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Assessment Tasks - 60%
Major Exams - 40%
_________
Periodic Grade 100%
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MIDTERM GRADE = 30%(Prelim Grade) + 70 %[60% (Activity 5-7) + 40% (Midterm exam)]
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MODULE 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Introduction
Complex numbers dates back to the 1st century, when Heron of Alexandria (about 75
AD) attempted to find the volume of a frustum of a pyramid, which required computing the
square root of 81-144 (though negative numbers were not conceived in the Hellenistic world).
We also have the following quotation from Bhaskara Acharya (working in 486 AD), a Hindu
mathematician: “The square of a positive number, also that of a negative number, is positive:
and the square root of a positive number is two-fold, positive and negative; there is no square
root of a negative number, for a negative number is not square.” Later, around 850 AD,
another Hindu mathematician, Mahavira Acharya, wrote: “As in the nature of things, a
negative (quantity) is not a square (quantity), it has therefore no square root.” In 1545, the
Italian mathematician, physician, gambler, and philosopher Girolamo Cardano (1501-76)
published his Ars Magna (The Great Art), in which he described algebraic methods for solving
cubic and quartic equations. This book was a great event in mathematics. In fact, it was the
first major achievement in algebra in 3000 years, after the Babylonians showed how to solve.(
Agarwal, Perera, Pinelas, 2011)
Learning Outcomes
1
Lesson 1. Simplifying Complex Numbers
Complex Number
By definition a complex number is any number expressible in the standard form a+bi or a +jb,
the value of “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit number it is equal to the √−1 (Semeniano 2020).
Complex Numbers
Imaginary Numbers were once thought to be impossible, and so they were called
"Imaginary”. But then people researched those more and discovered they were
actually useful and important because they filled a gap in mathematics .Imaginary numbers
become most useful when combined with real numbers to make complex
numbers like 3+5i or 6−4i ( Pierce, 2020).
Example:
2
thus the solutions are i and –i
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = 𝒊𝟐 (𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝟏
𝒊𝟓 = 𝒊𝟑 (𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝒊
𝒊𝟔 = 𝒊𝟒 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝟏
𝒊𝟕 = 𝒊𝟓 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝒊
𝒊𝟖 = 𝒊𝟒 (𝒊𝟒 ) = 𝟏
Example:
3
𝑖4 = 1 𝑖4 = 1
𝑖4 = 1
Note:
𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏
If the exponent of “𝑖” is exactly divisible by 4, then the simplified equivalent of the imaginary
number is equal to 1.
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 = 𝒊
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 + 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒊 + (-𝒊 )
–2−3𝑖
2. Simplify using rationalizing
3+4𝑖
– 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 – 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊
= [ ]
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊
– 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 − 𝟗𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝟐
=
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒊𝟐
Substitute -1 to 𝑖 2
4
– 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒊 −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊 − 𝟗𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐(−𝟏)
=
𝟑 + 𝟒𝒊 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔(−𝟏)
–𝟐−𝟑𝒊 −𝟏𝟖−𝒊
=
𝟑+𝟒𝒊 𝟐𝟓
A. Rectangular Form
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
Where,
B. Trigonometric Form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where
C. Polar Form
𝑧=𝑟<𝜃
r
b
𝜃
5
𝑟 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎
D. Exponential Form
z = reiθ
Where,
𝜃 = Angle in radians
Example
The polar form of the complex number “a+jb” is given by 𝑧 = 𝑟 < 𝜃 where,
𝑏
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 And 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎
Solution:
𝑟 = √32 + 42 = 5
4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
3
𝜃 = 53.61⁰
6
The Polar Form is 5 <53.61⁰
𝑧 𝑛 = (r < 𝜃)𝑛
𝑧 𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 < 𝑛𝜃
Example:
Evaluate z = (2 – i √3 )6
z = (4 < − 60⁰)6
7
Roots of Complex Numbers Numbers (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)
1
Let:𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find 𝑧 𝑛
1 1
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟 < 𝜃)𝑛
1 1 𝜃 + 𝑘(360)
𝑧𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 <
𝑛
where: k = 0,1,2,…n-1
Example:
1 1
𝑧 4 = (8 < 150⁰)4
1 1 150 + 𝑘(360)
𝑧 4 = (8)4 <
4
Answers:
1
At k=0, 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 37.5⁰
1
At k=1, 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 127.5⁰
1
At k=2 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 217.5⁰
1
At k= 3, 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 307.5⁰
Assessment Task 1
The value of “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit number it is equal to the√−1.
Complex Numbers can be in different forms, the rectangular form, trigonometric
form, polar form and exponential form.
MODULE 2
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
9
Introduction
Learning Outcomes
10
1. Addition Of Complex Numbers:
(𝑿𝟏 + 𝒊𝒀𝟏 ) + (𝑿𝟐 + 𝒊𝒀𝟐 ) = (𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 ) + 𝒊(𝒀𝟏 + 𝒀𝟐 )
Or 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 < (𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )
11
1. Multiplication in Exponential Form
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝒊(𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟐 )
(6x + 8) + (4x + 2)
To simplify this expression, you combine the like terms, 6 x and 4x. These are like terms
because they have the same variable with the same exponents. Similarly, 8 and 2 are like
terms because they are both constants, with no variables.
(6√3 + 8) + (4√3 + 2) = 10 √3 + 10
12
You can add 6√3 to 4√3because the two terms have the same radical, √3, just as 6x and
4x have the same variable and exponent.
The number i or j look like a variable, but remember that it is equal to√−1. The great thing is
you have no new rules to worry about, whether you treat it as a variable or a radical, the
exact same rules apply to adding and subtracting complex numbers. You combine the
imaginary parts (the terms with 𝑖), and you combine the real parts. (Monterey 2020)
Example Problem:
−3 + 3𝑖 + 7 − 2𝑖 = terms together.
−3 + 7 + 3𝑖 − 2𝑖
−3 + 7 = 4 and Combine like terms
𝟑𝒊 − 𝟐𝒊 = (𝟑 − 𝟐)𝒊 = 𝒊
(−𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊) + (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊) = 𝟒 + 𝒊 Answer
13
Again, consider the following expression. Before reading further, consider how you would
simplify it.
(5x)(−3x)
You can simplify by multiplying the coefficients together, then the variables.
= −15x2
Multiplying two imaginary (but not complex) numbers together works in a similar way, but there
is an additional step. Start with the same method to multiply 5 i and −3i.
When you multiply a square root by itself, you get the number under the radical. This is what
square root means.
(√3)(√3 ) = 3
(√15)(√15 ) = 15
𝑖 2 = (𝑖)(𝑖)
(√−1)(√−1 ) = −1
So, the final step to simplifying (5𝑖)(3𝑖) = 15𝑖 2 is to replace 𝑖 2 with −1.
(5𝑖)(3𝑖) = (5)(−3)(𝑖)(𝑖) = 15𝑖 2
15(−1) = −15
14
Example Problem:
Multiply the coefficients of 𝑖 together,
(3𝑖)(2𝑖) = (3)(2)(𝑖)(𝑖) = 6𝑖 2
6𝑖 2 = (6)(−1) and then multiply 𝑖 times 𝑖
(3𝑖)(2𝑖) = −6
The following expression is a little more complicated because two binomials are being
multiplied. This means you have to use the Distributive Property of Multiplication.
(Remember that multiplying using the FOIL method—First, Outside, Inside, Last—is an
application of the distributive property of multiplication.)
Once the binomials have been multiplied, simplify the expression by combining like terms.
(Monterey 2020)
Example Problem:
= 24x + 12x + 32x + 16
2
15
24 + 44𝑖 + 16(−1)
24 + 44𝑖 − 16 Combine like terms.
8 + 44𝑖
(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊)
(𝟔)(𝟔) + (𝟔)(−𝟖𝒊) + (𝟖𝒊)(𝟔) + (𝟖𝒊)(−𝟖𝒊)
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟖 𝒊 + 𝟒𝟖𝒊 − 𝟔𝟒𝒊𝟐
Use FOIL to expand the product.
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒𝒊𝟐
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟔𝟒(−𝟏)
Combine like terms.
36 + 64
100
(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊)(𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Answer
So far, each operation with complex numbers has worked just like the same operation with
radical expressions. This should no longer be a surprise the number i is a radical, after all, so
complex numbers are radical expressions.
Let’s look at division in two parts, like we did multiplication. First, let’s look at a situation in
which the divisor is a monomial. (Monterey 2020)
Example Problem:
16
–𝟐𝟒 𝒊
= −𝟒𝒊 Since the result has no denominator, no more
𝟔
simplification is needed.
𝟔+𝒊 𝟐.𝟓
Simplify the Expression
𝟑+𝒊𝟒
There is another way of simplifying complex
numbers, Using the Rectangular and Polar Form of
𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟐. 𝟓 𝟔. 𝟓 < 22.62
=
𝟑 + 𝒊𝟒 𝟓 < 53.13
then
After you have the value of a and b, write the answer
in a+ib form
𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒊𝟎. 𝟔𝟔
𝟑 + 𝒊𝟒
17
Assessment Task 2
1.(3 − 𝑖 )2 7(3 − 𝑖 ) + 10
50+𝑖2.5
2. Find the quotient
8+𝑖5
3. If A = -2-3i and B = 3+4i, what is A/B
4. 9(3 − 4𝑖 ) − 10
Summary
To simplify this expression, you combine the like terms. These are like terms
because they have the same variable with the same exponents. Similarly, 8 and 2
are like terms because they are both constants, with no variables
The number i or j look like a variable, but remember that it is equal to . The great
thing is you have no new rules to worry about—whether you treat it as a variable or a
radical, the exact same rules apply to adding and subtracting complex numbers. You
combine the imaginary parts (the terms with i), and you combine the real parts.
18
MODULE 3
LOGARITHM, EXPONENTIAL, AND
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Introduction
A complex number is a number which can be expressed as a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers, and I satisfy the equation i2 = −1. Since no real number satisfies this equation,
an imaginary number is named I. It is called the real part for the complex number a + bi, and
b is called the imaginary part. This can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided in
complex number. Other mathematical operations of complex numbers are solving logarithm,
exponential, and trigonometric function. (Capote & Mandawe, 2007 )
Learning Outcomes
19
Lesson 1. Logarithm of Complex Numbers
Let 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚
𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 < 𝜃
𝒍𝒏𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒍𝒏𝒓 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝜽
𝒍𝒏𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏𝒓 + 𝒋𝜽
Example:
1. Find the principal value of : 𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑)
Solution:
𝒛 = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑 )
Convert the given to Polar Form , and review
Answer
𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑 + 𝒊𝟓. 𝟐𝟑𝟔
Solution:
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝑴𝒍𝒏𝒙 Use properties of logarithm
From: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 = 𝑵𝒍𝒏𝒚
Where: M is the modulus of Logarithm
Convert the given to Polar Form ,
and review Angles in Unit Circle
𝒍𝒏 (𝟏+𝒊 √𝟑)
Then: 𝒛 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 + √𝟑) = 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏−𝒊)
20
𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃, 𝜃 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝝅
𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑+𝒊𝟑
= 𝟕𝝅
𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟕+𝒊 𝟒
𝒛 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏−𝒊 (𝟏 + √𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟖 − 𝒊 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒 Answer
Any complex number z = x + iy, and its complex conjugate, z = x − iy, can be written as
(Capote & Mandawe, 2007)
𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝟐
21
𝒊(𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽)
𝑪𝒐𝒕𝜽 =
(𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )
𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 =
(𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )
𝒊𝟐
𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽 =
(𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 )
Example:
𝒆𝒊𝜽 +𝒆−𝒊𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝟐
Substitute the values
𝝅 𝝅
𝒊 −𝒊
𝝅 𝒆 𝟒 +𝒆 𝟒
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 𝟒 ) = -- eq.1
𝟐
Remember Eulers Equation
𝝅 𝝅
𝒆𝒊𝟒 + 𝒆−𝒊𝟒 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 [ 𝟒 ×
𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎⁰
] 𝒆𝒊𝜽 + 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝝅
𝒆𝒊𝜽 − 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒋𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝝅 𝝅
𝒆𝒊 𝟒 + 𝒆−𝒊 𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐 From,
𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 and
𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
Therefore,
Substitute the value of
𝝅 𝟏.𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 𝟒) = 𝟐 𝝅 𝝅
𝒆𝒊𝟒 + 𝒆−𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟐 to eq 1
𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒊 𝟒) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 Answer
22
Assessment Task 3
Summary
Eulers equation are 𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 and 𝒆−𝒊𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
23
MODULE 4
SERIES OF CONSTANTS
Introduction
The premise of the series relates closely to the sum of numbers. In fact, if one hears
the word sequence, it is the sum of numbers that comes to mind first. It is the fundamental
distinction between sequences and series. So series are here to help us add numbers, as we
shall see. The Arithmetic and Geometric Series are some of the famous set of constants. A
sequence is an object or array of numbers arranged in an ordered manner that fully defines
the preceding and the following numbers, while series is the sum of the terms in as a
sequence. (sosmath.com)
Learning Outcomes
24
Lesson 1. Arithmetic Series
Arithmetic Sequence
Arithmetic Series
The corresponding sum of all terms in arithmetic progression is called Arithmetic
Series.
𝒏
𝒂 + (𝒂 + 𝒅) + (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅) + ⋯ + [𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
𝒏
= [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏 ]
𝟐
Where: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
The formula for the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence, starting with 𝑖 = 1, is:
𝒏
𝒏
∑ 𝒂𝟏 = [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏 ]
𝟐 𝟏
𝒊=𝟏
Where:
𝑎1 - first term
25
𝑛 - number of terms
𝑑 - common difference 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
Examples:
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒂𝟒 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎
By Inspection, 𝑑 = 5
Use the formula for Arithmetic Series to get
𝒏
𝑺= [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅] the sum of all terms.
𝟐
𝟐𝟎
𝑺= [𝟐(𝟒) + (𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏)𝟓] Substitute the Values
𝟐
𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟎 Answer
2. If the sum is 220 and the first term is 10, find the common difference if the last term is
30.
𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎
Use the formula for Arithmetic series to get n,
𝒏 number of terms. Use Algebra in deriving the
𝑺= [𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏 ]
𝟐 formula.
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏 Number of terms
Substitute,
Answer
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
30 = 10 + (10 − 1)𝑑
30 = 10 + (9)𝑑
𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐
Geometric Sequence
A sequence is said to be a geometric sequence if its succeeding terms have common ratio. .
(Tiong 2008)
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏
The corresponding sum of all terms in geometric sequence is called as geometric series.
𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏 ) 𝒂 − 𝒂𝒓𝒏
𝒂 + 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒓 + ⋯ 𝒂𝒓 = =
𝟏−𝒓 𝟏−𝒓
Where: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎1 - first term
𝑛 - number of terms
𝑎2
𝑟 - common ratio,
𝑎1
27
Example:
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒂𝟑 = 𝟖 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎
By inspection 𝒓 = 𝟐 Since 𝑟 =
𝑎2 4
= = 2, r – common ratio
𝑎1 2
𝒂(𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
𝑺= 𝟏−𝒓
Substitute to the Sum of all terms Formula
𝟐(𝟏−𝟐𝟏𝟎)
𝑺= 𝟏−𝟐
Answer
𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟔
2. If the first term of a Geometric Progression is 9 and the common ratio is -2/3, find the
fifth term.
2
𝑎1 = 9 𝑟 = −3
Formula for the nth term
𝟒
𝒂𝟓 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓
𝟐 𝟒
𝒂𝟓 = 𝟗 (− 𝟑) Substitute to the values for the formula
𝟏𝟔
𝒂𝟓 = 𝟗 ( )
𝟖𝟏
𝟏𝟔
𝒂𝟓 = Answer
𝟗
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Lesson 3.Infinite Geometric Series
This type of series is a geometric series only that the number of terms (n) is extremely large
or infinity. (Tiong 2008)
𝒂𝟏
𝑺=
𝟏−𝒓
Where:
𝒂𝟏 – first term
𝒓 - common ratio
Example:
𝒂𝟏 = 𝟔 𝒂𝟐 = −𝟐
𝑎 2 1
𝑟 = 𝑎2 = − 6 = − 3 Solve the common ratio
1
𝒂𝟏
𝑺= Use Infinite Geometric Sum of all terms formula
𝟏−𝒓
𝟔
𝑺= 𝟏 Substitute the values
𝟏−(−𝟑)
𝟗 Answer
𝑺=
𝟐
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Assessment Task 4
1. Determine the sum of the sequence if there are 7 arithmetic mean between 3
and 35.
2. What is the sum of the progression 4, 9, 14, 19...up to 20th term?
3. Find the sum of 4 geometric means 160 and 5.
4. Find the fourth term of the progression ½, 0.2, 0.125
5. Find the 6th term of the sequence 55, 40,28,19,13...
Summary
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References
Agarwal R.P., Perera K., Pinelas S. (2011) History of Complex Numbers. In: An
Introduction to Complex Analysis. Springer, Boston, MA. Retrieved July 16,2020 from
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0195-7_50
Pierce, Rod. (11 May 2020). "Imaginary Numbers". Math Is Fun. Retrieved 17 Jul 2020 from
http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/imaginary-numbers.html
Semeniano, H. (2020) “Lecture notes and Sample problems on Complex Numbers”, para 1,
Educ.pob Retrived July 16, 2020 from https://edoc.pub/complex-numbers-10-pdf-free.html.
Tiong J.R. (2008)1001 solved problems in Engineering Mathematics, 3rd Edition,Day 17,
Advance Mathematics pg.413-415,
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