Fourier Series

Mathematics Second Year
Electrical Engineering Department Dr. Atheer Alaa Sabri & Dr. Mohammed Husham
Fourier Series
Sinusoids functions
A sinusoid has 3 basic properties:
i. Amplitude - height of wave
ii. Frequency = 1/T [Hz]
iii. Phase - tells you where the peak

is (needs a reference)
1
Consider a signal defined by

N
x(t ) =  Ak cos( k t +  k ), t 
k =1
• The frequencies `present in the signal’ are the frequency k of the component
sinusoids
• The signal x(t) is completely characterized by the set of frequencies  k , the set
of amplitudes Ak , and the set of phases  k
Consider a signal given by

x(t ) = A1 cos(t ) + A2 cos(4t +  / 3) + A3 cos(8t +  / 2),
t
2
• The signal has only three frequency components at 1,4, and 8 rad/sec, amplitudes
and phases .
• The shape of the signal x(t) depends on the relative magnitudes of the frequency
components, specified in terms of the amplitudes
Amplitude Spectrum
• Plot of the amplitudes of the sinusoids making up x(t) vs.
• Example:
Phase Spectrum
• Plot of the phases of the sinusoids making up x(t) vs.
• Example:
3
Complex Exponential Form

• Euler formula:
• Thus
real part
where
• And, recalling that where , we can also write
• This signal contains both positive and negative frequencies
• The negative frequencies stem from writing the cosine in terms of complex
exponentials and have no physical meaning
• By defining ;
4
• it is also
N N
• x(t ) =  ck e j k t
+ c− k e − j k t
 =  ck e jk t , t 
  k =− N
k =1
k 0
complex exponential form

• Then, x(t) can be expressed as
Where is the fundamental frequency (rad/sec) of the signal and
• is called the constant or dc component of x(t)
• The frequencies present in x(t) are integer multiples of the fundamental

frequency
• Notice that, if the dc term is added to
• and we set , the Fourier series is a special case of the above equation
where all the frequencies are integer multiples of
• By using Euler’s formula, we can rewrite

As
x(t ) = c0 +  2 | ck |cos(k 0t + ck ), t 
k =1
dc component k-th harmonic
This expression is called the trigonometric Fourier series of x(t)
5
Odd and Even Functions
A function f (x ) is odd if f (− x) = − f ( x) . Thus x , x − 3 x + 2 x , sin( x ) ,

3 5 3
tan(3x) are odd functions. The figure below is an example of an odd function.
A function f (x ) is even if f (− x) = f ( x) . Thus x , 2 x − 4 x + 5 , cos( x ) ,

4 6 2
e x + e − x are even functions. The figure below is an example of an even function.
while the figure below is neither odd nor even function.
Graphically, even functions have symmetry about the y-axis, whereas odd functions
have symmetry around the origin.
6
7
Integrating odd functions over symmetric domains
Integrating even functions over symmetric domains
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Example
Classify each of the following functions according as they are even, odd, or neither
even nor odd.
2 0 x3
(a) f ( x) =  Period = 6
− 2 −3 x  0
cos( x) 0 x 
(b) f ( x) =  Period = 2
 0   x  2
(c) f ( x) = x(10 − x) 0  x  10 , Period = 10
Solution
(a)
From the figure above it is seen that f (− x) = − f ( x) , so that the function is odd.
(b)
From the above figure it is seen that the function is neither even nor odd
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(c)
From the figure above it is seen that f (− x) = f ( x) , so that the function is even.
Note:
In the Fourier series corresponding to an odd function, only sine terms can be
present. In the Fourier series corresponding to an even function, only cosine terms (and
possibly a constant) can be present.
Exercises
Are the following functions even, odd, or neither even nor odd?
1) e x Ans. Neither even nor odd
2
2) e x Ans. Even
3) sin(nx) Ans. Odd
4) x sin( x) Ans. Even
5) cos( x) / x Ans. Odd

6) ln(x ) Ans. Neither even nor odd
7) sin x 2 ( ) Ans. Even
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8) sin 2 ( x) Ans. Even
9) x Ans. Even
10) x 2 sin( nx) Ans. Odd
11) x + x 2 Ans. Neither even nor odd
12) e − x Ans. Even
13) x cosh( x) Ans. Odd
Are the following functions, which are assumed to be periodic, even, odd, or neither
even nor odd?
1) f ( x) = x −  x   Ans. Odd
2) f ( x) = x x −  x   Ans. Odd
x 0 x 
3) f ( x) =  Ans. Neither even nor odd
0   x  2
x − / 2  x   / 2
4) f ( x) =  Ans. Odd
0  / 2  x  3 / 2
5) f ( x) = x 3 −  x   Ans. Odd
6) f ( x) = e −4 x −  x   Ans. Neither even nor odd
7) f ( x) = x x − x 3 −  x   Ans. Odd
 1 /(1 + x 2 ) −  x  0
8) f ( x) =  Ans. Odd
− 1 /(1 + x )
2
0 x 
11
Periodic Function
A function f (x ) is said to have a period T or to be periodic with period T if for
all t , f (t + T ) = f (t ) , where T is a positive constant. The least value of T  0 is
called the period of f (t ) .

• A Periodic signal/function can be approximated by Periodic  x(t + nT ) = x(t )
a sum (possibly infinite) sinusoidal signal. Re al → x(t ) = cos(ot +  )
• Consider a periodic signal with period T
Complex → x(t ) = Ae jot
• A periodic signal can be Real or Complex
o = 2 / To
• The fundamental frequency:
• Example:
Example
➢ The function sin( x ) has period 2 , since .
➢ The period of sin(nx) or cos(nx) , where n is a positive integer, is 2 / n .
Example
3 0 x5
➢ f ( x) =  Period = 10
− 3 −5 x  0
sin( x) 0 x 
➢ f ( x) =  Period = 2
 0   x  2
12
0 0 x2

➢ f ( x) = 1 2 x4 Period = 6
0 4 x6

Exercises
Find the smallest positive period of the following functions

1) cos( x ) Ans. 2
2) sin( x ) Ans. 2
3) cos( 2 x) Ans. 
4) sin( 2 x) Ans. 
5) cos( x) Ans. 2
6) sin( x) Ans. 2
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7) cos( 2 x) Ans. 1
8) sin( 2 x) Ans. 1
9) cos(nx) Ans. 2 / n
10) sin(nx) Ans. 2 / n
 2 x 
11) cos  Ans. k
 k 
 2 x 
12) sin   Ans. k
 k 
 2 nx  k
13) cos   Ans.
 k  n
 2 nx  k
14) sin   Ans.
 k  n
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Fourier Series
• We can represent all periodic signals as harmonic series of the form
•
– Ck are the Fourier Series Coefficients; k is real
– k=0 gives the DC signal
– k=+/-1 indicates the fundamental frequency or the first harmonic 𝜔0
– |k|>=2 harmonics
Let f (t ) is a periodic function with a period of T . The Fourier Series or Fourier
Expansion corresponding to f (t ) is given by

 
f (t ) = d 0 +  an cos( n0t ) +  bn sin( n0t )
n =1 n =1
where the Fourier coefficients an and bn are
2 T /2
T −T/ 2
an = f (t ) cos( n0t )dt n = 0,1,2,...
2 T /2
T −T/ 2
bn = f (t ) sin( n0t )dt n = 0,1,2,...
2
with 0 =
T
1 T /2
T −T/ 2
and d0 = f (t )dt
A periodic function f(x) can be expanded in a Fourier Series. The series consists of the
following:
(i) A constant term d0 (called d.c. component in electrical work).
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(ii) A component at the fundamental frequency determined by the values of a1, b1.
(iii) Components of the harmonics (multiples of the fundamental frequency) determined
by a2, a3...b2, b3.... And a0, a1, a2..., b1, b2. .. are known as Fourier coefficients or
Fourier constants.
ADVANTAGES OF FOURIER SERIES

1. Discontinuous function can be represented by Fourier series. Although derivatives of
the discontinuous functions do not exist. (This is not true for Taylor’s series).
2. The Fourier series is useful in expanding the periodic functions since outside the
closed interval, there exists a periodic extension of the function.
3. Expansion of an oscillating function by Fourier series gives all modes of oscillation
(fundamental and all overtones) which is extremely useful in physics.
4. Fourier series of a discontinuous function is not uniformly convergent at all points.
5. Term by term integration of a convergent Fourier series is always valid, and it may be
valid if the series is not convergent. However, term by term, differentiation of a Fourier
series is not valid in most cases.
Example
Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function
0 −5 x  0
f ( x) =  Period = 10
3 0 x5
Solution
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2 2 
T = 10 , 0 = = =
T 10 5
1 T /2 1 5 1 5 3 5 3 3
T −T/ 2 10 −5 10 0
d0 = f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx = 3dx = x = (5 − 0) =
10 0 10 2
 
5
2 T /2 2 5 3 5
T −T/ 2 10 0
an = f ( x ) cos( n x ) dx = 3 cos( nx ) dx =  sin( nx)
5 n
0
5 5 0
3    3
=
n sin(
5
 5 n ) − sin( 0 )  = n sin( n ) = 0
2 T /2 2 5  15 
T −T/ 2 10 −5 5 0
bn = f ( x ) sin( n 0 x ) dx = f ( x ) sin( nx ) dx = 3 sin( nx)dx
5 5
 
0
  3
 = n 1 − cos( n )
3 5 3
=  cos( nx) = 1 − cos(  5n )
5 n 5 5 n 5
+ 1 n even  0 n even
cos( n ) =   bn = 
− 1 n odd 6 / n n odd
The corresponding Fourier series is
 
f ( x) = d 0 +  an cos( n0 x) +  bn sin( n0 x)
n =1 n =1
3 6     1  3  1 
f ( x) = +  sin  x  + sin  x  + sin (x ) + .......
2  5  3  5  5 
Notes:
(cos , sin)
➢ sin( n ) = 0 , sin( 2n ) = 0 (0,1)
0 n even
 n    (-1,0) (1,0)
➢ sin   = + 1 n = 1,5,9,...
 2  
− 1 n = 3,7,11,...
(0,-1)
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+ 1 n even
➢ cos( n ) = 
− 1 n odd
➢ cos( 2n ) = 1
0 n odd
 n   
➢ cos  = + 1 n = 4,8,12,...
 2  
− 1 n = 2,6,10,...
T /2 T /2
➢  sin( k0t )dt =  cos( k0t )dt = 0 if k = 1,2,3,...
−T / 2 −T / 2
Proof
T /2
1
 sin( k0t )dt = − k cos( k0t ) −T / 2
T /2
−T / 2 0
1   2 T   2 − T  
=−  cos k   − cos k  
k0   T 2   T 2 
1
=− (cos( k ) − cos( −k ) ) = 0
k0
T /2
1
 cos( k0t )dt = sin( k0t ) −T / 2
T /2
−T / 2 k0
1   2 T   2 − T  
=  sin  k   − sin  k  
k0   T 2   T 2 
1
= (sin( k ) − sin( −k ) ) = 0
k0
T /2 T /2
 0 mn
➢  cos( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt =  sin( m 0 t ) sin( n 0 t ) dt = 
T / 2 m=n
−T / 2 −T / 2
where m and n assume any of the values 1,2,3,...
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Proof
1 1
Using the trigonometry cos( A) cos( B) = cos( A − B) + cos( A + B) then
2 2
If m  n
T /2
1 T /2 1 T /2
 cos( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt = 2  cos(( m − n)0t ) + 2  cos(( m + n)0t ) = 0
−T / 2 −T / 2 −T / 2
1 1
Also, by using sin( A) sin( B) = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B) then
2 2
If m  n
T /2
1 T /2 1 T /2
 sin( m0t ) sin( n0t )dt = 2  cos(( m − n)0t ) − 2  cos(( m + n)0t ) = 0
−T / 2 −T / 2 −T / 2
If m = n , we have
T /2
1 T /2
 cos( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt = 2  (1 + cos( 2n0t ) )dt
−T / 2 −T / 2
1 T /2 1 T /2 1 T T  T
=  dt +  cos( 2n0t )dt =  +  =
2 −T / 2 2 −T / 2 2 2 2 2
T /2
1 T /2
 sin( m0t ) sin( n0t )dt = 2  (1 − cos( 2n0t ))dt
−T / 2 −T / 2
1 T /2 1 T /2 1 T T  T
=  dt −  cos( 2n0t )dt =  +  =
2 −T / 2 2 −T / 2 2 2 2 2
T /2
Note that if m = n = 0 then  cos( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt = T
−T / 2
T /2
and  sin( m0t ) sin( n0t )dt = 0
−T / 2
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T /2
➢  sin( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt = 0
−T / 2
Proof
1 1
Using the trigonometry sin( A) cos( B) = sin( A − B) + sin( A + B)
2 2
If m  n
T /2
1 T /2 1 T /2
 sin( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt = 2  sin ((m − n)0t )dt + 2  sin ((m + n)0t )dt = 0
−T / 2 −T / 2 −T / 2
If m = n , we have
T /2
1 T /2
 sin( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt = 2  sin (2n0t )dt = 0
−T / 2 −T / 2
Example
Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function
− k −  x  0
f ( x) =  Period = 2
k 0 x 
Solution
2 2
T = 2 , 0 = = =1
T 2
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 
1 T /2 1 1 0 
d0 = 
T −T / 2
f ( x)dx =
2  f ( x)dx = 2   (−k )dx +  kdx = 0
− − 0
2 T /2
T −T/ 2
an = f ( x) cos( n0 x)dx

2 0 
2 − 
= ( − k ) cos( nx ) dx + k cos( nx ) dx 
0 

1 k 
0
k
= − sin( nx) + sin( nx)  = 0
 n − n 0
2 T /2
T −T/ 2
bn = f ( x) sin( n0 x)dx

2 0 
2 − 
= ( − k ) sin( nx ) dx + k sin( nx ) dx 
0 

1 k 
0
k
=  cos( nx) − cos( nx) 
 n − n 0
=
k
1 − cos( n ) − cos( n ) + 1
n
=
2k
1 − cos( n )
n
+ 1 n even  0 n even
cos( n ) =   bn =  4k
− 1 n odd  n n odd
The corresponding Fourier series is

 
f ( x) = d 0 +  an cos( n0 x) +  bn sin( n0 x)
n =1 n =1
21
4k  1 1 
f ( x) =  sin ( x ) + sin (3 x ) + sin (5 x ) + .......
  3 5 
The partial sums are
4k 4k  1 
S1 = sin( x) , S2 = sin( x ) + sin( 3 x )
   3 
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Example
Find the Fourier series of the periodic function
f ( x) = x 2 0  x  2
Solution
2 2
T = 2  0 = = =1
T 2
2
1T 1 2
1 x3 4 2
d 0 =  f ( x)dx =  x dx = 2 3
2
=
T0 2 0 0
3
2
2T 2
an =  f ( x) cos( n0 x)dx = x
2
cos( nx)dx
T0 2 0
2
1   sin( nx)   − cos( nx)   − sin( nx) 
= (x 2 )
4
 − (2 x )  + 2   =
  n   n2   n3  0 n2
2
2T 2
bn =  f ( x) sin( n0 x)dx = x
2
sin( nx)dx
T0 2 0
2
1   − cos( nx)   − sin( nx)   cos( nx)  − 4
= (x 2 )  − (2 x )  + 2   =
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0 n
4 2  4 
4
So, f ( x) = +  2 cos( nx) −  sin( nx)
3 n =1 n n =1 n
4 2  1   1 
f ( x) = + 4 cos( x) + cos( 2 x) + ... − 4  sin( x) + sin( 2 x) + ...
3  4   2 
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Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals where n = 0,1,2,...

 0 n even
1)  sin( nx)dx Ans. 
2 / n n odd
0

 0 n=0

2)  x sin( nx)dx Ans.  2 / n n = 1,3,...
− − 2 / n n = 2,4,...

 /2
3)  x cos( nx)dx Ans. 0
− / 2
0
(
n (− 1) e − − 1
n
)
e
x
(1 + n 2 )
4) sin( nx)dx Ans.
−
24

 2 3 / 3 n=0
 x cos( nx)dx
2
5) Ans. 
(− 1) 4 / n n = 1,2,...
n 2
−
Find the Fourier Series for the following periodic functions
1 2 1 1 
1) Ans. +  cos( x) − cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) − ...
2  3 5 
1 2 1 1 
2) Ans. +  sin( x) + sin( 3 x) + sin( 5 x) + ...
2  3 5 
 4 1 1 
3) Ans. +  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
2  9 25 
 2 1 1 
−  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
4  9 25 
4) Ans.
1 1
+ sin( x) − sin( 2 x) + sin( 3x) − ...
2 3
4 1 1 
−  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
 9 25 
5) Ans.
 1 1 
+ 2 sin( x) + sin( 3 x) + sin( 5 x) + ...
 3 5 
25
Find the Fourier Series for the following periodic functions
1 − / 2  x   / 2 4 1 1 
1) f ( x) =  Ans.  cos( x) − cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) − ...
− 1  / 2  x  3 / 2  3 5 
 1 1 
2) f ( x) = x −  x   Ans. 2 sin( x) − sin( 2 x) + sin( 3 x) − ...
 2 3 
2  1 1 
3) f ( x) = x 2
−  x   Ans. − 4 cos( x) − cos( 2 x) + cos( 3 x) − ...
3  4 9 
 + x −  x  0  4 1 1 
4) f ( x) =  Ans. +  cos( x) + cos( 3x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
 − x 0 x  2  9 25 
 x − / 2  x   / 2 4 1 1 
5) f ( x) =  Ans.  sin( x) − sin( 3 x) + sin( 5 x) − ...
 − x  / 2  x  3 / 2  9 25 
2 4 1 4
− cos( x) − cos( 2 x) + cos( 3 x)
 x 2
− /2  x   /2 6  2 27
6) f ( x) =  2 Ans.
 / 4  / 2  x  3 / 2 1
+ cos( 4 x) − ...
8
− 1 −1  x  0 4 1 1 
7) f ( x) =  Ans.  sin ( x ) + sin (3 x ) + sin (5 x ) + ...
1 0  x 1  3 5 
− 1 −2 x0 4    x  1  3 x  1  5 x  
8) f ( x ) =  Ans.  sin   + sin   + sin   + ...
1 0 x2   2  3  2  5  2  
0 −2 x0 1 2    x  1  3 x  1  5 x  
9) f ( x) =  Ans. +  sin   + sin   + sin   + ...
1 0 x2 2   2  3  2  5  2  
1 4  1 1 
10) f ( x) = x 2 −1  x  1 Ans. − 2  cos( x) − cos( 2 x) + cos( 3 x) − ...
3   4 9 
26
1 2  1 
− 2  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + ...
0 −1  x  0 4   9 
11) f ( x) =  Ans.
x 0  x 1 1 1 
+  sin(  x) − sin( 2 x) + ...
 2 
2 4 1 1 
12) f ( x) = sin( x) 0  x  1 Ans. −  cos( 2 x) + cos( 4 x) + ...
   (1)(3) (3)(5) 
1 4  1 1 
13) f ( x) = x −1  x  1 Ans. − 2  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
2   9 25 
2 4  1 1 
14) f ( x) = 1 − x 2 −1  x  1 Ans. + 2  cos( x) − cos( 2 x) + cos( 3 x) − ...
3   4 9 
4  1 
−  cos(  x ) + cos( 3 x ) + ... 
− 1 −1  x  0 2 9 
15) f ( x) =  Ans.
2 x 0  x 1 2 1 
+  2 sin( x) − sin( 2 x) + ...
 2 
3 4   x  1 1  3 x  
− x −1  x  0 − 2  cos  + cos( x ) + cos 
 4    2  2 9  2 
16) f ( x ) =  x 0  x 1 Ans.
1 1  5 x  1
 1 x  3 + cos  + cos(3 x ) + ...
25  2  18
Find the Fourier Series for the following periodic functions (Even & Odd)
1 − /2  x   /2 1 2 1 1 
1) f ( x) =  Ans. +  cos( x) − cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) − ...
0  / 2  x  3 / 2 2  3 5 
 x − / 2  x   / 2 4 1 1 
2) f ( x ) =  Ans.  sin( x) − sin( 3 x) + sin( 5 x) − ...
 − x  / 2  x  3 / 2  9 25 
27
− x −  x  0  4 1 1 
3) f ( x) =  Ans. −  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
x 0 x  2  9 25 
x2 2 1 1
4) f ( x ) = −  x   Ans. − cos( x) + cos( 2 x) − cos( 3 x) + ...
4 12 4 9
 4 1 1 
5) f ( x) =  − x −  x   Ans. +  cos( x) + cos( 3 x) + cos( 5 x) + ...
2  9 25 
2 −2 x0 4  x 1  3 x  1  5 x  
6) f ( x) =  Ans. 1 −  sin   + sin   + sin   + ...
0 0 x2   2  3  2  5  2  
28
29
Half Range Fourier Sine or Cosine Series

A half range Fourier sine or cosine series is a series in which only sine terms or
only cosine terms are present respectively. When a half range series corresponding to a
given function is desired, the function is generally defined in the interval (0, T / 2)
(which is half of the interval (0, T ) , thus accounting for the name half range) and then
the function is specified as odd or even, so that it is clearly defined in the other half of
the interval. In such case, we have for odd functions (Sine Series)
4 T /2
d0 = 0 , an = 0 , bn =  f (t ) sin( n0t )dt
T 0
while for even functions (Cosine Series)
2 T /2 4 T /2
d 0 =  f (t )dt , an =  f (t ) cos( n0t )dt , bn = 0
T 0 T 0
Example
Find the Fourier series for the periodic function
f ( x) = sin( x) 0 x 
Solution
29
2 2
T =  0 = = =2
T 
Since the function is even then bn = 0
2 T /2 2  /2 −2 2 2
cos( x) 0 = (1 − 0 ) =
 /2
d 0 =  f ( x)dx =  sin( x)dx =
T 0  0   
4 T /2 4  /2
an =  f ( x) cos( n0 x)dx =  sin( x) cos( 2nx)dx
T 0  0
2  /2 2  /2
=  sin ((1 − 2n) x )dx +  sin ((1 + 2n) x )dx
 0  0
2  cos ((1 − 2n) x ) cos((1 + 2n) x )

0
=  + 
  1 − 2n 1 + 2n  /2
     
cos  (1 − 2 n )  cos  (1 + 2 n ) 
2  1 1  2  2  
=  + − − 
 1 − 2n 1 + 2n 1 − 2n 1 + 2n 
 
2 1 + 2n + 1 − 2n 4/ − 4/
=  = =
 1 − 4n 2 1 − 4n 2 4 n 2 − 1
2 4 1 1 
f ( x) = −  cos( 2 x) + cos( 4 x) + ...
  3 15 
Example
Expand f ( x) = x , 0  x  2 in a half range (a) sine series, (b) cosine series
Solution
30
(a) To get a sine series the function must be an odd function. So, we extend the given
function to have an odd function. This is called the odd extension of f (x ) .
2 2 
T =4  0 = = =
T 4 2
Since now the function is odd then d 0 = 0 , and an = 0
4 T /2 42  n .x 
bn =  f ( x) sin( n0 x)dx =  x sin  dx
T 0 40  2 
2
 −2  n .x    −4  n .x  
= ( x ) cos   − (1) 2 2 sin   
  n  2    n   2   0
− 4
 n n even
−4 
= cos( n ) = 
n  4 n odd
 n

−4  n . x 
Then f ( x) =  cos( n ) sin  
n =1 n  2 
4    .x  1  2 .x  1  3 .x  
= sin   − sin   + sin   − ...
   2  2  2  3  2  
31
(b) To get a cosine series the function must be an even function. So, we extend the given
function to have an even function. This is called the even extension of f (x ) .
2 2 
T =4  0 = = =
T 4 2
Since now the function is even then bn = 0
2
2 T /2 22 1 x2
d 0 =  f ( x)dx =  xdx = =1
T 0 40 2 2 0
4 T /2 42  n .x 
an =  f ( x) cos( n0 x)dx =  x cos dx
T 0 40  2 
2
  2  n .x    −4  n .x  
= ( x ) sin    − (1) 2 2 cos  
  n  2  n   2   0

 0 n even
4 
= 2 2 (cos( n ) − 1) = 
n  −8 n odd
 n 2 2

4  n . x 
Then f ( x) = d 0 +  (cos( n  ) − 1) sin  
n =1 n 2 2
 2 
32
8    .x  1  3 .x  1  5 .x  
f ( x) = 1 −  sin   + sin   + sin   + ...
   2  9  2  25  2 
2

Complex Notation for Fourier Series

The Fourier series for f (t ) can be written in complex notation as

f (t ) =  Cn e jn t 0
n = −
1 T /2
where Cn = 
T −T / 2
f (t )e − jn0t dt
Example
Write an expression for the function f (x ) in terms of the complex exponential
Fourier series.
-2 -1 1 2
-1
Solution
2 2
T =2  0 = = =
T 2
1T 12 11 12
C n =  f ( x )e − jn0 x
dx =  f ( x)e − jn x
dx =  (1)e − jn x
dx −  (1)e − jn x dx
T0 20 20 21
33
=
1
(− e − jn + 1 + e − j 2n − e − jn ) = 1 (1 − e − jn )
2 jn jn
 2
 jn n odd

Cn = 
 0 n even



f ( x) =  Cn e jn x
0
n = −
2  j x 1 j 3 x 1 j 5 x 1 1 
= e + e + e + ..... − e − j x − e − j 3 x − e − j 5 x − .....
j  3 5 3 5 
Exercises
Find the Fourier Sine Series for the following periodic functions
 1 1 
1) f ( x) = x 0 x  Ans. 2 sin( x) − sin( 2 x) + sin( 3 x) − ...
 2 3 
2 1 1 
2) f ( x) = x 0  x 1 Ans.  sin( x) − sin( 2 x) + sin( 3 x) − ...
 2 3 
 2 1
1 +  sin( x) − sin( 2 x)
 x 0  x  /2   2
3) f ( x) =  Ans.
 / 2  /2 x  1 2  1
+ −  sin( 3 x) − sin( 4 x) + ...
 3 9  4
34
1 1 1
 sin( 4 x) − sin(12 x) + sin( 20 x)
 x 0  x   /8  9 25
4) f ( x ) =  Ans.
 / 4 − x  /8  x   / 4 1 
− sin( 28 x) + ...
49 
Find (a) the Fourier Cosine Series, (b) the Fourier Sine Series
(a)1 +
8    x  1  3 x  1  5 x  
2 
cos  + cos  + cos  + ...
   2  9  2  25  2  
1) f ( x) = 2 − x 0 x2 Ans.
4 x 1
(b)  sin   + sin ( x ) + sin 
1 3 x  1 
 + sin (2 x )...
  2  2 3  2  4 
(a) −  cos
3 2  x  1  3 x  1  5 x  
 − cos  + cos  − ...
1 0  x 1 2   2  3  2  5  2  
2) f ( x) =  Ans.
2 1 x  2 x 1 3 x  1  5 x  
(b)  sin   − sin ( x ) + sin 
6 1
 + sin  ...
  2  3 3  2  5  2  
x 1
(a) − 2  cos  + cos
L 4L 3 x  1  5 x  
 + cos  + ...
2    L  9  L  25  L  
3) f ( x) = x 0  x  L Ans.
2 L    x  1  2 x  1  3 x  
(b)  sin   − sin   + sin   − ...
   L  2  L  3  L  
 4 1 1 
(a) +  cos( x ) + cos(3 x ) + cos(5 x ) + ...
2  9 25 
4) f ( x) =  − x 0 x  Ans.
 1 1 
(b) 2 sin ( x ) + sin (2 x ) + sin (3 x ) + ...
 2 3 
35
Find the Complex Form of the Fourier Series for the following periodic
functions

(−1) n jnx
1) f ( x) = x −  x   Ans. j n
= − n
e
n0
sinh(  ) 
1 + jn jnx
2) f ( x) = e x
−  x   Ans.

 (−1) n
1 + n2
e
n = −
2 (−1) n jnx

3) f ( x) = x 2 −  x   Ans. +2 2
e
3 n = − n
n0

1
f ( x) = x 0  x  2  + j  e jnx
4) Ans. n = − n
n 0
36

Fourier Series

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Fourier Series

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Mathematics Second Year

i. Amplitude - height of wave

ii. Frequency = 1/T [Hz]

iii. Phase - tells you where the peak

Consider a signal defined by

of amplitudes Ak , and the set of phases  k

Consider a signal given by

Complex Exponential Form

• This signal contains both positive and negative frequencies

complex exponential form

Where is the fundamental frequency (rad/sec) of the signal and

• is called the constant or dc component of x(t)

• The frequencies present in x(t) are integer multiples of the fundamental

• Notice that, if the dc term is added to

• By using Euler’s formula, we can rewrite

dc component k-th harmonic

This expression is called the trigonometric Fourier series of x(t)

Odd and Even Functions

A function f (x ) is odd if f (− x) = − f ( x) . Thus x , x − 3 x + 2 x , sin( x ) ,

A function f (x ) is even if f (− x) = f ( x) . Thus x , 2 x − 4 x + 5 , cos( x ) ,

e x + e − x are even functions. The figure below is an example of an even function.

while the figure below is neither odd nor even function.

Integrating odd functions over symmetric domains

Integrating even functions over symmetric domains

3) sin(nx) Ans. Odd

4) x sin( x) Ans. Even

5) cos( x) / x Ans. Odd

7) sin x 2 ( ) Ans. Even

8) sin 2 ( x) Ans. Even

10) x 2 sin( nx) Ans. Odd

11) x + x 2 Ans. Neither even nor odd

12) e − x Ans. Even

13) x cosh( x) Ans. Odd

6) f ( x) = e −4 x −  x   Ans. Neither even nor odd

called the period of f (t ) .

Find the smallest positive period of the following functions

10) sin(nx) Ans. 2 / n

Expansion corresponding to f (t ) is given by

where the Fourier coefficients an and bn are

ADVANTAGES OF FOURIER SERIES

where m and n assume any of the values 1,2,3,...

The corresponding Fourier series is

Find the Fourier Series for the following periodic functions

Find the Fourier Series for the following periodic functions

Half Range Fourier Sine or Cosine Series

2  cos ((1 − 2n) x ) cos((1 + 2n) x )

Complex Notation for Fourier Series

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