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Non-destructive testing (NDT) is explained along with basic understanding, different types, methods, advantages,
disadvantages, applications.
Contents
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1
What is a Non-Destructive Testing?
1.1
Non-Destructive Testing Basics <
1.2
Why NDT is required?
https:
2
Methods of Non-Destructive Testing
2.1
Visual Testing
2.2
Ultrasonic Testing
2.3
Radiography Testing
2.4
Eddy Current Testing
2.5
Magnetic Particle Testing
2.6
Acoustic Emission Testing
2.7
Dye Penetrant Testing
2.8
Leak Testing
3
Difference Between Non-Destructive & Destructive Testing
4
Code & Standards of Non-Destructive Testing
5
Non-Destructive Testing Company
6
Conclusion
Non-destructive testing is one of the widely used analysis techniques right now. The testing is done for the evaluation
of the materials, a system without causing any damage to the material being tested.
As per the name, it’s obvious that non-destructive testing is done when the material not destroyed.
There is another type of testing known as destructive testing. In that case, the material being tested will be destroyed.
The non-destructive technique is highly valuable that can save time and money in the product evaluation cycle.
One of the best advantages is that the material properties will not be altered after testing.
<
Why NDT is required?
Why NDT is required?
https:
NDT is essential in many cases and there are lots of innovation and improvements have been done in case of the non-
destructive testing.
NDT is required, as
NDT methods can be used for lots of materials to check their integrity, composition, or condition without the need for
alteration of the materials.
Due to non-destructive methods, it helps to save a lot of materials, money, time, labor, etc.
NDT is safe except for radiographic testing, so, safe for the people who are doing the test.
This method provided accurate results and it is the most efficient method.
The use of advanced techniques has made the NDT methods better and accurate.
Like, Analysing and documenting a non-destructive failure mode can also be accomplished using a high-speed
camera recording continuously (movie-loop) until the failure is detected in the material.
These are the top reasons NDT is used by so many companies throughout the world:
There are lots of methods used in non-destructive testing. We will see 8 non-destructive testing methods in brief
detail.
NDT methods use electromagnetic radiation, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, etc conversions according
to methods.
We are going to check out the 8 methods that are generally used in the NDT. The each of the methods are based on
different principles.
There are also sub-types of these processes but we will check that later.
For now, let’s check out the different NDT testing methods.
Visual Testing
The visual testing is one of the oldest and also one of the basic non-destructive testing methods.
Visual testing is mostly used for surface flaw detection, identification, and inspection of equipment and structures.
Visual testing is done by using the naked eye.
The inspectors will inspect the material with their naked eye.
For the testing in indoor, the help of the flashlight can be acquired. <
Also, by using the inspection cameras and placing them in the right way the remote visual inspection can be also
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done. https:
The visual inspection testing can get help from other equipment like using optical instruments, magnifying glasses,
mirrors, computer-assisted viewing systems, etc.
As it’s done by humans with the naked eye, it is subjected to human errors.
Ultrasonic Testing
In the ultrasonic testing the high frequency sound waves are used. The high frequency sound waves are transmitted
into the materials to identify the changes in the material properties.
The defects in the materials can be detected using ultrasonic testing which has smooth surfaces.
If we dig up more, the ultrasonic testing uses a transducer connected to a diagnostic machine.
It will send the vibrations or sound waves through the material to be tested.
The signal being sent is received by two methods. First of them is the reflection, in which the transducer will do both
the works of sending and receiving the signal.
The other method is attenuation in which the transmitter will send the ultrasound through one surface and the other
separate receiver will detect the amount coming from the other side.
There is high penetrating power that will allow the flaws to be detected even in the deepest region of the parts.
It has high sensitivity, even if the flaws are very small, they will be detected.
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The process can be carried out in a portable and automatic operation way.
There is no hazard to the operator. https:
Ultrasonic testing will give immediate results.
The accuracy is better than other non-destructive testing methods. It is able to detect even minute flaws.
The manual operations can be only by experienced technicians. The signals coming from the transducers should be
differentiated by a skilled technician.
In-depth technical knowledge is required for the steps and procedures of ultrasonic testing.
The ultrasonic testing is not good for rough surfaces or irregular objects.
Radiography Testing
The radiography is one of the NDT methods using the gamma or x-radiation on materials for the identification of the
defects.
In the radiography testing, a test object will be exposed to the penetrating radiation so that the radiation will be
passing through the test specimen. Also, the recording medium is placed opposite side of that object.
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NDT radiography testing Image: TWI https:
The thinner materials are exposed to the X-radiation (X-rays) whereas for the thicker materials the gamma
radiations are used.
So, after transferring the rays through the specimen to the detector the readings from the detector are obtained.
Thus, radiography is used for the detection alteration of the materials which can’t be seen via the naked eye.
Let’s check out some of the advantages and disadvantages of the same.
The captured results can be viewed by multiple operators hence the accuracy level is high.
1. The few seconds of expose to the rays used in RT can be harmful and may lead to injuries.
2. High degree of skill is required for the exposure and interpretation of the results.
3. Expensive method.
4. High voltage is needed for the x-rays that is also dangerous for human health.
As the name suggests, this method used the eddy current for the non-destructive testing of the materials.
It calculates the strength of electrical currents known as the eddy currents that are surrounding the material for the
determination of the materials for the location of defects.
So, in this method, if the defect is present and it is in the path of the eddy currents the current will flow around the
defect.
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So, now the path of the eddy current will be lengthened, thereby increasing the resistance.
As the resistance will increase the strength of the magnetic field will decrease and thus the measurements will https:
be
carried.
Hence, when there will be a decrease in the coil current it will be an indication of the defect present in the material.
The eddy current testing is also effective on the coating and paints.
The magnetic particle inspection is used for the detection of the surface and subsurface defects. Also, it is commonly
used in the outdoors and remote locations.
In the process, the part will be magnetized by direct and indirect means.
The direct magnetization will occur when the electric current will be passed through the test specimen and the
magnetic field forms in the materials.
Whereas the indirect magnetization doesn’t involve current applied to the material but it will occur when the
magnetic field will be applied from the outside source.
After inducing the magnetic field, the surface of the material is then covered with iron particles.
It will reveal the disruptions in the flow of the magnetic field. So, these imperfections will be the locations of those
defects.
The acoustic emission makes use of the acoustic emission for the identification of the possible defects and
imperfection in the materials.
Acoustic Emission, according to ASTM, refers to the generation of transient elastic waves during the rapid release of
energy from localized sources within a material.
The inspectors or testers will examine the materials for acoustic energy. They are also known as acoustic emissions.
The intensity, location, and arrival time are to be examined for information about possible defects in the materials.
The testing has ability to detect wide range damage mechanisms like fibre, breakages, friction, impacts etc.
The testing can be conducted during the operation, during testing or development testing.
It can detect the damages or defects that are difficult to access with conventional NDT methods.
The capillary action occurs when the combination of surface tension or the liquid penetrant and the adhesive forces
of the walls of the crack work together to cause the liquid to climb and colour the developer.
In this process, the part is cleaned thoroughly and any disturbance restricting the penetrant is removed.
The penetrant will be applied on the part and will be left for it to sink. Later the excess penetrant is removed.
The developer will be applied which will draw the penetrant out of any defects coloring the area.
It is a fast process.
Leak Testing
As the name suggests the leak testing is studying of the leaks in a vessel or structure for identification of the defects in
the materials.
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If you didn’t know, the leaks require pressure difference for the generation of flow from higher to lower pressures.
There are lots of methods used for the detection of flow like pressure decay, mass airflow, observation, gas tracer,
etc.
The inspectors in this process detect the leaks taken via pressure gauge, soap bubble tests, etc.
The leak testing method is mostly used in the industries like oil and gas, power generation, chemicals, mining, etc.
It is an easy process.
Now we have known the non-destructive general methods and the concept.
Let’s check out the difference between non-destructive testing and destructive testing.
The main differences between non-destructive testing and destructive testing are captured below,
Sr
Non-destructive testing Destructive testing
No.
The non-destructive methods are used for finding out The destructive ones are used for finding out the
1
the defects of materials. properties of the materials.
2 The load is not applied in NDT. The load is applied in case of destructive testing.
There is load applied, hence the material gets
3 There is no requirement of the special equipment’s.
damaged.
4 The NDT methods are relatives inexpensive. The DT methods are relatively costly.
The material properties or structure is not altered nor The material properties are altered also material can
5
material is destroyed. be destroyed.
( )
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
https:
European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
Baker Hughes
TEAM, Inc.
TesTex, Inc.
Triumph Group
Conclusion
Hope, we have got a clear idea about non-destructive testing along with it’s various methods.
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