Algebra and graphs Distance (m) Distance (m) Exercise 17.2 Time (s) Worked example 128456728 Time (@) Exercise 17.3 1. Find the average speed of an object moving: a) 30min 5s b) 48 min 12s ©) 78km in 2h d) 50kmin 25 h ¢) 400 km in 2h 30 min f) 110kmin2h 12min 2. How far will an object travel during: a) 10sat40 m/s b) 7s.at26ms ¢) 3 hours at 70 km/h d) 4115 min at 60 km/h €) 10min at 60 km/h 1) Uh 6 min at 20 mis? 3. How long will it take to travel: a) S0mat 10m b) 1 km at 20 ms c) 2 kmat 30 knvh d) km at 70 m/s ¢) 200cm at 0.4 m/s f) km at 15 km/h? © Travel graphs ‘The graph of an object travel line as shown (left). wat a constant speed is a straight Gradiemt = ‘The units of the gradient are m/s, hence the gradient of a distance-time graph represents the speed at which the object is travelling. The graph (left) represents an object travelling at constant speed. From the graph calculate how long it took to cover a distance of 30m. The time taken to travel 30 m is 3 seconds. Calculate the gradient of the graph. 40 Taking two points on the Line, gradient ==> = 10, Calculate the speed at which the object was travelling. Gradient of a distance-time graph Therefore the speed is 10 mis. speed. 1. Draw a distance-time graph for the first 10 seconds of an object travelling at 6 mis. 2. Draw a distance-time graph for the first 10 seconds of an object travelling at 5 mis. Use your graph to estimate: a) the time taken to travel 25 m, b) how far the object travels in 3.5 seconds.7 Graphs in prectical situations Distance (m) o> S885 E888 12945678 ‘Time (8) ° A Bo ey x 6 55 24 Ba Be o1 O12a45678 Time (s) Worked example E100 PB E 20 3 60 2 40 ary: 8 20 go 2 6700 oa00 0900 1000 7180 Time 3. Two objects A and B set off from the same point and move in the same straight line. B sets off first, whilst A sets off 2 seconds later. Using the distance-time graph (left) estimate: a) the speed of each of the objects, b) how far apart the objects would be 20 seconds after the start. 4. Three objects A, Band C move in the same st away from a point X. Both A and C change their speed during the journey, whilst B travels at the same constant speed throughout. From the distance-time graph (left) estimate: a) the speed of object B, b) the two speeds of object A, ©) the average speed of object C, 4) how far object Cis from X 3 seconds from the start, ©) how far apart objects A and C are 4 seconds from the start. The graphs of two or more journeys can be shown on the same axes, The shape of the graph gives a clear picture of the movement of each of the objects. ‘The journeys of two cars, X and Y, travelling between A and B are represented on the distance-time graph (left). Car X and Car Y both reach point B 100 km from A at 1100. i) Calculate the speed of Car X between 0700 and 0800. distance ime 0 kav = 60 km/h speed = ii) Calculate the speed of Car Y between 0900 and 1100. speed = "9° km/h = 50 kmh Explain what is happening to Car X between 0800 and 0900. No distance has been travelled, therefore Car X is stationary.Algebra and graphs Distanoe (km) Exercise 17.4 1. 4 SoS Helena “ * 10 o 1100 1120 1140 1200 Time ol 0900 09801000 1030 1160 Time ‘Two friends Paul and Helena arrange to meet for lunch at noon, They live 50 km apart and the restaurant is 30 km from Paul's home. The travel graph (left) illustrates their journeys, 8) What is Paul's average speed between 1100 and 11.40? b) What is Helena’s average speed between 1100 and 12002 €) What does the line XY represent? Acar travels at a speed of 60 km/h for 1 hour. It then stops for 30 minutes and then continues at a constant speed of 80 km/h for a further 1.5 hours. Draw a distance-time graph for this journey. A girl cycles for 1.5 hours at 10 knw/h, She then stops for an hour and then travels for a further 15 km in 1 hour. Draw a distance-time graph of the gir!’s journey. ‘Two friends leave their houses at 1600. The houses are 4 km apart and the friends travel towards each other on the same road. Fyodor walks at 7 kitvh and Yin walks at 5 knv/h, a) On the same axes, draw a distance-time graph of their journeys. b) From your graph estimate the time at which they meet. c) Estimate the distance from Fyodor’s house to the point where they meet A train leaves a station P at 1800 and travels to station Q.150 km away. It travels at a steady speed of 75 km/h. AL 1810 another train leaves Q for P at a steady speed of 100 km/h a) On the same axes draw a distanc both journeys, b) From the graph estimate the time at which both trains pass each other. ¢) At what distance from station Q do both trains pass each other? d) Which train arrives at its destination first? ime graph to show A train sets off from town P at 0915 and heads towards town Q 250 km away. Its journey is split into the three stages a, b and c. At0900 a second train leaves town Q heading for town P. Its journey is split into the two stages d and e. Using the graph (eft) calculate the following: a) the speed of the first train during stages a, b and c, b) the speed of the second train during stages d and e.7 Graphs in prectical situations 8 8 Distance (m) 70 20 a0 40 50 Time (s) Worked example @ Speed-time graphs, acceleration and deceleration So far the graphs that have been dealt with have been similar to the one shown (left) i.e. distance-time graphs. Ifthe graph were ofa girl walking it would indicate that initially she was walking at a constant speed of 1.5 m/s for 10 seconds, then she stopped for 20 seconds and finally she walked at a constant speed of 0.5 mvs for 20 seconds. For a distance-time graph the following is true: © a straight line represents constant speed, a horizontal line indicates no movement, © the gradient of a line gives the speed. This section also deals with the interpretation of travel graphs, but where the vertical axis represents the object's speed. The graph shows the speed of a car over a period of, 16 seconds. Speed (rvs) OD 46 8101S 14181820 Time (s) i) Explain the shape of the graph. For the first 8 seconds the speed of the car is increasing uniformly with time. This means it is accelerating at a constant rate. Between 8 and 14 seconds the car is travelling ata constant speed of 16 m/s. Between 14 and 16 seconds the speed of the car decreases uniformly. This means that it is decelerating at a constant rate. ii) Calculate the rate of acceleration during the first 8 seconds. From a speed~time graph, the acceleration is found by calculating the gradient of the line. Therefore " 6 > sccetraton = 1S = 2 mt iii) Calculate the rate of deceleration between 14 and 16 seconds; 16 deceleration = — = 8 m/s? ®Algebra and graphs Speed (mis) Exercise 17.5 Using the graphs below, calculate the acceleration/deceleration in each case ‘Speed (ris) 2 4 6 8101214161820 Time (6) ‘Speed (nis) Oe 4 6 8 101214161820 Timo (6) 1. 8 2. ‘Speed (m/s) 2 4 6 8101214161820 Time (s) BSéssa ‘Speed (rns) 05 1 Time (rin) @e0 E50 40 8 20 & 20 10 o os 1 Time (min) Sketch a graph to show an aeroplane accelerating. from rest, at a constant rate of S m/s* for 10 seconds. A train travelling at 30 mis starts to decelerate at a constant rate of 3 m/s", Sketch a speed-time graph showing the train’s motion until it stops. Exercise 17.6 1. The graph (left) shows the speed-time graph of a boy 024 6 8101219161820 Tame (s) running for 20 seconds. Calculate: a) the acceleration during the first four seconds, ) the acceleration during the second period of four seconds, ©) the deceleration during the final twelve seconds.7 Graphs in prectical situations ‘Speed (rvs) ‘Speed (mvs) Op 4 6 B0121g16 1820 Timo (min) 2. The speed-time graph (left) represents a cheetah chasing a gazelle. a) Does the top graph represent the cheetah or the gazelle? b) Calculate the cheetah’s acceleration in the initial stages of the chase, ©) Calculate the gazelle’s acceleration in the initial stages of the chase, 24 6 8101214151820 qd) Calculate the cheetah’s deceleration at the end. Time (s) ‘The speed—time graph (left) represents a from one station to another: a) Calculate the acceleration during stage a. b) Cafculate the deceleration during stage e. ©) Calculate the deceleration during stage f. 4) Deseribe the train’s motion during stage b. €) Describe the train’s motion 10 minutes from the start. ain travelling @ Area under a speed-time graph The area under a speed-time graph gives the distance travelled. Worked example The table below shows the speed of a train over a 30 second period. [time To Ts To [is [20 [25 J 30 | [speed es) | 20 | 20 | [20 | i) Plot a speed-time graph for the first 30 seconds. ‘Speed (mis) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 20 Time is) Calculate the train’s acceleration after the first 10 seconds. 101 Acceleration = 35 = mist Calculate the distance travelled during the 30 seconds. This is calculated by working out the area under the graph, The graph can be split into two regions as shown overleaf.