PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

Geological Map, Principle of stratigraphy &

geological time scale
PRINCIPLE OF STRATIGRAPHY
& GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
Dating Technique
Relative Dating Absolute Dating

• Dating based on their • Dating based on decay

proper sequence of rocks time of radioactive
formation. material in the rocks.
• But can’t tell the exact • Actual procedure is quite
time of rocks formation. complex, and can only
• Still widely used till now. analyze from stable
daughter product.
Relative Dating
Relative dating are widely used till now, and there is
several basic principles described below:
• Law of Superposition
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationship
• Inclusion
• Unconformities
• Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
Law of
Superposition
Underformed sequence
of sedimentary rocks
give a clear image that
each bed is older than
one above it and
younger than the one
below.

The rule also applies to

other surface type
deposits, such as lava
flows and bed of
volcanic material.
Principle of
Original
Horizontality
Layers of sediment are
generally deposited in a
near horizontal position.
Usually the condition of
deposition of sediment
are affected by wind or
water as their transport
medium

If the sediment are

deposit in marine (slope
part) the layer will be
have a dipping angle. Or
on the outer parts of
basin.
Principle of
Cross-Cutting
Relationship
The basic principle is
applying the cross-
cutting from fault and
intrusion in some
formations.

For examples the faults

and dikes clearly must
have occurred after the
formation of rocks were
formed.
Inclusion
Inclusion are a piece of
one rock unit that are
contained within another

The formation which

contain the inclusion
must be the younger
than the inclusion which
provide the rock
fragment.
Unconformities
A rock layer which
deposit without
interruption, we called
them conformable.

Through earth history,

the sediment has been
interrupted again and
again. All such breaks in
the rock record are
termed unconformities.

There is several type of

unconformities:
• Angular
unconformity
• Disconformity
• Nonconformity
Win The Prize
Answer
Fossils:
Evidence of
Past Life
Fossils is a remain or
traces of prehistoric life,
are an important
inclusion in sediment.
Fossils are a basic and
important tools for
interpretation the
geologic past.

Fossil succession, the

fossil are arranged
according to their age by
applying the
superposition law. Fossil
are evolved through
time, so the old fossil will
not appears in young
strata, except they are
reworked.
Fossils:
Evidence of
Past Life
Once fossil are
recognize as time
indicator, they become
most useful of
correlating rocks of
similar age in different
region. The fossil are
called Index Fossil
because their
widespread, short span
time in geological scale,
indicated an geological
age, and their
abundance.
Correlation
To develop a geological
time scale or rocks
distribution, rocks of
similar age must be
matched up

By correlating the rocks,

a more comprehensive
view of the geological
history of a region
become possible.
Geological
Time Scale
A time scale of
geological time, useful to
determine the age of
rocks in a region and
then correlate it whit a
regional condition.

Without geological time

scale, it will be difficult to
communicate with other
geologist about the time
of rock formation
GEOLOGICAL MAP
Geological Map
A geological map shows the distribution of various type of
rocks in an area. It usually consists of a topographic map,
which coloured to show different rocks unit.

A map which give a clear overview about geological

condition from some coverage area, include stratigraphy
condition, rocks variation, distribution, and age, and
structural condition.
Geological
Maps
Basic components of
geological maps is:
• Topographic map
• Rock distribution
• Structural condition
• Index map
• Stratigraphic
condition
• Cross section
• Title, Explanation,
Index, Scale, etc.
Stratigraphic
Column
Basic components for
Stratigraphic Column is:
• Age or time zonation
• Formation
• Rocks unit
• Thickness
• Depositional
environment
• Rocks description
and primary
structure
• Title, Explanation,
Index, Scale, etc.
V Rule
V Rule is a relationship
product of dipping bed
and topography. Beds
will be show to the
surface if the height of
beds same with the
topographic elevation.
V Rule
Dip direction oppose the stream Dip direction same with stream
Lithological symbols and colour
Structural Symbols
POST TEST
Just write the sequence exclude the explanation
Tell the formation sequence from old to
young
ANY MORE QUSTION??
Fisco Raseno
+62 85692314054 (WA/SMS only)
Fiscoraseno.05@gmail.com
fiscoras@gmail.com
PRACTICE TIME
Required Equipment
• Millimeter block
• Maps
• Ruler
• Drawing pen
• Protractor
• Pencils & eraser
• A4 paper
• Triangle clip (The cheapest one)
• Scientific Calculator (Android App)
• Drawing pen or Waterproof
Determine the dip magnitude
Determine the stream direction
Structure Contour Calculation
Cross Section
Stratigraphic
Thickness
TT = VT cos (dip)
TT = sin (dip) HT
Determinating
True Dip and
Apparent Dip