THERMODYNAMICS 1

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PROPERTIES OF A WORKING SUBSTANCE

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ENGR. ALBERT JULIAN M. BARJOSE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

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WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
Copyright © by Western Mindanao State University
All rights reserved. Published (Year)
Printed in the Philippines
ISBN 978-971-0487-42-4
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without prior written permission of
WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROPERTIES OF A WORKING SUBSTANCE ........................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4
OBJECTIVES: ............................................................................................................................ 4
TOPIC OUTLINE: ...................................................................................................................... 4
PROPERTIES OF A WORKING SUBSTANCE ........................................................................... 6
PRESSURE ..................................................................................................................................... 6
TEMPERATURE ............................................................................................................................ 7
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY ..................................................... 8
INTERNAL ENERGY ................................................................................................................... 9
FLOW WORK ................................................................................................................................ 9
ENTHALPY (h) ............................................................................................................................ 10
ENTROPY (s) ............................................................................................................................... 10
SAMPLE PROBLEMS ..................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 12
ASSIGNED PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITY ......................................................................... 13

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 PROPERTIES OF A WORKING SUBSTANCE

INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations and the relationships among the physical
properties of substances which are affected by those transformations. Consequently, to compute for the
changes of energy that have occurred in a system or working substance, we must be able to express the
behaviour of the system in terms of descriptive characteristics that are called properties.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this MODULE, YOU can:

1. State the different properties of a working substance.

2. Be familiar with the calculations involved in the properties of a working substance.
3. Solve problems related to the properties of a working substance.
4. Be prepared for more comprehensive problems related to thermodynamics.

TOPIC OUTLINE:

I. Properties of A Working Substance

II. Pressure
III. Temperature
IV. Density, Specific Volume and Gravity
V. Internal Energy
VI. Flow Work
VII. Enthalpy
VIII. Entropy

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 Try This!

Consider the figures below. Try to research and study in advance these figures and draw their
free-body diagrams.

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 PROPERTIES OF A WORKING SUBSTANCE

Properties may be classified as intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are

independent of the mass; for example, temperature, pressure, density and voltage.
Extensive properties are dependent upon the mass of the system and are total
values such as total volume and total internal energy. Specific properties are those
for a unit mass and are intensive by definition such as specific volume. Thus, thinking generally,
we note, as examples, that total volume is an extensive property and that temperature and
pressure are inherently intensive.

PRESSURE

Pressure - is the ratio pf force per unit area.

Gauge Pressure – is the pressure reading from the gage pressure instrument
which is higher or lower than atmospheric pressure.

Vacuum Pressure – is a pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure.

A. Pressure
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑁 𝑙𝑏
𝑃= , ,
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑚2 𝑖𝑛2
Absolute Pressure:
𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

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B. Hydrostatic Pressure
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ
Where:
𝑙𝑏 𝐾𝑁
𝛾 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔, ,
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 3
=1
𝑚 𝑙𝑖

𝑙𝑏 𝐾𝑁
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 62.4 = 9.81
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3

𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.20 = 0.0749
𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3

TEMPERATURE

Temperature – is the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or body

Thermometer – is an instrument used to measure the temperature of a body or a

substance.

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Pyrometer – is an instrument used to measure high temperature gasses.

A. Relation between ℃ and ℉ scales

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℃= (𝐹 − 32)
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℉ = 𝐶 + 32
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B. Absolute temperatures
°𝐾 = ℃ + 273
°𝑅 = 𝐹 + 460
C. Temperature differemce:
∆℃ = ∆°𝐾
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∆℃ = ∆℉
9

∆℉ = ∆°𝑅
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∆℉ = ∆℃
5
D. Absolute Zero Temperatures:
°𝐾 = 0
°𝑅 = 0

DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

A. Density:

𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
B. Specific Volume
𝑽
𝝂=
𝒎

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝜈 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

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 C. Specific Gravity

𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝑺𝑮 =
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

D. Density of A Mixture

𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝝆𝒎 =
𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐
E. Specific Volume of A Mixture

𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐
𝝂=
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

F. Specific Gravity of A Mixture

𝝆𝒎
𝑺𝑮𝒎 =
𝝆𝒘

INTERNAL ENERGY

Internal Energy (U) – heat energy due to the movement of molecules

within the body brought about by its temperature.

FLOW WORK

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐾𝐽
𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃(𝜈2 − 𝜈1 ),
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ), 𝐾𝐽

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 ENTHALPY (h)

ℎ = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

ℎ = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉
or
ℎ = 𝑈 + (𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 )

Stagnation Enthalpy (𝒉𝒔 ):

𝒗𝟐𝒐
𝒉𝒔 = 𝒉𝒐 +
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦

ENTROPY (s)

𝑄
𝑠=
𝑇

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑠 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦
𝑄 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE

1. Find the pressure at the 100 fathom depth of water in KPag

A. 1793.96 B. 1893.96 C. 1993.96 D. 1693.96

2. Convert 750°𝑅 to °𝐾
A. 390.33K B, 395.33K C. 410.33K D.416.33K

3. The Barometer of a mountain biker reads 930 millibars at the beginning of a hiking
trip and 780 millibars at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local
gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance climbed.
A. 1274.21 m B. 1289 m C. 1267.34 m D. 1583.34 m

DENSITY, INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTROPY

𝑘𝑔
1. 100g of water is mixed with 150 g of alcohol (density = 790 𝑚3 ). What is the specific
volume of the resulting mixture, assuming that the fluids mixed completely.
𝑚3 𝑚3
A. 0.82𝑥10−3 B. 0.88 𝑥 10−3 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
3 𝑚3
−3 𝑚
C. 0.63 𝑥 10 D. 1.16 𝑥 10−3 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔

2. Steam flows through a nozzle at 400 ℃ and 1 MPa (h=3263.9 KJ/Kg) with velocity of
300m/s. Find the stagnation enthalpy.
A. 3300 KJkg B. 3290 KJ/kg C. 3320 KJ/kg D. 3309 KJ/kg

3. Given steam pressure of 900 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 , temperature of 300℉, specific volume of 5.8
𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑙𝑏, if the specific enthalpy is 9500 ft-lb/lb, what is the internal energy per pound of
the system.

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 REFERENCES

1. Thermodynamics by Faires & Simmang

2. FE Review Manual
3. 1001 Solved Engineering Problems

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 ASSIGNED PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITY

Instructions: This assignment is to be passed on or before 8:00 AM of

WEDNESDAY, October 14, 2020. Show your solution for each problem. Each
problem shall be worth 10 points, for a total of 100 points.

1. A vacuum gauge connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location where

barometric reading is 755 mmHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank
A. 70.6 kPa B. 84.23 kPa C. 90.34 kPa D.98.45 kPa

2. Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free surface of the
sea. Assume a barometric pressure of 101 kPa and the specific gravity of sea water
is 1.03.
A. 404 kPa B. 410 kPa C. 420 kPa D. 430 kPa

3. If the absolute temperature is 300°𝐾, what is the equivalent in °𝑅?

A. 530.34°𝑅 B. 534.23 °𝑅 C. 537.20 °𝑅 D. 540.6 °𝑅

4. If a certain temperature in the ℉ scale is thrice its equivalent value in the ℃

scale, what are its values in ℉ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℃?
A. 26.67℃ and 50℉ B. 26.67℃ and 80℉
C. 16.67℃ and 70℉ D. 56.67℃ and 60℉

5. Water enters the heater at 30℃ and leaves at 150℉, what is the temperature
difference in ℃?
A. 25.55 ℃ B. 35.55 ℃ C. 45.55 ℃ D. 55.55 ℃

6. A 5 kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 𝑚3 is filled with liquid water.
Assuming density of water is 1000 kg/𝑚3 , determine the combined weight of the
system.
A. 195 kg B. 200 kg C. 205 kg D. 210 kg

7. Determine the mass of the air contained in a room whose dimensions are 15 ft x
20 ft x 20 ft. Assume density of air = 0.0724 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 , g=32.2 ft/𝑠 2
A. 11.49 slugs B. 13.49 slugs C. 15.49 slugs D. 17.49 slugs

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8. In a constant temperature process at 150℃, heat is transferred with an entropy
change of 0.5 kJ/kg. Determine the heat added for the system.
A. 201.50 kJ/kg B. 211.50 kJ/kg C. 221.50 kJ/kg D. 231.50 kJ/kg

9. Two hundred kg of water is added to 4000 kg if alcohol with SG=0.8. Determine

the specific volume after mixing, 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔.
A. 0.00124 B. 0.02124 C. 0.0312 D. 0.000124

10. A batch of concrete consisting of 240 lbs fine aggregate, 380 lbs coarse
aggregate, 100 lbs cement and 5 gallons water. The specific gravity of fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate may be taken as 2.65 and that of the cement as
3.10. How much by weight of cement is required to produce one cubic yard?

A. 547.1 lb/𝑦𝑑 3 B. 647.1 lb/𝑦𝑑 3 C. 747.1 lb/𝑦𝑑 3 D. 847.1 lb/𝑦𝑑 3

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