Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VECTORS
– Vectors
– Epidemiology
– Control
1.
Vectors
Trypanasomiasis
Vector
DistribuHon
1. G.
palpalis-‐
closely
associated
with
riverine
vegeta:on,
in
wet
lowland
forests
of
W.
Africa
esp.
shores
of
lakes
and
rivers
Ø Important
vectors
of
human
sleeping
sickness
Important
G.palpalis
vector
species:
– Glossina
palpalis
palpalis
– G.
p.
gambiensis
– G.
fuscipes
fuscipes
– G.
tachinoides
2.
G.
morsitans-‐
most
widespread,
from
West
to
East/Southern
parts
of
Africa
Ø Common
in
savannah
bushy
thickets,
associated
with
game
and
are
primarily
vectors
of
Rhodesian
sleeping
sickness
and
nagana
• Important
species
of
medical
importance:
– Glossina
morsitans
– G.
pallidipes
– G.
swynertoni
– G.
austeni
Morphology:
medium
to
large
size,
brownish
or
greyish
in
colour
Ø long
wings
extending
beyond
:p
of
abdomen
Life
history:
• As
in
other
Dipterans
,
Glossina
spp.
have
complete
metamorphosis
with
4
larval
stages,
and
have
a
pair
of
spermathecae
for
storage
of
sperms
acquired
from
single
ma:ng
early
in
life
• Unlike
other
Dipterans,
have
viviparous
reproduc:on
involving
produc:on
of
one
egg
at
a
:me
and
its
reten:on
and
nourishment
:ll
delivery
as
3rd
stage
larva
• Single
larvae
develops
in
the
uterus
with
nourishment
from
uterine
milk
glands.
• Each
female
has
the
poten:al
to
produce
8-‐1o
larvae
Life
history.................................
• Can
fly
long
distance
(up
to
21km)
but
flight
ac:vity
limited
to
short
hun:ng
distances
to
suitable
blood
source
and
back
to
the
habitat
2.
Epidemiology
Inter-‐related
factors
important
for
disease
transmission:
– Parasite
– Vector
– Clima:c
condi:ons
• Specific
groups
of
people
are
more
at
risk
of
becoming
infected,
usually
those
whose
ac:vi:es
or
occupa:ons
bring
them
into
more
frequent
contact
with
the
vector
• Insec:cides
Ø preferably
ULV
formula:ons
expensive
due
to
large
coverage
and
several
rounds
required
for
effec:ve
control
• Insec:cide
treated
targets
Ø
OPs
have
been
used
but
currently
pyrethroids
preferred-‐
with
louring
a[rac:ve
odours.
• Pyrethroid
based
acaricides
Ø advocated
in
tsetse
infested
areas.
• Traps
Ø with
varying
fabric
pa[erns
of
dark
blue,
black
and
white
designs
Control............
• Considerable
success
achieved
when
combined
with
a[rac:ve
odours
such
as
ox
urine,
and
with
involvement
of
communi:es
• Sterile
male
techniques:
Ø facilitated
by
the
low
reproduc:ve
capacity
of
tsetse
Ø effec:ve
in
geographically
isolated
popula:ons
such
as
islands
(eg.Zanzibar)
and
areas
with
large
surrounding
cleared
barriers.