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JENNETH A. ESTAMPA, R.N., M.N.

 Introduction to Human Anatomy &
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Physiology
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
ANATOMY
➢ the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body
parts.
PHYSIOLOGY
➢ the study of the function of body parts.
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Branches of anatomy

1. Gross anatomy

2. Microscopic anatomy

◦ Cytology
◦ Histology
3. Developmental anatomy

◦ Embryology
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TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY:

1. Cell physiology: function of cells

2. Special physiology: physiology of specific organs

3. Systemic physiology: physiology of systems

4. Pathological physiology: effects of disease on organ or system

functions.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. Atom
➢ Is the least complex level.

➢ The smallest particle of an element.

➢ Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)

2. Molecules
➢ Defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined
atoms.
➢ carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

3. Macromolecules

➢ A large molecule.

➢ carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4. Organelles

➢ A small organ of a cell, which performs a particular

function.
➢ cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
5. Cells
➢ The basic unit of structure and function of living
organisms.
➢ Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular
function.

6. Tissues
➢ A group of similar cells that performs a specialized
functions.
➢ epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

7. Organs

➢ Defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a

specialized function.
➢ skin, heart, brain

8. Organ systems

➢ A group of organs that act together to carry on a specialized function.

➢ 11 organ systems.

➢ integumentary, cardiovascular
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

9. Human organism

➢ The most complex level of organization

➢ Defined as an individual living thing.

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ skin

❑ hair

❑ nails

❑ sweat glands

❑ sebaceous glands

Major Functions:
❑ protect tissue

❑ regulate body temperature

❑ support sensory receptors

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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ bones

❑ ligaments

❑ cartilages

Major Functions:
❑ provide framework

❑ protect soft tissue

❑ provide attachments for muscles

❑ produce blood cells

❑ store inorganic salts

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Major Organs:
❑ muscles

Major Functions:
❑ cause movement

❑ maintain posture

❑ produce body heat

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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ brain

❑ spinal cord

❑ nerves

❑ sense organs

Major Functions:
❑ detect changes

❑ receive and interpret sensory

information
❑ stimulate muscles and glands
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ pituitary gland
❑ thyroid gland
❑ parathyroid glands
❑ adrenal glands
❑ pancreas
❑ ovaries testes
❑ pineal gland
❑ thymus
Major Functions:
❑ control metabolic activities of body
structures through the release of
hormones
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ heart

❑ arteries

❑ capillaries

❑ Veins

Major Functions:
❑ move blood through vessels
and transport substances
throughout the body
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ lymphatic vessels

❑ lymph nodes

❑ thymus

❑ spleen

Major Functions:
❑ return tissue fluid to blood

❑ carry certain absorbed food

molecules

❑ defend the body against infection

 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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Major Organs:
❑ mouth

❑ tongue

❑ teeth

❑ salivary glands

❑ pharynx

❑ esophagus

❑ stomach

❑ liver and gallbladder

❑ pancreas
❑ small and large intestines

Major Functions:
❑ receive, breakdown, and absorb food eliminate
unabsorbed material
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ nasal cavity
❑ pharynx
❑ larynx
❑ trachea
❑ bronchi
❑ lungs
Major Functions:
❑ intake and output of air
exchange gases between air
and blood
 z URINARY SYSTEM
Major Organs:
❑ kidneys

❑ ureters

❑ urinary bladder

❑ urethra

Major Functions:
❑ remove waste from blood

❑ maintain water and electrolyte

balance
❑ store and transport urine
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
Major Organs:
❑ scrotum

❑ testes

❑ Epididymides

❑ ductus deferentia
❑ seminal vesicles

❑ prostate gland

❑ bulbourethral glands

❑ urethra
❑ penis

Major Functions:
❑ produce and maintain sperm cells

❑ transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
Major Organs:
❑ ovaries

❑ uterine tubes

❑ uterus

❑ vagina

❑ clitoris

❑ vulva

Major Functions:
❑ produce and maintain eggs cells

❑ receive sperm cells

❑ support development of an embryo

❑ function in the birth process

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

1. Movement – change in position; motion

2. Responsiveness – reaction to a change

3. Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

4. Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

5. Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

6. Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms.

7. Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and

into body fluids.
8. Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids.
9. Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms.
10. Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
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SURVIVAL NEEDS
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SURVIVAL NEEDS
1. NUTRIENTS
➢ CHO, CHON, fats

➢ Minerals & vitamins

2. OXYGEN
➢ Necessary for body chemical reactions

3. WATER
➢ 60-80% of the body weight.

➢ The single most abundant chemical substance in the body.

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SURVIVAL NEEDS

4. NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE

➢ Too high

➢ Too low

5. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

➢ The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air.

➢ Affected by the altitudes of air

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HOMEOSTASIS
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THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

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RELATIVE BODY POSITIONS:

1. Superior = above; Inferior = below

2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back

3. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back

4. Medial = center; Lateral = side

5. Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side

6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;

7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
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REGIONAL TERMS TO DESIGNATE SPECIFIC

BODY AREAS
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BODY PLANES
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BODY SECTIONS

1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.
midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions.
2. Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into superior
and inferior portions
3. Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and
posterior portions.
4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object

5. Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object

6. Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object

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BODY CAVITIES
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OTHER BODY CAVITIES
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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY