‫‪٢٦‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ یﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ی‪ /١‬ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰ‪٨٨‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻡﻓﺮﺩﺍ؛‬

‫ﻣﻨﻴﮋﻩ ﻛﺎﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺏﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺎﺩﻳﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‪» :‬ﻭﻗﺖ ﻃﻼﺳﺖ«‪» ،‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﻣﻴﻔﻜﻦ«‪» ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ« ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻀﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ)ﻉ( ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺭﺩ« ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻳﻚﺻﺪﻡ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﭙﻴﻚ ﻣﺪﺍﻝ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ‪» :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪«.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖﺑﻲﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﮕﻲﻭﻋﺪﻡﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫»ﺯﻣﺎﻥ« ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﺗﻌﻠﻞ« ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻳﺒﺎﻥﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺐﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦﻛﺎﺭﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﺑﻪﻓﺮﺩﺍ‪،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍژﻩ »ﺗﻌﻠﻞ« ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻞﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱﻭﺑﻪﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ)ﺍﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،١٩٧٧ ،٣‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻓﺮﺟﺎﺩ‪.(١٣٨٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﻱﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺩﺭﻗﺒﺎﻝﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱﺑﺪﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪ‪،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻞﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲﻋﺎﺩﺕﻳﺎﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻣﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺍﺳﺖ)ﺷﻬﻨﻲﻳﻴﻼﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‪،‬ﻣﻬﺮﺍﺑﻲﺯﺍﺩﻩﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ‪،‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻲ‪.(١٣٨۵،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺯﻳﺮﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻞﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ‪٨‬ﻭﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﺨﺘﻞﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ‪،٩‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩﺑﻪﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲﮔﻔﺘﻪﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩﻛﻪﻓﺮﺩﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﺁﻥﺧﻮﺩﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻞﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩﻛﻪﺩﺭﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻛﻤﺎﻝﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬ﺍﻳﻦﺍﺳﺖﻛﻪ‪»:‬ﻣﻦﺑﺎﻳﺪﻛﺎﺭﻡﺭﺍﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﻫﻢﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪﻳﻚﻓﺮﺩﺷﻜﺴﺖﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻢ‪«.‬ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﺨﺘﻞﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﺑﻪﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﺩﺭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪﻭﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪﻛﻪﻣﺎﺍﻳﻦﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺟﺰﻡﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﺎﻧﻪﻭ‬
‫ﺩﮔﻢﺭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢﻛﻪﺑﺎﻳﺪﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰﻣﻦﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪﺑﺮﺍﻱﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥﺭﻭﻳﺎﻫﺎﻳﻢﺳﺨﺖﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﻢ‪».‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖﻫﺮﺩﻭﻧﻮﻉﺑﺎﻭﺭﻣﺨﺘﻞﻭﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲﺩﺭﭘﺲ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﺗﻌﻠﻞﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻣﻤﻜﻦﺍﺳﺖﺑﺮﺧﻲﺍﺯﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻛﻤﺎﻝﮔﺮﺍﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮﺱﺍﺯﺷﻜﺴﺖ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲﺭﺍﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥﺑﻪﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﺑﺎﻻﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪﺗﻼﺵﻳﺎﻛﻮﺷﺶﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﻨﻢ‪) «.‬ﻧﻨﺎﻥ‪ (٢٠٠٨ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕﻧﮕﺮﺵﻫﺎﻱﻓﺮﺩﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒﻳﺎﺧﻮﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱﺍﻭﻭﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﺵﻧﻘﺶﻣﻬﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒﺑﺮﺍﻱﺗﻌﻠﻞ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻞﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻗﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺭﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻞﻛﻪﺁﻥﺭﺍ»ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻡﻓﺮﺩﺍ«ﻧﻴﺰﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻭﻗﺖﻛﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻼﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺏ(ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﻏﺮﻕﺷﺪﮔﻲﺩﺭﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺝ(ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲﺩﺭﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥﺑﻪﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑﻣﻬﻢﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺩ(ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﺑﺎﺳﺮﻋﺖﺯﻳﺎﺩﺩﺭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦﺩﻗﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻩ( ﺧﻴﺎﻝﺑﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ( ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺯ( ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺷﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺁﺗﺶﭘﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻱ‪.(١٣٧٨ ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻞﺑﺎﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﮔﻲ‪،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﮔﻨﺎﻩ‪،‬ﻧﻤﺮﺍﺕﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﻥﺭﻧﺠﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻜﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮ ﺯﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻝ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﻔﺲﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﺗﻌﻠﻞﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩﻓﺮﺩﺑﻪﺗﻮﺍﻥﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩﺍﺵﺩﺳﺖﭘﻴﺪﺍﻧﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞﺷﻮﺩ)ﻧﻨﺎﻥ‪.(٢٠٠٨،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺑﻲﻭﺗﻌﻠﻞﮔﻮﻧﻪﺑﺎﻋﺚﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺩﺍﺵﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻳﺄﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺍﻣﻴﺪﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺑﻴﺘﺮ‪.(١٩٩١ ،٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺵﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺵﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺪﻛﻪﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺗﻲﭼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖﻭﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺵﻋﺎﻣﻞﻣﻬﻢﺑﺮﻭﺯﺗﻌﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻱ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ‪ procrastinare‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ »ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺻﺒﺢ«‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲﺁﻥﻛﺎﺭﻱﻛﻪﺑﺎﻳﺪ)ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎ ﹰ(ﺣﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦﺍﻳﻦﻭﻗﻔﻪﻫﺎﻣﻮﺟﺐﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺗﻌﻠﻞﺑﺎﻳﺪﺍﺯﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪﺑﻪﺩﻻﻳﻞﻣﻮﺟﻬﻲﻣﺜﻞﺑﻪﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕﻣﻬﻢﺻﻮﺭﺕﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪،‬ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫)ﺍﮔﺮﺷﺨﺺﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕﻣﻬﻢﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﻢﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﺑﻪﺗﻌﻠﻞﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻞﺭﺍﺗﻨﺒﻠﻲﺻﺮﻑﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢﺩﭼﺎﺭﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩﻓﺎﺣﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ‪.‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﺒﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻲﻣﻴﻞﺍﺳﺖﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪﺩﺭﺗﻌﻠﻞ‪،‬ﻓﺮﺩﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪﻭﺧﻮﺩﺵﺭﺍﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝﻧﮕﻪﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺗﻜﻠﻴﻔﻲﻛﻪﺑﺎﻳﺪﻫﻢﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﻮﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏﻛﻨﺪ)ﻭﺳﻠﺮ‪،۴‬ﻭﺳﻠﺮ‪١٩٨٠،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻨﺎﻥ‪(٢٠٠٨ ،۵‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﹰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ )ﻛﻨﻮﺱ‪:(١٩٩٨ ،۶‬‬
‫‪.١‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲﻳﺎﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪:‬ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂﺑﺎﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‪،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﻨﺰﻝ‪،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲﺷﺨﺼﻲﻭ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫‪.٢‬ﺧﻮﺩـﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲﻳﺎﺭﺷﺪﺧﻮﺩ‪:‬ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮﺩﺭﺍﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂﺑﺎﺷﻐﻞﻭﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎﻱﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﻤﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٣‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦﻭﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪﻱﺑﻪﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺗﻲﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺑﻪﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ‬
 ‫‪٢٨٨‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ یﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ی‪ /١‬ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰ‪٨٨‬‬

‫ﻛﻪﺑﺮﺍﻱ‪٢٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪٣٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻲﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬ﻛﻪﺩﺭﺯﻳﺮﺑﻪﺑﺮﺧﻲﺍﺯﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ـﺑﻪﻓﺮﺩﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖﺯﻣﺎﻥﺭﺍﺑﻴﺎﻣﻮﺯﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻱ‬ ‫ˆ ﻛﻤﺎﻝﮔﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﺮﺍﻱﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﻛﺎﺭﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﺑﺮﻣﻲﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺩ‪.‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲﺍﺯ‬ ‫ˆ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻲﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪﺍﺯ‪:‬ﺁﺳﻮﺩﮔﻲﺧﻴﺎﻝ‪،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ˆﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﺧﺼﻮﻣﺖﻭﻃﻐﻴﺎﻥﻭﺳﺮﻛﺸﻲ‬
‫‪1. Procrastination‬‬
‫‪2. Ellis‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺷﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ )ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ˆ ﻟﺬﺕ ﻧﺒﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪3. Knall‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩﺍﺯﭘﺲﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩﻣﻲﺑﺎﻟﺪ(‪،‬‬ ‫ˆ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ‬
‫‪4. Wessler‬‬
‫‪5. Neenan‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﺭﻫﺎﺷﺪﻥﻭﺁﺯﺍﺩﮔﻲ‪،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ˆ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺵ‬
‫‪6. Knaus‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺳﺒﻚﺑﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ˆ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫‪7. Bitter‬‬
‫‪8. Ego disturbance belief‬‬ ‫ˆ ﻟﺬﺕﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻢﻃﺎﻗﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪9. Discomfort disturbance belief‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱﻛﻮﭼﻚﻓﻮﺭﻱﺑﺮ‬
‫ـ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺍﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪﻭﻏﻴﺮﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪ)ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﺒﺮﺕ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ ﺟﻴﻤﺰ‪) .‬ﺑﻲﺗﺎ(‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ‪) ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﺟﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ .(١٣٨٢ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕﺭﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ؟‬
‫ﺁﺗﺶﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻧﺎﺯ‪ .(١٣٧٧) .‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ـ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ـ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻗﺎﻳﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻠﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪،‬‬
‫‪۶ ،۴٢‬ـ‪.١‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲـﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱﻣﺜﻞﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻧﮕﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﻨﻲﻳﻴﻼﻕ‪،‬ﻣﻨﻴﺠﻪ‪.‬ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ‪،‬ﺳﻴﺪﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻣﻬﺮﺍﺑﻲﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ A, B, C‬ﺍﻟﻴﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ـ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ‪،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺎﺯ‪.‬ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪،‬ﺟﻤﺎﻝ‪.(١٣٨۵).‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﺷﻴﻮﻉﺗﻌﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ـ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ـ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪ ABC‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱﺭﺍﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ)ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺁﻥﻗﺪﺭﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻫﻮﺍﺯ؛ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻲﻭﺭﻭﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﺷﻬﻴﺪﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥﺍﻫﻮﺍﺯ‪.‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪٣٠ ،٣‬ـ‪.١‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﻱ ‪ A‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ـ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﻮﺩ‪B.‬ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﻣﻬﻢﻭﻟﻲﻏﻴﺮﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻬﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭ ‪ C‬ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻢﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ـ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻗﺎﻳﻖ‪) ٩٠‬ﺁﺧﺮ( ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫‪Neenan,‬‬ ‫‪M.‬‬ ‫‪(2008).‬‬ ‫‪Tackling‬‬
‫‪Procrastination: An REBT Perspective‬‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪for Coaches. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ‪ A‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ـ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪Behav Ther 26:53-62.‬‬
‫‪Knaus, W.J. (1998) Do it now! Break‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪the procrastination habit (2nd ed). New‬‬ ‫ـ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻟﻘﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ‬
‫‪York: Wiley.‬‬
‫‪Bitter, J. R. (1991). Conscious Motivation:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪).‬ﻛﺎﺭﺭﺍﺑﻪﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﻛﻨﻴﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢﺑﺎﻳﺪﻛﺎﺭﺭﺍﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩﺍﺯﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫‪An enhancement to Dreikurs’ Goals‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪﺷﻤﺎﺑﺎ‪١۵٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻳﺎ‪۵٠‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﺬﺕ ﻧﺒﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪of children’s misbehaver. Individual‬‬
‫‪psychology, 47 (2), 210-221.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞﻛﺮﺩﻥﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﺪ‪،‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱﺩﺳﺖﭘﺎﭼﮕﻲ‬ ‫ـﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪﺷﻤﺎﻋﻤﺪﺍ ﹰﻛﺎﺭﻱﺭﺍﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﻭﺟﻮﺩﺍﮔﺮﺷﻤﺎﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪﻭﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥﺑﺎﻋﺚﺁﻥﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪﺑﻪﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺑﻪ‬