INTRODUCTION TO

RADIOLOGY
Dr.AlneiL.Makki.Ibrahim
MBBS U of ORENBURG
MD of clinical Radiology
 X-rays,flouroscopy,Gamma-ray
 CT scans
 MRI scans
 Ultrasound
 Nuclear medicine scans
 Type of imaging depends on symptoms and
part of the body being examined.
 X RAYS
 Form of EM radiation
 All forms move at the speed of light
 Vary in energy and wavelength
 Able to penetrate solid materials of varying
densities
 Capable of exposing a photographic plate (x-
ray film)
 Can cause biological damage, Lead apron
 Diagnostic Radiology/Radiography
 X-rays used to produce image, transmitted
through patient
 Static images
 Dynamic images  fluoroscopy
 Contrast agents used
 Barium, Iodine  examples of studies
 X-Rays Radiography Roentgen rays

• Absorption of different
amounts of radiation
by different tissues will
give different densities.
Bones =white.
Fat/ soft tissues=
gray.
Lungs= black.
 Computed Tomography

 Uses transmitted X-rays to produce an image

 Cross sectional imaging
 No superimposition of structures
 Requires computer manipulation of images
Examples for CT Images
CT Scans
CAT scan
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Uses a strong magnetic field and radiofrequency
waves to image structures
 No ionizing radiation
 Hydrogen protons – water
 Cross sectional imaging
 Great for soft tissue
Examples of MRImages
 MRI Scans
Magnetic resonance imaging, NMR, Nuclear magnetic resonance

• Large magnet and

radio waves
• Diagnose a variety of
conditions, from torn
ligaments to tumors
• Have metal or
electronic devices in
your body??
 Ultrasonography
 Uses transmitted sound waves to produce image,
 Sending out and listening for echoes
 Dynamic, US can not penetrate air or bone
 Operator dependent
Examples of US Images
 Ultrasound
Sonogram

• High-frequency sound
• View the heart, blood vessels,
kidneys, liver, and other
organs. During pregnancy,
• Unlike x-rays, ultrasound
NOOOO radiation.
• The transducer sends out
sound waves, which bounce
off the tissues & captures the
waves that bounce back.
 Nuclear Scintigraphy

 Uses gamma rays to produce an image, emitted

from the patient
 Radioactive nuclide given IV, per os, per rectum etc.
 Abnormal function, metabolic activity, abnormal
amount of uptake
 Poor for anatomical information
Example of Nuclear sc Imges
 Nuclear Scans
Radioisotope scans, Radionuclide scans

• Radioactive substances
( Injection, swallow or
inhale )
• A special camera that detects
radioactivity.
• Diagnose many conditions
cancers, injuries, and
infections.
• How organs like your heart
 X-ray (Radiography)
 Arthrography
 Bone Densitometry
 Catheter Angiography
 Children's (Pediatric) Voiding Cystourethrogram
 Galactography (Ductography)
 Hysterosalpingography
 Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
 Mammography
 Myelography
 Panoramic Dental X-ray
 Venography
 Video Fluoroscopic Swallowing Exam (VFSE)
 X-ray (Radiography) - Bone
 X-ray (Radiography) - Chest
 X-ray (Radiography) - Lower GI Tract
 X-ray (Radiography) - Upper GI Tract

 Mammography
 Galactography (Ductography)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Breast
 Mammography
 Computed Tomography (CT)
 Cardiac CT
 Computed Tomography (CT) - Abdomen and Pelvis
 Computed Tomography (CT) - Body
 Computed Tomography (CT) - Chest
 Computed Tomography (CT) - Head
 Computed Tomography (CT) - Sinuses
 Computed Tomography (CT) - Spine
 Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
 CT Angiography (CTA)
 CT Colonography
 CT Enterography
 CT Perfusion of the Head
 Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PET/CT)
 Urography
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Arthrography
 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Body
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Breast
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Cardiac (Heart)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Chest
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Head
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Musculoskeletal
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Shoulder
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Spine
 Magnetic Resonance, Functional (fMRI) - Brain
 MR Angiography (MRA)
 Urography
 Nuclear Scans
 Bone scan
 Breast PET scan
 Gallbladder radionuclide scan
 Heart PET scan
 Liver scan
 Lung gallium scan
 MIBG scintiscan
 PET scan
Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan
Radionuclide cisternogram
Renal perfusion scintiscan
Thyroid scan
WBC scan
 Ultrasound
 Cranial Ultrasound/Head Ultrasound
 Hip Ultrasound
 Obstetric Ultrasound
 Sonohysterography
 Ultrasound - Abdomen
 Ultrasound - Breast
 Ultrasound - Carotid
 Ultrasound - Musculoskeletal
 Ultrasound - Pelvis
 Ultrasound - Prostate
 Ultrasound - Scrotum
 Ultrasound - Thyroid
 Ultrasound - Vascular
 Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy