EEPW 2252 — ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 1

MODULE 3 — TRANSMISSION LINES

LEARNING OUTCOMES COVERED

3. Fundamental of Transmission of Electrical Power, Underground
HT, and LT Power Cables, Overhead Line Conductors, Efficiency
of Transmission Line, the Line Drop, Types of Transmission
Circuits.
5. Calculations Resistance, Inductance, and Capacitance of
Transmission Lines.
8. Voltage Regulation in Power Systems: Important Methods of
Voltage Regulations in Power Systems.
Disclaimer: The University of Technology and Applied Sciences - Ibri and the Staff of the
Engineering Department are NOT CLAIMING any authorship of any content in this Course
Material Module. The content of this Module is purely for Educational Purposes; to teach
and pass on knowledge and training for students learning Electrical Engineering.
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TRANSMISSION LINES
 Transmission Lines are conductors used for carrying
Electrical Energy over long distances.

Figure 3.1 – Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit

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TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

1. Resistance 𝑅
2. Inductance (𝐿) and its corresponding Inductive
Reactance 𝑋𝐿
3. Conductance 𝐺 - neglected in Overhead Lines but not
in Underground Cables.
4. Capacitance 𝐶 and its corresponding Capacitive
Reactance 𝑋𝐶 .
 Transmission Line Series Impedance: 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
1
 Transmission Line Shunt Admittance: 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗
𝑋𝐶
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RESISTANCE (R)
 Resistance is the property of any object or substance
that resists or opposes the flow of an Electrical Current.
 Its quantity in an Electric Circuit determines the amount
of Current flowing in the Circuit for any given Voltage
applied to the Circuit, according to Ohm's Law.
 In a Transmission Line, it accounts for the Ohmic
Power Line Losses 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼2 𝑅 and Voltage Drop
𝑉𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐼𝑍 in the line.
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RESISTANCE (R)

𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝜌𝐿 𝜌 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐴
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑆 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 2
𝐼 𝐼 = 𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
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INDUCTANCE (L)
 Inductance is the property of an Electric Circuit by
which a changing Magnetic Field creates an
Electromotive Force or Voltage in that Circuit or in a
nearby Circuit.
 Inductance is the property of an Electric Circuit that
opposes any change in the Current.
 Series Inductance in the line accounts in the Voltage
Drop.
 𝑉𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE LINES
−7
𝐷 𝐻
𝐿 = 4 × 10 ln ;
𝑟′ 𝑚
𝑟 ′ = 𝑒 −0.25 𝑟
Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿;
𝑚
𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑟 ′ = 𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 𝐷𝑆 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE LINES
 Problem 3.1: A Single-Phase Line has two parallel
conductors 2 meters apart. The diameter of each conductor
is 1.2 cm. Calculate the Inductance per km of the line.
[ 2.424 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
 Problem 3.2: A Single-Phase Transmission Line has two
parallel conductors 3 m apart. The radius of each conductor
is 1 cm. Calculate the Inductance per km length.
[ 2.38 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE LINES
 Problem 3.3: A Single-Phase Transmission Line has two
parallel conductors 1 meter apart. The radius of each
conductor is 0.5 cm. Calculate the Inductance per km of
the line.
[ 2.22 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
 Problem 3.4: Calculate the Total Inductance of a Single-
Phase Line per km if the conductors’ 𝐷𝑆 = 3.94 𝑐𝑚 and
𝐷𝑀 = 119 𝑐𝑚.
[1.36 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE, COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS
𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝐻
𝐿𝑥 = 2 × 10−7 ln ;
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑥 𝑚
−7
𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝐻
𝐿𝑦 = 2 × 10 ln ;
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑦 𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑦
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE, COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS
 Problem 3.5: Determine the
Inductance per km of a Single-
Phase Transmission Line
consisting of three conductors
of 2.5 mm radius in the “Go
Circuit” and two conductors of
5 mm radius in the “Return
Circuit” arranged as shown.
[ 1.472 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
THREE-PHASE, EQUILATERAL SPACING
𝐷 𝐻
𝐿 =2× 10−7 ln ;
𝐷𝑆 𝑚
𝐷𝑆 = 𝑟 ′ = 𝑒 −0.25 𝑟
Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿;
𝑚

𝐷 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑟 ′ = 𝐷𝑆 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
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INDUCTANCE (L)
THREE-PHASE, EQUILATERAL SPACING
 Problem 3.6: Find the Inductance per km of a Three-
Phase Transmission Line using 1.24 cm diameter
conductors when these are placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of each side 2 m.
[ 1.205 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
THREE-PHASE, UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
−7
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐻
𝐿 = 2 × 10 ln ;
𝐷𝑆 𝑚
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴
𝐷𝑆 = 𝑟 ′ = 𝑒 −0.25 𝑟
Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿;
𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑟 ′ = 𝐷𝑆 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
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INDUCTANCE (L)
THREE-PHASE, UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
 Problem 3.7: The three conductors of a Three-Phase
Line are arranged at the corners of a triangle of sides 2
m, 2.5 m. and 3.5 m. Calculate the Inductance per km
of the line when the conductors are regularly
transposed. The diameter of each conductor is 1.24 cm.
[ 1.257 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
THREE-PHASE, UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
 Problem 3.8: The three conductors of a Three-Phase
Transmission Line are arranged at the corners of a
triangle whose sides are 2.5 m, 3 m, and 4 m. Calculate
the Inductance per km of the line. The diameter of each
conductor is 1.24 cm.
[ 1.293 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
THREE-PHASE, UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
 Problem 3.9: Calculate the Inductance of each
conductor in a Three-Phase, Three-Wire System when
the conductors are arranged in a horizontal plane with
spacing such that: 𝐷31 = 4 𝑚, 𝐷12 = 𝐷23 = 2 𝑚. The
conductors are transposed and each has a diameter of
2.5 cm.
[1.11 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, PARALLEL OR DOUBLE CIRCUIT
𝑝
𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝐻
𝐿 =2× 10−7 ln 𝑝 ;
𝐷𝑆 𝑚
𝑝 𝑝 4
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′
𝑝
𝐷𝑆 = 𝐷𝑆 = 𝐷𝑆 = 𝐷𝑆 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑆 𝐷𝑏𝑏′
𝑎𝑎′ 𝑏𝑏′

𝑝
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑝
𝐷𝑆 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
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INDUCTANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, PARALLEL OR DOUBLE CIRCUIT
 Problem 3.10: Two conductors of a Single-Phase Line,
each of 1 cm diameter, are arranged in a vertical plane
with one conductor mounted 1 m above the other. A
second identical line is mounted at the same height as
the first and spaced horizontally 0.25 m apart from it.
The two upper and the two lower conductors are
connected in parallel. Determine the Inductance per km
of the resulting Double Circuit Line.
[419.383 𝐻/𝑘𝑚 ]
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CAPACITANCE (C)
 Capacitance is affected by:
1. Area of the Plates
2. Distance between the Plates
3. Ability of the Dielectric to support Electrostatic
Forces
 Shunt Capacitance in the line produces the Charging
Current 𝐼𝐶 .
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CAPACITANCE (C)
 Capacitance also exists between Transmission Line
wires.
 The two or three wires act as the plates of the
Capacitor and that the air between them acts as a
Dielectric.
 The Electric Field between the wires is similar to
the field that exists between the plates of a Capacitor.
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CAPACITANCE (C)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE LINES
𝑞 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
𝐶= = 𝐷 ;
𝑉 ln 𝑚
𝑟

1 −9
𝐹
𝜀0 = × 10
36𝜋 𝑚
−12
𝐹
𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10
𝑚
𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑤𝑜 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 1
𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑋𝐶 = ;Ω − m
𝜀0 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
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CAPACITANCE (C)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE LINES
 Problem 3.11: A Single-Phase Transmission Line has two
conductors in parallel, 3 meters apart, and each has a radius
of 1 cm. Calculate the Total Capacitance of the line per km.
[ 9.749 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚 ]
 Problem 3.12: A Single-Phase Transmission Line has two
parallel conductors 4 meters apart. The radius of each
conductor is 1.5 cm. Calculate the Capacitance of the line
per km.
[ 9.959 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚 ]
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CAPACITANCE (C)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE LINES
 Problem 3.13: A Single-Phase Transmission Line has
two parallel conductors 1.5 meters apart. The diameter
of each conductor being 0.5 cm. Calculate Line-to-
Neutral Capacitance for a line 80 km long.
[ 347.87 𝑛𝐹 ]
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CAPACITANCE (C)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE, COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS
𝜋𝜀0 𝐹 𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
𝐶𝑥 = ; 𝐶𝑦 = ;
𝐷 𝑚 𝐷 𝑚
ln 𝐷 𝑀 ln 𝐷 𝑀
𝑆𝐶𝑥 𝑆𝐶𝑦

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦
𝐷𝑀 = 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐷𝑆𝐶 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
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CAPACITANCE (C)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-WIRE, COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS
 Problem 3.14: Determine the
Capacitance per km of a Single-
Phase Transmission Line
consisting of three conductors of
2.5 mm radius in the “Go
Circuit” and two conductors of 5
mm radius in the “Return
Circuit” arranged as shown.
[ 15.94 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚 ]
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CAPACITANCE (C)
THREE-PHASE, EQUILATERAL SPACING
𝑞 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
𝐶= = 𝐷 ;
𝑉 ln 𝑚
𝑟
1 −9
𝐹
𝜀0 = × 10
36𝜋 𝑚
−12
𝐹
𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10
𝑚
1
𝑋𝐶 = ;Ω − m
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐷 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
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CAPACITANCE (C)
THREE-PHASE, EQUILATERAL SPACING
 Problem 3.15: A 200 km, Three-Phase Transmission
Line has its conductors placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of 2.5 m side. The radius of each
conductor is 1 cm. Calculate the Line-to-Neutral
Capacitance of the line and the Charging Current per
Phase if the line is maintained at 66 KV, 50 Hz.
[ 2.015 𝐹, 24.122 𝐴 ]
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CAPACITANCE (C)
THREE-PHASE, EQUILATERAL SPACING
 Problem 3.16: A 250 km, Three-Phase Transmission
Line has its conductors placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle of 2 m side. The radius of each
conductor is 1.5 cm. Calculate the: (A) Line-to-Neutral
Capacitance of the line, (B) Charging Current per Phase
if the line is maintained at 69 KV, 50 Hz.
[ 2.842 𝐹, 61.618 𝐴 ]
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CAPACITANCE (C)
THREE-PHASE, UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
𝑞 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
𝐶= = 𝐷𝑒𝑞 ;
𝑉 ln 𝑚
𝑟

1 𝐹
𝜀0 = × 10−9
36𝜋 𝑚
−12
𝐹
𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10
𝑚

3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1
𝑋𝐶 = ;Ω − m
𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
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CAPACITANCE (C)
THREE-PHASE, UNSYMMETRICAL SPACING
 Problem 3.17: Three-Phase, 50 Hz, 66 KV Overhead
Line Conductors are placed in a horizontal plane as
shown. The conductor diameter is 1.25 cm. If the line
length is 100 km, calculate the Capacitance per Phase
and the Charging Current per Phase, assuming complete
transposition of the line.
[ 910 𝑛𝐹, 10.894 𝐴 ]
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CAPACITANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, PARALLEL OR DOUBLE CIRCUIT
𝑞 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
𝐶= = 𝑝 ;
𝑉 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑚
ln 𝑝
𝐷
𝑆𝐶

𝑝 𝑝 4
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′
𝑝
𝐷𝑆𝐶 = 𝐷𝑆𝐶 = 𝐷𝑆𝐶 = 𝑟𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝑟𝐷𝑏𝑏′
𝑎𝑎′ 𝑏𝑏′
𝑝
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑝
𝐷𝑆𝐶 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
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CAPACITANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, PARALLEL OR DOUBLE CIRCUIT
 Problem 3.18: Two conductors of a Single-
Phase Line, each of 1 cm diameter, are
arranged in a vertical plane with one
conductor mounted 1 m above the other. A
second identical line is mounted at the same
height as the first and spaced horizontally
0.25 m apart from it. The two upper and the
two lower conductors are connected in
parallel. Determine the Capacitance per km
of the resulting Double Circuit Line.
[ 28.223 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚 ]
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CAPACITANCE (L)
SINGLE-PHASE, PARALLEL OR DOUBLE CIRCUIT
Problem 3.19: Two conductors of a Single-Phase Line,
each of 2 cm diameter, are arranged in a vertical plane
with one conductor mounted 2 m above the other. A
second identical line is mounted at the same height as the
first and spaced horizontally 0.5 m apart from the first.
The two upper and the two lower conductors are
connected in parallel. Determine the Capacitance per km
of the resulting Double Circuit Line.
[ 28.223 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚 ]
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CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION
LINES
1. Short Transmission Lines
 Less than 80 km (≈ 50 miles)
 Operating at Voltages less than 20 KV
2. Medium Transmission Lines
 Between 80 km (≈ 50 miles) and 240 km (≈ 150 miles)
 Line Voltages between 20 KV and 100 KV
3. Long Transmission Lines
 Above 240 km (≈ 150 miles)
 Line Voltages above 100 KV
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SHORT TRANSMISSION LINES

 Analysis of the performance of Short Transmission
Lines, the following assumptions are being considered:
 Assume Star-Connected Source (Sending) and Star-
Connected Load (Receiving).
 Consider only Series Resistance (R) and Inductance
(L) of the line, which forms the Impedance (Z) of the
line.
 Neglect the Shunt Capacitance and Conductance.
 Assume that the Sending End Current, 𝐼𝑆 , is equal to
the Receiving End Current, 𝐼𝑅 .
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SHORT TRANSMISSION LINES

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑉𝑆𝜙 = 𝑉𝑅𝜙 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂% = × 100%
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 3 × 𝑉𝑅𝜙 × 𝐼𝑅 × cos 𝜃 = 3 × 𝑉𝑅𝜙 × 𝐼𝑅 × 𝑝𝑓

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 3 × 𝐼𝑅 2 × 𝑅
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑆𝜙 − 𝑉𝑅𝜙 𝑉𝑆𝐿 − 𝑉𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑅% = × 100% = × 100%
𝑉𝑅𝜙 𝑉𝑅𝐿
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SHORT TRANSMISSION LINES

 Problem 3.20: A Single-Phase Line has an Impedance
of 5∠60° Ω and supplies the load with 120 A at 3300 V
and 0.8 pf lagging. Calculate the Sending End Voltage
and Current.
[ 3858.974∠3.502° 𝑉, 120∠ − 36.87° 𝐴 ]
 Problem 3.21: A Three-Phase Line has an Impedance
of 5∠60° Ω and supplies the load with 120 A at 3300 V
and 0.8 pf lagging. Calculate the Sending End Voltage
and Current, and the Voltage Regulation.
[ 4275.228∠5.479° 𝑉, 120∠ − 36.87° 𝐴, 29.552% ]
 EEPW 2252 — ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 39
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SHORT TRANSMISSION LINES

 Problem 3.22: An Overhead, Single-Phase Transmission
Line delivers 1100 KW at 33 KV at 0.8 pf lagging. The Total
Resistance of the line is 10 Ω and Total Inductive Reactance
is 15 Ω. Determine the Transmission Efficiency.
[ 98.446% ]
 Problem 3.23: A Single-Phase Overhead Transmission Line
delivers 4000 KW at 11 KV at 0.8 pf lagging. If the
Resistance and Reactance per conductor are 0.15 Ω and 0.02
Ω, respectively, calculate Percentage Voltage Regulation.
[ 0.5459% ]
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SHORT TRANSMISSION LINES

 Problem 3.24: A Three-Phase Overhead Short Transmission
Line delivers 7500 KW at 33 KV at 0.85 pf lagging. If the
Resistance and Reactance per conductor are 0.1 Ω and 0.04
Ω, respectively, calculate Sending End Line-to-Line Voltage.
[ 33028.362∠ −8.664 × 10−3 ° 𝑉 ]
 Problem 3.25: A Single-Phase Overhead Transmission Line
delivers 500 KW at 11 KV at 0.9 pf lagging. If the
Resistance and Reactance per conductor are 0.15 Ω and 0.02
Ω, respectively, calculate Sending End Power.
[ 500.382 𝐾𝑊 ]
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MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES

 Analysis of the performance of Medium
Transmission Lines, the following assumptions are
being considered:
 Assume Star-Connected Source (sending) and Star-
Connected Load (receiving).
 Consider Series Resistance, Inductance, and Shunt
Capacitance of the line.
 Neglect the Conductance.
 The Sending End Current , 𝐼𝑆 , is no longer equal to
the Receiving End Current, 𝐼𝑅 .
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MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES

 Analysis of the performance of Medium
Transmission Lines, the following assumptions are
being considered:
 Use Nominal-Pi (Nominal-) or Nominal-T
Equivalent Circuit per Phase diagram.
 If it is not specified, the Nominal- Equivalent
Circuit is preferred.
 Use the ABCD Constants.
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MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES

 Sending End Voltage: 𝑉𝑠∅ = 𝐴 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝐵 × 𝐼𝑅
 Sending End Current: 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝐷 × 𝐼𝑅
𝑉𝑆
𝜙
𝐴
− 𝑉𝑅𝜙
 Voltage Regulation: 𝑉𝑅% = × 100%
𝑉𝑅𝜙

 Series Line Impedance: 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

1
 Shunt Admittance (Ignore Conductance): 𝑌 = 𝑗
𝑋𝐶
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MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES

NOMINAL- EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

𝑉𝑠∅ = 𝑨 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝑩 × 𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑪 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝑫 × 𝐼𝑅

𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
𝐴 =𝐷 =1+ 𝐵=𝑍 𝐶 =𝑌 1+
2 4
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MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES

NOMINAL-T EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

𝑉𝑠∅ = 𝑨 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝑩 × 𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑪 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝑫 × 𝐼𝑅

𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
𝐴 =𝐷 =1+ 𝐵 =𝑍 1+ 𝐶=𝑌
2 4
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LONG TRANSMISSION LINES

 Analysis of the performance of Long Transmission
Lines, the following assumptions are being
considered:
 Assume Star-Connected Source (sending) and Star-
Connected Load (receiving).
 Consider all parameters distributed along its entire
length.
 Use Nominal-Pi (Nominal-) Equivalent Circuit per
Phase diagram.
 Use the ABCD Constants.
 EEPW 2252 — ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 47
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LONG TRANSMISSION LINES

 Sending End Voltage: 𝑉𝑠∅ = 𝐴 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝐵 × 𝐼𝑅
 Sending End Current: 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝐷 × 𝐼𝑅
𝑉𝑆
𝜙
𝐴
− 𝑉𝑅𝜙
 Voltage Regulation: 𝑉𝑅% = × 100%
𝑉𝑅𝜙

 Series Line Impedance: 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

1
 Shunt Admittance (Ignore Conductance): 𝑌 = 𝑗
𝑋𝐶
 EEPW 2252 — ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 48
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LONG TRANSMISSION LINES

𝑍
 Characteristic Impedance: 𝑍𝐶 =
𝑌

 Propagation Value: 𝛾𝑙 = 𝑍𝑌 = 𝛼𝑙 + 𝑗 𝛽𝑙
 cosh 𝛾𝑙 = cosh 𝛼𝑙 cos 𝛽𝑙 + 𝑗 sinh 𝛼𝑙 sin 𝛽𝑙
 sinh 𝛾𝑙 = sinh 𝛼𝑙 cos 𝛽𝑙 + 𝑗 cosh 𝛼𝑙 sin 𝛽𝑙
 EEPW 2252 — ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 49
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LONG TRANSMISSION LINES

𝑉𝑠∅ = 𝑨 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝑩 × 𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑪 × 𝑉𝑅∅ + 𝑫 × 𝐼𝑅

sinh 𝛾𝑙
𝐴 = 𝐷 = cosh 𝛾𝑙 𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 sinh 𝛾𝑙 𝐶=
𝑍𝐶
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YOUTUBE INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEOS

 How do Electric Transmission Lines Work?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjY31x0m3d8
 How do Transmission Lines Work?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_Z-A9KZr58
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REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF THE MATERIAL

 Main Sources and References
 Power System Analysis by John J. Grainger and
William D. Stevenson, Jr. (E-Book in PDF is
available.)
 Principles of Power System by Rohit Mehta and V.
K. Mehta (E-Book in PDF is available.)
 EEPW 2252 — ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS 52
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REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF THE MATERIAL

 Main Sources and References
 Electric Power System Fundamentals by Acha Daza,
Savador. (Available in https://www.masader.om/)
 Fundamentals of Electric Power Engineering by
Mayergoyz, I. D.; McAvoy, Patrick. (Available in
https://www.masader.om/)
 Electrical Power Systems Technology, Third Edition
by Fardo, Stephen W.; Patrick, Dale R. Edition.
(Available in https://www.masader.om/)