EVOLUTION OF

NURSING THEORY
JOCELYN C. TEBRERO, MAN, RN, RM
FACULTY, COLLEGE OF NURSING
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
OBJECTIVES
Commonly used terminologies in nursing
History of nursing theories
Different nursing theorists and their works
The different era of nursing theory
The components of nursing theory
Discipline and profession
 TERMINOLOGIES
• PHILOSOPHY - Beliefs and values that define a way of thinking
and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline
• CONCEPT - often called the building blocks of theories
• MODELS – are representations of the interaction among and
between the concepts showing patterns
• CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – is a group of related ideas,
statements or concepts
 TERMINOLOGIES
• PROPOSITION – are statements that describe the relationship between
the concepts
• DOMAIN - is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline
• PROCESS – are series of organized steps, changes or functions intended
to bring about the desired result
• PARADIGM – refers to a pattern of shared understanding and
assumptions about reality and the world
• METAPARADIGM – is the most general statement of discipline and
functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of
conceptual framework models develop
THEORY
• A set of statement that tentatively describe, explain, or predict
relationships among concepts that have been systematically
selected and organized as an abstract representation of some
phenomenon (McEwen & Wills, 2019)

NURSING THEORIES
• Organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what
nurses do, and why do they do it. Provide a way to define nursing
as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (e.g:
medicine). It guide the practice of nursing at a more concrete and
specific level
COMPONENTS OF THEORY
1. CONCEPTS
• Interrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are
used to help describe or label a phenomenon
• Abstract concepts – mentally constructed
independent of a specific time and place
• Concrete concepts – directly experience and related
to a particular time or place
2. DEFINITION
• Used to convey the general meaning of the
concepts of the theory
•Theoretical definitions - this is defined based
on the theorist perspective
•Operational definitions – this states how
concept are measured.
3. ASSUMPTIONS
• Are accepted as truths and are based on values and
beliefs, these are statements that explain the
nature of concepts, definitions, purpose,
relationship and structure of a theory

4. PHENOMENON
•Is the term, description, or label given to
describe an idea or responses about an
event, situation, process, group of events or
group of situations.
 WHY ARE NURSING THEORIES
IMPORTANT
• This is the basis of nursing practice today.
• It guides knowledge development and direct
education, research, and practice.
• Help bedside nurses evaluate patient care and
base nursing intervention of the findings
• Provide nurses with the rationale to make certain
decisions.
PURPOSE OF NURSING THEORIES
• is to improve practice by positively influenced the
health and quality of life of patient
• To develop, define and describe nursing care and
guide nursing practice and provide a basis for
clinical decision making
• It should provide the foundations of nursing
practice, help to generate further knowledge and
indicate in which direction nursing should develop
in the future
WHAT IS NURSING?
• Nursing is caring, an art, a science, client centered, holistic,
adaptive and a helping profession
• Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health
maintenance, and health restoration
• Nursing is a profession within the health care sector
focused on the care of individuals, families, and
communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover
optimal health and quality of life.
EVOLUTION OF NURSING IN OTHER LAND

• EARLY CIVILIZATION • ANCIENT GREECE

• ROMAN EMPIRE • MIDDLE AGES

EVOLUTION OF NURSING IN OTHER LAND

• RENAISSANCE • DEACONESS OF KAISERWERTH

• THEODORE FLEIDNER • FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

 HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
• EARLY BELIEF AND PRACTICES
• Beliefs about causation of disease
• Believed in evil spirits
• Believed in special gods

• EARLY CARE OF THE SICK

• Client who suffer certain disease was brought to
albularyo for healing
• A midwife (manghihilot) assisted client in delivering
their babies
 HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
• HEALTH CARE DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
• Hospital Real de Manila (1577) Gov Francisco de Sande
• San Lazaro Hospital (1578) Bro. Juan Clemente
• Hospital de Indio (1586)
• Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) Bro. J. Bautista
• San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)
• NURSING DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
• Josephine Bracken - Capitan Salome
• Rosa Sevila de Alvero - Agueda Kahabagan
• Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo - Trinidad Tecson
• Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
• Melchora Aquino
 HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
• FILIPINO RED CROSS
• Malolos Bulacan, main chapter
• Collect war funds and some voluntary contributions
• Provision of nursing care for Filipino wounded soldiers
• To become a member, one must have sound mind and at least 14
years of age
• HOSPITALS AND SCHOOL OF NURSING
• Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo, 1906)
• St Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
• Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)
• St Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (QC, 1907)
• Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
 HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
• HOSPITALS AND SCHOOL OF NURSING
• Philippine Christian Mission Institute School of Nursing
• San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1913)
• Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz 1913)
• Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu 1916)

• FIRST COLLEGES OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

• University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
• Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
• University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)
HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES
• NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Anastasia Giron Tupas
• Cesaria Tan
• Socorro Sirilan
• Rosa Militar
• Sor Ricarda Mendoza
• Socorro Diaz
• Conchita Ruiz
• Loreto Tupaz
CURRICULUM ERA (1900s to the 1940s)
The idea of moving nursing education from hospital-
based diploma programs into colleges and universities
began to emerge during this era (Erwin,2015;
Judd & Sitzman, 2013).

RESEARCH ERA (1950s and the 1970s)

Nurses were encouraged to learn how to conduct
research, developing the role for nurses for that
specialized body of knowledge.
GRADUATION EDUCATION ERA
(1950s and the 1970s)
Focus graduate education on knowledge
development. Carving out an advanced role and
basis for nursing practice.
THEORY ERA (1980 to the 1990s)
Continues with emphasis on development and use of
nursing theory to produce evidence for professional
practice. Particular utility of middle range theories to
guide the thought and action of nursing practice is noted
(Alligood, 2006c)
THEORY UTILIZATION ERA
(21 CENTURY)
ST

Nursing theory guides research, practice,

education, and administration.
HISTORY OF NURSING
THEORIST
• In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined
nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as
“the act of utilizing the environment of the
patient to assist him in his recovery.”

• In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her

Theory of Interpersonal Relations that
puts emphasis on the nurse-client
relationship as the foundation of nursing
practice.
• In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized
the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy
individuals to gain independence in meeting
14 fundamental needs, thus her Nursing
Need Theory was developed.

• In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work

“Typology of 21 Nursing Problems” that
shifted the focus of nursing from a
disease-centered approach to a patient-
centered approach.
• In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the
reciprocal relationship between patient and
nurse and viewed the professional function
of nursing as finding out and meeting the
patient’s immediate need for help.

• In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the

Behavioral System Model and upheld the
fostering of efficient and effective
behavioral functioning in the patient to
prevent illness.
• In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing
as both a science and an art as it
provides a way to view the unitary
human being, who is integral with the
universe.

• In 1971, Dorothea Orem states in her self

care theory that nursing care is required if
the client is unable to fulfill biological,
psychological, developmental, or social
needs.
• In 1971, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal
attainment states that the nurse is
considered part of the patient’s environment
and the nurse-patient relationship is for
meeting goals towards good health.

• In 1972, Betty Neuman in her theory states

that many needs exist, and each may disrupt
client balance or stability. Stress reduction is
the goal of the system model of nursing
practice.
• In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the
individual as a set of interrelated
systems who strives to maintain the
balance between these various stimuli.

• In 1979, Jean Watson developed the

philosophy of caring highlighted
humanistic aspects of nursing as they
intertwine with scientific knowledge and
nursing practice.
DISCIPLINE
• Is specific to academia and a branch of education, a
department or field of knowledge.
RESEARCH
Development of theory is fundamental to the
research process where it is necessary to use
theory as a framework to provide perspective and
guidance to the research study. Theory can also be
used to guide the research process by creating and
testing phenomena of interest
PROFESSION
• are responsible for regulation of standards of
practice and education based on disciplinary
knowledge that reflects safe health service to
society in all settings.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
jctebrero@fatima.edu.ph
Smile ka lang. Mas
cute ka kapag naka
smile ka
TASK:
• PLEASE MAKE A SPOKEN WORD POETRY
ABOUT NURSING. WHAT NURSING MEANS TO
YOU? WHY YOU CHOOSE NURSING? WHAT ARE
THE THINGS YOU WANT TO CONTRIBUTE TO
OUR SOCIETY JUST BY SIMPLY BEING A NURSE?
(TAGALOG OR ENGLISH WILL DO)
• PLEASE MAKE A ONE MINUTE VIDEO FOR THIS
TO BE PASS IN YOUR CANVAS.