‬ﮔﺮﻳﭗ )ﻧﮏ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺩﻭ( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻃﺐ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦﺧﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﮔﺮﻳﭗ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺰﻟﻪﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﺍُﺭُﭖ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺻﺪﺭﻱ ]ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﻪ[ ﺑﻪﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﺜﻴﺮﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻃﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺭﺟﻌﺖ ﻧﻨﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺷﻔﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻨﻪﻱ ‪ ۱۳۰۷‬ﻫﺠﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﮐﺜﻴﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﴼ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻴ ﺐ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ« )‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﻴﻨﻴ ﮏ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻻﺟﻞ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﺳﻴﺪﺣﺴﻴﻨﺨﺎﻥ ﺩﮐﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺿﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺾ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﻧﮕﺎﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺽ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪﻱ ﺍﻭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺬﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺝ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺐ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ« )‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺯﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺴﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦﺧﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺐ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺯﮐﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﻩﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪» :‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﴼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺩﺭﺩ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺩ ﮔﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﻳﻢ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ «.‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺷﮏ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﭼﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﺰﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪...» :‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﮕﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻗﻬﻴﻦ ]ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ[ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭﺟﺎﻉ‬

‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﯼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻣﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻩ »ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺭﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻲ«‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻲﺧﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﮐﻬﻦﺳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﮎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻠﮏ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻴﺘﴼ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪«.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺬﺍﻗﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻬﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻨﻪ ﮔﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪...» :‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﮔﻨﻪ ﮔﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺻﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﻧﻴﮑﻮ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻩ؛ ﻣﺠﻤﻼً‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻴﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺣﺎﺫﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ« )‪ .(۱۰‬ﮔﻔﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮐﺴﻲ ﮐﻠﺮﻭﮐﻴﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻮﻭﻳﺪ ‪۱۹‬ﻳﺎ ﮐﺮﻭﻧﺎﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ‪ ۲۰۱۹‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻨﻪﮔﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﴼ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻯﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۳۱۱‬ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺐ ﻭ ﺯﮐﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﮏﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۱۱‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﻔﺮﺷﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻬﺎﻡﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ ﺑﺠﻨﻮﺭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻪﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺫﻱﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﻩ ‪ ۱۳۱۹‬ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺷﺐ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
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‫ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﴼ ﺗﺐ ‪ ۳۸‬ﺗﺎ ‪۴۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ )‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ« ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺰﻟﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﮐﺸﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﻓﻪﻱ ﺧﺸﮏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺭﺗﴼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ؛ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭﺟﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻭﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﺑﻪﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﻭ ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﮐﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻧﺎﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺣﻤﺖ ﻋﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻼً ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ« )‪ .(۱۰‬ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ« ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(۱۰‬‬
‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ«‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦﺧﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ »ﺳﺎﺩﻩ« ﻭ »ﻣﺮﮐﺐ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺷﻤﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﻱ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺭﻣﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺭﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻧﺰﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺟﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۰۷‬ﻭ‪ ۱۳۰۹‬ﻩ‪.‬ﻕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺍﻧﺬﺍﺭ« ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ‬
 ‫‪109‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬
‫ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ«‬
‫)‪ .(۱۳‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫)ﺭﻭﺯ ﻳﻜﺸﻨﺒﻪ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻣﺤﺮﻡﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻡ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۳۷‬ﻕ‪ /‬ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ( ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ »ﻋﻴﻦﺍﻟﺴﻄﻨﻪ«‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021‬‬
‫ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺐ ﻫﻤﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﺒﺢ ﺩﻭ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺵ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻛﺎﻛﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ« )‪.(۱۴‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪:‬‬
‫»ﻉﺻﺮ ﻋﻴﺪ ﻏﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻮﻓﺎﻧﻰ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﺮﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻨﻰ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻰﻭﺯﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺐ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻰ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﻔﻠﺘﴼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ »ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻰ« ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺍﺣﺪﻯ ﻧﺰﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚﺟﺎ ﺍﻫﺎﻟﻰ ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻭﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ« )‪.(۱۴‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮ ﭘﺮﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﮑﺲ ‪ ، ٢‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ«‬
‫)ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ‪۱۳۳۷ /‬ﻕ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺸﻘﺎﻳﻰﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻐﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﻯ ﺑﻼﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺸﺘﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۱۸‬ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﺦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺎﮔﻮﺍﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻰ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯﺁﺑﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﻩ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪...‬‬
‫‪2. Sir Percy Sykes‬‬
‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
‫ﺻﺒﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﻪﻱ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺐ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻡ؛ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﺣﻮﺍﻟﻢ ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺯﻡ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻡ‪ «.‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺐ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺫﮐﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(۱۲‬ﺑﺠﻨﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻨﺠﺸﻨﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺫﻱﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪﮐﻠﻲ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻳﻀﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺁﻥ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪.‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۳۷‬ﻕ‪۱۹۱۸ /‬ﻡ )ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ(‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ »ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۳۷‬ﻕ‪/‬‬
‫‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻠﮏﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﺝ ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﮒﻭﻣﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪۱۹۱۸‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ‪۱۹۱۹‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺑﻲﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺟﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺷﺪ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﺸﻖﺁﺑﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻔﻘﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺎﮐﻮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﺧﺰﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﻧﺰﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺪﺭ ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ )‪۱‬ﻭ‪.(۲‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،١‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮊﻭﺋﻴﻪ ‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ )‪۱۳۳۷‬ﻕ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪...» :‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪1. Caldwell‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﯼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪110‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﺧﺰﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﻬﺪﺳﺮ )ﺑﺎﺑﻠﺴﺮ( ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪۱۹۱۹‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
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‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻗﺖﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺸﺼﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻼﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺵ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﻔﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺣﻤﺖ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻫﺘﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪﻱ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۱۹‬ﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ« )‪.(۱۵‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﮐﺶ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻠﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺍﮐﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﮑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺤﻄﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )‪ .(۱۵‬ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﭼﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﻴﺮ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۱‬ﻭ‪ .(۲‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ‬ ‫»ﻧﺎﻇﻢﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻧﻲ« ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪۱‬ﻭ‪:(۲‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۳۳۷‬ﻕ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ )‪.(۱۶‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ‪ -۱‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﻮﺕﺷﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۱۸‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﺕﺷﺪﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻼﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪۳۵۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۶۶۶۶۷‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۲۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۰۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۲۰۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‬
‫‪۱۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫‪۲۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲۵۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪۳۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۸۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۲۵۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۴۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﻳﺰﺩ‬
‫‪۱۵۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۵۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۳۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪۲۵۰‬‬ ‫‪۶۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺮﻩ‬
‫‪۲۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۵۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬
‫‪۴۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۴۰۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۶۰۰۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۳۰۰۰‬‬ ‫ﺑﻢ‬

‫ﭘﻮﻻﮎ‪ ،١‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺮﻳﺸﻲ ﻃﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻞﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﻭﮐﺶﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ‬

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 ‫‪111‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،١٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪١٤‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫»ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻘﺼﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮐﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ« )‪.(۱۷‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﮔﺎﻡ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
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‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻧﻤﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺣﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺗﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ« ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪...» :‬ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﺐ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﻮﻟﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫)ﺣﻤﻲ( ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﺁﻧﻔﻮﻟﻮﻧﺰﺍ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺎﭖ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﺤﺎﺏ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﮐﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺩﻫﮑﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏﺟﺎ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺗﻴﻤﺲ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻩ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﴼ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻩﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺶ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﮐﺸﺘﻪﺷﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻼﺵ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ؛ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﻱ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻭﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﮑﺸﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ُﮐﺸﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ۱۸۰۰۰۰۰۰۰‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﮐﺶﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺷﻲ ﮐﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﻲﺁﺩﻡ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ« )‪.(۱۸‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ »ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ« ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۲۹۹‬ﺵ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫»ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻳﭗ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﺖ ]ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ[‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺐ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻤﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﺖ ﻟﻘﺐ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺮﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺧﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﻭﺩﻩ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ«‬
‫)‪.(۱۴‬‬

‫‪1. Polack‬‬

‫‪Website: http://ijme.tums.ac.ir‬‬
 ‫ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪﯼ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ‬: ‫ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﻼﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬
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 Medical
113 Ethics and History of Medicine ١٤ ‫ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬،١٤٠٠ ‫ ﺳﺎﻝ‬،‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬ 2021, Volume 14

Review Article
History of Influenza in Iran until the End of the Qajar Era

Javad Alipoor Silab1, Ali Abbasi2, Hossein Namdar*3

1. Ph. D in History (social & medical history), Golshan Azar Hekmat Research Institute, Tabriz, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Downloaded from ijme.tums.ac.ir at 11:29 IRST on Friday October 29th 2021

3. Associate professor, Department of Cardiology, Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University
of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Received: 2 September 2020
Accepted: 11 May 2021
Published: 20 October 2021
*Corresponding Author
Hossein Namdar
Address: Tabriz, Tabriz University of
Medical Sciences, Shahid Madani hospital
Postal Code : 5166615573
Tel: (+98) 4133363880
Email: namdar.hn@gmail.com
Citation to this article:
Alipoor Silab J, Abbasi A, Namdar H.
History of influenza in Iran until the end of
the Qajar era. Medical Ethics and History
of Medicine. 2021; 14: 101-113
Abstract
The issue of disease in the context of history has always been one of the
concerns of the wise man. In accordance with the intellectual system of
each period of history, various diseases have been identified and
prevention and treatment strategies have been presented. The identification
of some diseases, including the flu, goes back to a new era. The use of the
word "flu" first occurred in the Qajar era. Because it is new and unknown,
the group of physicians, as the person in charge of health matters, needed
to know about this disease and define and explain it. The purpose of this
study as a historical-review study, in the first step is to study the history of
the prevalence of this disease in Iran and the process of recognizing it
through the available information sources in the Qajar era society. The
medical approach of the press (publications) and the identification and
introduction of " RESALE DAR MARAZ_E ANFLUENZA: GRIP" as the
first treatise written about this disease, has been done at this stage. The
second step of the present study is to investigate how the Spanish flu
entered Iran and assesses its consequences in the affected areas.

Keywords: Qajar era, Disease, Flu, Iran.

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