Forces

A force is a push or a pull.

The SI unit for force is newton (N).
Measured using force-meters (e.g. spring balances)
Spring balances: compression VS extension

Effects of forces
- change shape
- change size
- cause a stationary object to start moving
- stop a moving object
- cause a moving object to change speed
- cause a moving object to change direction
Frictional force
frictional force opposes motion.
slows down and stops a moving object
It exists between the surfaces of two objects in contact.
produces heat
ways to reduce friction
- Using smooth surfaces, e.g. the lanes in a bowling alley
- Using ball bearings, e.g. moving parts of machines
- Using lubricants, e.g. moving parts of a bicycle
- Using streamlined shapes, e.g. aircraft
- Using a layer of air to move about easily
Tension

Gravitational force
Gravitational force attracts objects to planets – pulls radially inwards
Gravity/Weight: force due to the gravitational attraction of the earth.
Ocean tides: The tides on Earth are caused partly by the moon’s gravity pulling on the waters of the oceans
Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
W = mg
g is acceleration due to gravity and is taken to be ≈ 10 m/s2

Magnetic force
The push or pull between magnets only or magnets on magnetic materials.
repulsion (push) between like poles VS attraction (pull) between unlike poles
Turning effect of force
When the force is applied further  away from the hinge, it is easier to turn open the door.
Conclusion: The distance away from the hinge affects the effect of the applied force
Pressure
Pressure is the force acting perpendicularly per unit area.
SI Unit: Pascal (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
P = F/A
pressure = force/area
atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted by the air in the Earth’s atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure
drinking straws, suction caps
pressure in liquids
liquid pressure increases with depth
summary