SECTIONA (40MARKS)

1. A factory emitting smog contained sulphurdioxide and carbon dioxide was cited in a
rural district. The tables below give the distances and direction of;
i. Number of moth species.
ii. Concentration of sulphur dioxide in smog in different directions
from the factory chimney.
Table of various:
Table 1
Distance from factory in a south 1 2 4 8 12 16 28
Southwest direction (miles)
Number of moth species 0 1 2 3 7 9 14
Sulphurdioxide concentration (ppm) 28 27 26 23 19.5 16 2

Table 2
Distance from factory in north, north east 1 2 4 8 12 16 28
direction (miles)
Number of moth species 1 2 3 4 4 5 5
Sulphurdioxide concentration (ppm) 27 26.5 25 24 23 22 19
(a) Plot the information to show the relationship between the moth species distribution
and sulphurdioxide concentration using the same X-axis and two Y –axis. (15marks)
(b) Show the difference in the results between those obtained for the south, south west
direction and those obtained for the north, north east direction. (5marks)
(c) Fully explain why the number of moths species increases with increasing distance
from the factory.(3marks)
(d) The results obtained give evidence for present day evolution. Explain this evidence
fully and its significance in evolution. (7marks)
(e) What are the environmental effects of sulphurdioxide and carbon dioxide? (5marks)
SECTION B: (60 MARKS)
2. (a) Define ‘organic evolution’
(b) (i) Name six evidences used to support the theory of evaluation
 (ii) Briefly explain how each of the evidences you have named in b (i) above is
used to support the theory of evaluation.

3. Discuss how competition, predation, parasitism and diseases limit the size of natural
populations. (20marks)
4. (a) Name the major respiratory pigments found in mammals.(2marks)
(b) Explain how CO2 is transported in mammals. (12marks)
(c) What changes in the body are brought about as a result of increase
CO2 (6marks)
5. (a) What are carbohydrates? (5marks)
(b) What structural features of carbohydrates account for the fact that a wide
Variety of polysaccharides exists.
6. (a) (i) what are chromosomes. (1marks)
(ii) How do chromosomes determine sex in man? (10marks)
(b) What do you understand by the expressions sickle cell trait and sickle
cell disease? (5marks)
(c) Detetermine by a genetic cross the genotypes of children resulting from
a marriage of a couple both having sickle cell trait (4marks)

SETION A (40MARKS)

1. An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of a strong saline

solution on the rate and concentration of urine produced by a dog. The
experiment begun with the dog first being allowed to drink water to its full.
Ten minutes later it was injects with a strong saline solution through the
carotid artery. The dog was then monitored closely and the relevant
measurements taken.
Table 1 below shows the results obtained:
The rate of urine production was expressed in cm per minute while the
corresponding concentration of the urine produced was expressed in arbitrary
units.
Study the table and then answer the questions that follow:
Table 1
Time 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(minutes)
Rate of urine 6.5 7.3 1.0 2.0 3.3 5.0 6.5
production
(cm/min)
Concentration 2.0 2.0 8.0 6.0 3.7 2.0 2.0
of urine
(arbitrary
units)

(a) Using appropriate scales and same axes draw graphs to reflect these results.
(13marks)
(b) Explain the inclusion of measurements recorded at time zero (0) in this
investigation. The effect of water on the urine and rate of urine production.
(c) Comment briefly on the effect of saline solution on()
(d) Account fully for the observe changes in (c) above.
(e) Give the main structural and physiological adaptations the animal living in
arid habitats have for water conservation.
2. (a) What are carbohydrates?(5marlks)
(b) Account for the fact that carbohydrates form a wide variety
of polysaccharides.(15marks)
3. (a) Describe how anaerobic breakdown of glucose yields energy in a
cell.(12marks)
(b) Discuss how anaerobic respiration of micro-organisms I of
economic benefit to man. (8marks)
4. (a) With the help of fully labeled diagrams, discuss the comparative structures
of the chloroplast and the mitochondrion.(15marks)
(b) How are NADPH2 and ATP, used by the chloroplasts in the
dark reactions? (5marks)
5. (a) (i) what similarities exist between bryophytes. (6marks)
(ii) How different are the bryophytes from the pteridophytes.(8marks)
(b) Explain the significance of alternation of generation (8marks)
6. (a) Explain why simple diffusion is a very effective form of
gaseous exchange in small animals but not in big animals.
(b) Explain how ventilation in man is controlled

END
 Section A
1. Which of the following limited the use of a light microscope?
A. Its magnifying power
B. Its size
C. Its resolving power
D. Inability to reveal natural colours
2. Which of the following is true about cholesterol?
A. Makes the membrane less fluid at lower temperatures
B. Makes the membrane more fluid at lower temperatures
C. Makes the membrane less fluid at all temperatures
D. Makes the membrane more fluid at all temperatures
3. Which one of the parts of a mammal posses an epithelial tissue as shown in figure 1?

A. Oviduct
B. Ileum
C. Respiration tract
D. Loop of henle

4. When the extent of inhibition in an enzyme- controlled reaction depends entirely on the
concentration of the inhibitor, it indicates that the inhibition is
A. Completive
B. Reversible
C. Non competitive
D. irreversible
5. A plant tissue which is tubular, open-ended with lignified and thickened walls is
 A. Tracheid
B. Xylem vessel
C. Parenchyma
D. Sieve tube
6. Which one of the following is the main function of the golgi apparatus?
A. Destruction of worn out cell organelles
B. Synthesis of cell wall components
C. Synthesis of proteins
D. Intracellular transport
7. Which of the following glands has simple branched tubular structure?
A. Sebaceous glands in mammalian skin
B. Salivary glands in the mouth of the mammal
C. Brunner’s glands in wall of a mammalian small intestine
D. Sweat glands in the skin.
8. Which one of the following tissues is heavily lignified?
A. Metaxylem
B. Cambium
C. Primary phloem
D. Proxylem
9. The activity of an enzyme in a chemical reaction depends on the
A. Molecular weight of the enzyme
B. Protein nature of the enzyme
C. Activation energy of the enzyme
D. Surface configuration of the enzyme.
10. Two kinds of skeletal tissue occur in the vertebrates
A. Gristle and bone
B. Cartilagen
C. Bone and collagen
D. Adipose and bone
11. The general name given to substances that are required that are required for proper function
of enzymes is
 A. Coenzymes
B. Prosthetic groups
C. Cofactors
D. Inhibitors
12. Which of the following is not true about allosteric enzymes?
A. Some substances can combine with them making the controlled reaction faster
B. They can be inhibited competitively
C. They can be inhibited non competitively
D. Can exist in two different forms one active and the other inactive.
13. Which of the following is true about ‘channel proteins?’
A. They helped in transport of non polar molecules
B. They don’t play any role in transport of ions across the membrane
C. They have a variable shape
D. They have a fixed shape
14. Ultra structure is best explained as
A. The fine structure of the cell as seen with light microscope
B. The fine structure of the cell as seen with electron microscope
C. Internal structure of the nucleus as seen with electron microscope.
15. Which of the following is true about cell fractionation?
A. The faster the rotation of the centrifuge, the bigger the particles sediment
B. The faster the rotation of the centrifuge, the smaller the particles sediment.
C. The supernatant finally contains only mitochondria
D. The supernatant finally contains only fragments of endoplasmic reticulum.
16. In prokaryotic cells, what internal structure is responsible for carrying out respiration?
A. Mesosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Chloroplast
D. Golgi apparatus
17. A parking tissue providing support in herbaceous plants which is metabolically active is
known as
A. Collenhyma
 B. Mesophyll
C. Sclerenchyma
D. Parenchyma
18. The matrix in cartilage is secreted by
A. Chlondroblast
B. Oesteoblasts
C. Fibroblasts
D. oesteoclasts
19. A section of dicotyledonous root, if stained with iodine, would show a blue black colour
most strongly in the cells of the
A. Peliferous layer
B. Epiblem
C. Pericyle
D. Endodermis
20. Which one of following magnifications would enable you to see the largest area of a
specimen under a microscope?
A. X40
B. X100
C. X400
D. X1000
21. The cell wall of nitrosomonas is made up of
A. Capsule
B. Peptidoglycan
C. Cellulose
D. Lignin
22. Which one of the following is true about the mature metaxylem vessels?
A. They are capable of stretching and growing
B. They are living cells
C. They fully lignified and rigid
D. They formed before elongation is complete
23. In the stem cortex the polygonal cells with increased amount of cellulose at the corners are
called
A. Parenchyma
B. Aerenchyma
C. Collenchyma
D. sclerenchyma
24. Which one is a non-nucleated cell?
A. Thrombocyte
B. Lymphocyte
C. Leucocyte
D. Phagocyte
25. What is the actual length of a cell that appears 8mm long when viewed through a
magnification of x800?
A. 100μm
B. 10μm
C. 1.6μm
D. 0.1μm
26. The epithelium lining the human ileum can best be described as
A. Squamous
B. Columnar
C. Columnar and glandular
D. glandular
27. Which of the following organizations do exist in organisms?
A. Unicellular and non-cellular organizations
B. Organelle and unicellular organizations
C. Non cellular and organelle organisations
D. Unicellular and membranal organisations
28. Glutamic acid+ pyruvic acid alpha-ketoglutaric acids + alanine. Which of the following
groups of enzymes would catalyse the above reaction?
A. Sucrases
B. Transferases
 C. Lyases
D. ligases
29. The main distinguishing character of eukaryotic cell is
A. Membraned organelles
B. Lack of nuclear membrane
C. Prsence of nucleus
D. Presence of DNA double strands.
30. Which of the following arganelles would most likely be abundant in the tail of a tadpole at a
time of its reabsorption during metamorphosis?
A. Centrioles
B. Lysosomes
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Light
31. The flagellum and skeletal muscle are structurally similar in that they both have
A. Microtubules
B. Atin and myosin tubules
C. A pattern of 9+2 microtubules
D. Light and dark bands
32. Which of the following is true about non-completive inhibition in enzyme catalysed
relations?
A. The degree of inhibition decrease with increase in subatrate concentration
B. The inhibitor has a similar structure and chemical composition with the
substrate.
C. The degree of inhibition is independent of the substrate concentration
D. The shape of the enzyme is not affected by the inhibitor.
33. The primary meristematic tissue in plants which gives rise to the cortex is the
A. Ground meristem
B. Procambium
C. Ptotoderm
D. protoxylem
34. Reactions involving building up of large molecules from smaller ones and usually require
input of energy are known as
A. Polymerization
B. Condensation
C. Catabolism
D. Anabolism
35. The optimum temperature for most plant enzymes is
A. 37˚C
B. 25˚C
C. 100˚C
D. 6˚C
36. Which of the following is absent in plant cells
A. Chloroplasts and nucleous
B. Centrioles and lysosomes
C. Centrioles and vesicles
D. Centioles and vacuoles
37. Which of the following is found in the internal structure of a mitochondrion?
A. Cristae
B. Cristernae
C. Lamellae
D. Granum
38. Autophagy refers to
A. Breakdown of cellular components
B. Breakdown of whole cell
C. Self breakdown of lysosome
D. Removal of unwanted structures within the cell
39. The vacuole membrane in contact with cellulose wall is referred to as
A. Tonoplast
B. Plasma membrane
C. Protoplast
D. Cell membrane
40. All enzymes catalyse.
A. Irreversible reactions only
B. Both irreversible and reversible reactions
C. Reversible reactions only
D. All reactions

SECTION B

41. (a) (i) what are lysosomes? (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Explain the following terms as applied to functions of lysosomes
Autophagy (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Autolysis (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) with the help of labeled digram describe the structure and functions of different parts of
a mitochondrion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(4marks)
(ii) Give two functions of the nucleus
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….(2marks)

42. (a)

The above figure 2 shows the structure of a dipeptide

(i) With the aid of a similar diagram, show the reaction which breaks the dipetide into its
amino acids
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) What type of enzymes catalyses the reaction you have shown? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
The figure 3 below shows the relationship between substrate concentration and the initial rate
of an enzyme catalysed reation under different conditions.

(b) Suggest why the initial rate of the reaction was measured in each case. (2marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) explain
(i) the shape of curve A; (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The difference between the shapes of curve B and C (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Explain what is meant by the induced fit model of enzyme action (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
43. (a) Name two types of adipose tissue found in animals (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give 3 differences between the types given above (3marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) which of these types is mostly found in mammals living in extremely cold
conditions and why? (3marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Name any four cells found in areolar tissue (2marks)
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………

44. (a) With help of labeled diagram describe the structure and function of bone (5marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give two similarities and three differences between cartilage and bone.
Similarities (2marks)
(i)……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Differences (3marks)
(i)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
45. (a) Explain the following terms
(i) Competitive inhibition (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Non-competitive inhibition (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Allosteric enzymes (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis as applied to enzyme action. (4marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

46. (a) (i) What is meant by ‘fluid mosaic model’? (1mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) With reference to the above hypothesis draw the draw the internal structure of a
cell membrane and give functions of different parts.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) (i) How is ‘fluid mosaic model’ different from Daneilli-Davson hypothesis (2marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Give three differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (3marks)

END
SECTION A: (40MARKS)
1. Which of the following cannot be parents of a child of blood group O?
A. Man of blood group A and B
B. Both man and woman of blood group A
C. Both man and woman of blood group B
D. Men of blood group AB and woman of blood group O.
2. Which of the following animals have the most efficient system of gaseous exchange?
A. Insects
B. Bony fish
C. Mammals
D. Amphibians
3. In higher plants, the problem of obtaining oxygen for respiration is solved by leaves
possessing
A. Large intercellular spaces
B. Compact palisade layer
C. Thick lower epidermis
D. Numerous stomata on lower epidermis
4. Which one of the following pairs of events occur together to increase the oxygen
concentration in the alveoli of the lungs?
A. Contraction diaphragm muscles and internal intercostals muscles
B. Relaxation of diaphragm muscles and internal intercostals muscles
C. Contraction diaphragm muscles and external intercostals muscles
D. Relaxation of diaphragm muscles and internal intercostals muscles
5. In a human with a non-functional pancreas, digestion of starch in the intestines would
A. Be possible because of the suitable pH due to bile
B. Not occur for absence of enzymes
C. Would be possible because succus entericus contains the necessary enzymes.
D. Would be possible because of the acidic pH of chyme.
6. Which one of the following is true about sex-linked characters in humans?
A. Females never suffer from the trait
B. Fathers do not pass on the character to their sons
 C. Females are either normal or carries
D. Males are either carries or sufferers
7. If carbon dioxide containing radioactive carbon was added to a suspension of
photosynthesizing algae, in which one of the following compounds would the
radioactive carbon show first?
A. Glucose
B. Phosphoglyceric acid
C. Ribulose biphosphate
D. Triose phosphate
8. The similarities of the skeletal structures of moles, monkeys and whales lead to the
conclusion that they
A. Belong to the same class
B. Originatefrom the same environment
C. Descend from a commom ancestor
D. Evolved
9. Etiolation in plants is usually a response to
A. Insufficient nutrients
B. Low temperatures
C. Insufficient light
D. Too much water
10. During the heat of the day control of stomatal movements to reduce excessive water
loss is due to.
A. Active accumulation of mineral ions in the guard cells
B. Synthesis of abscisic acid
C. Inter-conversion of glucose and
D. Synthesis of glucose during photosynthesis
11. Which of the following is the right number of pairs of chromosomes found in
humans?
A. 23
B. 24
C. 21
 D. 26
12. In birds, most reptiles and some fish;
A. The male is the homogametic sex (XX)
B. The female is the homogametic sex (XX)
C. The male is the sex with gametes containing only Y chromosomes.
D. The male and female are both homogametic sex (XX)
13. Where in the cell does the hill reaction occur during photosynthesis?
A. Thylakoids of the chloroplast
B. Stroma of the chloroplast
C. Inner membrane of the chloroplast
D. Outer membrane of chloroplast
14. Colour blindness in man is a sex-linked recessive condition. If a normal man marries
a woman whose father was colour blind, what is the probability of their male children
being colour blind?
A. 0
B. ¼
C. ½
D. ¾
15. A lichen growing on a tree is an association called
A. Commensalisms
B. Parasitism
C. Mutualism
D. saprophytism
16. Consider the following human abnormalities
A. Colour blindness
B. Heamophilia
C. Albinism
D. Pattern baldness
17. At the compensation point
A. Rate of photosynthesis exceeds rate of respiration
B. Oxygen uptake equals carbondioxide release
 C. Shade plants produced more oxygen than sun plants.
D. Oxygen uptake increases which carbondioxode release decrease.
18. In nutrient cycling, the nitrifying bacteria that covert nitrates (NO2) to nitrates (NO3)
are
A. Nitrosomonas
B. Rhizobium
C. Nitrobacter
D. azotobacter
19. Photosynthetic bacteria differ from green plants in that they
A. Have stalked particles
B. Use water as the hydrogen donor
C. Have bacteriochlophyll as the primary pigment
D. Produce oxygen as a byproduct
20. Figure 1 below represents a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. If
crossing over occurs at the points indicted X the genotypes of the gametes formed
would be

A. 2We,2Wr
B. IWW, Itt, IRR, Irr
C. Iwr,IWR,IwR
D. 2WR,2wr
21. The modifications of insect mouth parts to handle different modes of feeding is an
example of
A. Speciation
B. Structural analogy
C. Convergent evolution
 D. Divergent evolution
22. Which of the following is false about light dependent stage during photosynthesis?
A. It starts with photolysis of water
B. Photosystem II is stabilized by electrons from photolysis of water
C. Photsystem I is stabilized
D. Photosystem I is stabilized by electrons from photolysis of water.
23. The following shows an example of chemosynthetic bacteria and its main substrate
Substrate Example
A. Ammonium (NH4+) Nitrosomonas
B. Sulphur (S) Ferrobacullus
C. Hydrogen (H2) Nitrobacter
D. Nitrite (NO2) Thiobacillus
24. Food moving from the stomach to the duodenum passes through
A. Pyloric sphincter
B. Cardiac sphincter
C. Glottis
D. Epiglottis
25. Lactase hydrolyses
A. Sucrose
B. Glucose
C. Milk sugar
D. fructose
26. Which of the following is not a mechanism of evolution
A. Punctuated equilibrium
B. Darwinism
C. Larmackism
D. Biochemical evalution
27. Malaria parasites are becoming resistant to the common drugs as a result of
A. Evolution based on Darwin
B. Evolution based on larmack
C. Artificial selection
 D. Overdoses
28. Humans have two successive sets of teeth a condition known a
A. Diphydont
B. Dighydont
C. Dephyodont
D. diphyodant
29. Which of the following is false about gaseous exchange in birds
A. First inhalation air flows directly to the poserior sac
B. First exhalation air in the posterior sac is passed to the lungs
C. Second inhalation-air passes from the lungs to the posterior sac
D. Second exhalation air from the anterior sac is forced to outside.
30. The surfactant does the following except
A. Lowers the surface tension of the alveoli
B. Reduces the amount of effort required to breathein
C. Speeds up the transport of oxygen and carbondioxide between the air and
liquid phase
D. Speeds up the transport of oxygen and carbondioxide in blood.
31. Which of the following occur during inhalation in mammals
A. The diaphragm contracts and the intercostals muscles relax
B. The diaphragm relaxes and the intercostals muscles contract
C. The diaphragm contacts and the intercostals muscles relax as well.
D. The diaphragm relaxes and the intercostals muscles relax as well
32. The part of the breathing center that acts to increase inspiratory rate is
A. The ventral
B. The lateral
C. The dorsal
D. The dorsal and ventral
33. Discontinuous variation is
A. Alternatively known as quantitative inheritance
B. Alternatively known as qualitative inheritance
C. Characterized by no clear-cut difference
 D. Polygenic
34. Birds have always been in existence which theory of origin of life on earth supports
this
A. Special creation
B. Spontaneous generation
C. Steady state
D. Cosmozoan theory
35. What was nature of earliest organism
A. Heterophic and autotrphic
B. Autotrophic
C. Heterotropic
D. Partially autotrophic
36. Marsupial mouse, wombat and tree kangaroo show
A. Adaptive radiation
B. Convergent evolution
C. Divergent evolution from koala
D. Evolution along the line
37. The type of finch with parrot-like beak shape is
A. An insectivorous tree finch
B. A woodpeaker finch
C. A cactus ground finch
D. A ground finch
38. Which of the following was not involved in evolution of the modern horse?
A. Premolars being replaced by molars
B. Reduction of second and fourth digits
C. Increase in size
D. Enlargement of the third digit.
39. Gaseous exchanges in insects
A. Is efficient for distances not beyond 3cm of broadness
B. Is not affected by the broadness of the insect
C. Does not involve ventilation
 D. Requires more energy than that in mammals.
40. Which of the following are transported in blood of an insect?
A. Food materials and respiratory gases
B. Respiratory gasses but not food materials
C. Food materials and haemoglobin
D. Food materials but not respiratory gases.

SECTION B: (60MARKS)

41. He fig 2, below shows the control of ventilation.

(a) (i) name the process in 1-4 (4marks)

1. …………………………………………………………………………..
2. …………………………………………………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………………………………..
 4. …………………………………………………………………………..
5. …………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) In which state are the lungs in (2marks)

A. …………………………………………………………………………
B. ………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Explain the following terms
(i) Tidal volume (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Residual air (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Name the nerves that carry impulses
(i) From the breathing center
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) From the breathing center to the diaphragm
……………………………………………………………………………………………
42. (a) Explain three theories that attempt to explain the origin of the earth (1½marks)
(i)
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(ii)
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(b) What is meant by the following terms
(i) Homologous structures
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 (ii) Pangea
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(iii) Continental drift
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(c) ‘Certain particles of matter contain active principle which could produce a living
organism given suitable conditions’ Basing on this explain how life started on earth.
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43. (a) State three consequences of vitamin A deficiency (3marks)
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(b) What is meant by ‘autocatalysis’
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(c) describe how self digestion is controlled in man. (6marks)
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44. (a) (i) What is meant by photophosphorylation? (2marks)
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(ii) Describe the non-cyclic photosphorylation (2marks)
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(iii) Name one product of cyclic photophorylation
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(b) (i) what are C4¯ plants
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(ii) Explain whyC4 plants are free from photorespiration
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(c) Give two differences between C3 and C4 plants. (2marks)
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(ii)
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45. (a) What mutation?
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(b) Give four causes of mutation. (4marks)
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(c) (i) what is variation? (1mark)
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(ii) How is continuous variation different from discontinuous variation? (3marks)
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Give an example of each
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46. (a) (i) Distinguish between sex-linked and sex-limited genes
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(ii) a man of blood group AB married a lady of blood group O. find probability that
their third child will have blood group B.(2½ marks)
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(b) The poultry, when a pure-breeding fowl with a rose-type comb is crossed with a
pure breeding pea-type comb fowl, all the offspring produced have walnut type combs. If
the F1 generation is selfed all the three types of comb are represented with a fourth
Varity-the single comb. Use genetic symbols to explain the above observations.
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EN