Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Construction of foundation
2. Brick & block masonry construction
3. Reinforced brick masonry
4. Bond & joints in masonry
5. RCC structure
6. Types of steel
7. RCC slab, beam, & column
8. Floor construction
9. Doors 7 windows
10.Stair & stair case
11.Aconites of building
12.Industrial buildings & factories
&
FOUNDATION:
The part of the structure which bears & transmit the structure load i.e. DEAD LOAD, IMPOSED LOAD or
WIND LOAD to the supporting soil or rocks are called foundation Supporting soil is known as foundation
material.
DEAD LOAD:
It includes self weight of the building which is sub-structure, super structure primary & secondary
components & finishes.
IMPOSES LOAD:
It is the weight of occupants, furniture’s & moveable goods together with the weight of snow which may
rest on roof.
LATERAL LOAD:
It is the seismic forces & wind load exerted on the building from any direction at its max velocity.
COMPONENTS OF FOUNDATION:
Any foundation has two components the natural foundation and the artificial foundation. Natural
foundation is that part of sub-soil on which the structure rests and the artificial foundation is that part of
the structure which transmits the load to the natural foundation.
Bearing capacity of soil is defined as the safe load which a unite area of ground can carry. The bearing
pressure is the amount of force that a structure exerts on the ground per unite area bearing pressure
must not exceed the bearing capacity of soil.
PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION:
DEPTH OF FOUNDATION:
The minimum depth of which a foundation must be designed is depending on the following factors.
1- Applied load & their intensity .
2- Space requirement of the structure
3- Depth of adjacent foundation.
4- Characteristics of the foundation material
5- Climatically conditions
TYPES OF FOUNDATION:
1-SHALLOW FOUNDATION:
The foundation structured near the ground surface mostly on the first hard strata available below the
ground level is called shallow foundation.
Following are the four types of shallow foundation.
1- Spread foundation
2- Grillage foundation
3- Step foundation
4- Raft or Mat foundation
(Sketches)
SPREAD FOUNDATION:
COMBINED FOOTING:
CONTINUOUS FOOTING:
2- GRILLAGE FOUNDATION:
3-STEP FOUNDATION:
Foundation bed is made of concrete used when ground is not level used in hilly areas.
B- DEEP FOUNDATION:
A deep foundation is suitable for massive structures like bridges, tall buildings where greater strength is
required it is constructed with some artificial arrangements at the base e.g. PILE, CORRIONS etc.
PILE FOUNDATION:
1- When the soil is very soft & the suitable base is not available at the desired depth.
2- When building is constructed near the sea-shore or river bank.
3- In taller buildings subjected to heavy loads.
1- Concrete pile
2- RCC pile
3- Timber pile
4- Steel pile
5- Sand pile
1- Bearing pile
2- Fraction pile
3- Fraction
4- Guide pile
5- Butter pile
INVERTED ARCHES:
After a foundation designed of building foundation plan is prepared to any convenient scale by showing
all masonry dimensions 7 setting out this foundation plan on the ground by clean & leveling the ground
& position of building & trenches should be carefully marked. After setting out the trenches excavation
work is carried out by pick axes or mechanical excavators & excavated earth is dumped away from the
trenches. Where excavation is carried out in rock the some advanced excavation equipments pick driller.
Wedges, jumpers, Chisel etc.
May be used the excavated trenches must retain their shape till the space filled with foundation
concrete in it. The trenches are deep & sides are soft their trenches are suitability supported be means
of planks sheets or polliy board to avoid collapse of trenches.
In Pakistan normally 1:4:8 concrete is used in lean concrete& week concrete Non-concrete & its
thickness is 4” to 6” before laying foundation concrete the bed of excavated trenches should be well
rolled leveled & sprinkle at bottom before laying of lean concrete after lean concrete is placed to the
whole depth of foundation concrete is completed no. of layers 7 each layers should not be more than 6”
in depth & compacted properly before laying of foundation concrete then curing is done.
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION:
1- Brick masonry
2- Block masonry
3- Stone masonry
A-BRICK MASONRY:
Brick masonry are obtained from clay by molding it into rectangular uniform shapes & size. To provide
strength & durability these bricks are dried as burnt before use in building construction. Strength of
brick work depends on the type of mortar used in brick masonry.
TYPES OF BRICKS:
2- SUNDRIED BRICKS:
In these types of bricks masonry sundried bricks are laid in mud mortar. Mud is combination of
cement lime & mortar. It is used in rough construction or in ordinary works.
SIZE OF BRICKS:
1- Bricks should be well burnet & of required size , shape, & color.
2- All bricks must be soaked in clean water.
3- Mortar should be of specific quantity 1:4 W/C ratio is used in brick masonry.
4- A systematic bond should be provide in general English bond is provided otherwise specified.
5- All joints should be filled with uniform thickness of mortar.
6- Ground below the wall must be firmed and leveled.
7- Brick work should be properly cured for at least 10 days.
8- Freshly laid brick should be protected from rain.
BLOCK MASONRY:
12” = 8” = 3”
12” = 8” = 4”
12” = 8” = 5”
12” = 8” = 6”
12” = 8” = 8”
1- compressive strength of brick is ( 500 – 800 PSI )
2- compressive strength of block is ( 1000 – 1500 PSI )
1- it is lay in size
2- uniform in design
3- stronger then brick
4- attractive appearances
5- easy handle & placing
6- Easily manufacture.
BLOCK MANUFACTURE:
STONE MASONRY:
The art of building structures with natural stone with suitable mortar is called stone masonry. After
cutting & dressing to suitable size these stones can be used as a strong durable & economical
construction material.
b- RUBBLE MASONRY:
The stone masonry in which undressed or roughly
dresser stone are laid in the suitable mortar is
called Rubble stone masonry.
JOINTS:
Joints are the weakest part of the masonry structure & special attention to be paid with the joints to
achieve appropriate strength in the masonry work. Appearances of masonry work is also depends on the
proper laying of mortar in the joints.
BONDS:
The arrangement of block or bricks on each censes so as to avoid the continuity of vertical joints in any
two adjacent layers or on both sides of masonry structure is called bond. This is done by overlapping the
masonry units in successive layers.
1- To break the continuity of vertical joints in successive layers both in length & thickness.
2- To ensure longitudinal & lateral strength of the structure.
3- To enable the structure to act as a bounded.
4- To provide pleasant pleasing appearance by lying bricks or block symmetrically.
A structure member having mechanical arrangements of bricks, stones or concrete block joints
together with mortar in the form of a curve is called an arch.
Arch can be easily constructed & mostly used to provide good appearances to the building or use as
inverted arch in the foundation.
COMPONENTS OF AS ARCH:
CLASSIFICATION OF ARCH:
RCC CONSTRUCTION:
Concrete construction is very durable & economical for most of the buildings. The quickness & ease of
work is a great advantage & improved appearances & the types of various finishers. Which can be given
to concrete surface added advantages in adopting concrete is an artificial material consisting of
ingredients which are coarse & fine aggregates forming material & cement & lime which acts as a
bonding material concrete usually made in a plastic state of adding water it get hardest on curing & gain
strength the properties of aggregates cement lime & mixing water should be suitably cheeked & must
be of approved specification.
1- Plain concrete:
Concrete with out steel reinforcement is called plain concrete (i.e. D.J.collage, NED old campus)
2- Cast in place:
It is cast in position (i.e. most common in houses)
3- Pre-cast concrete:
Cast in some other place from where it permenantly find (i.e. slab, beam, girder)
4- Pre-stressed concrete:
Used in heavy beams/girders use in building. Stressed before place in position. Concrete has a low
tensile strength it therefore it is not an effective material with reinforcement for member subjected
to heavy loads. Concrete good in compression but where heavy loads are applied the size & X-
section of column is very low so steel is reinforced to use with concrete it bears tensile stress 7 also
compressive stresses more effectively as compare to concrete & as a result size & X-sectional of
concrete will reduce.
WHY STEEL:
In RCC structures steel is used in combination with concrete to resist compressive, Tensile & shear
stresses. The reason to use steel in its ductility. Tensile & compressive strength approximate some value
of expansion & construction as concrete & also good bonding with concrete.
The usual type of steel reinforced is steel rods or bars steel steels welded wire. These steel is available in
several grades i.e. grades 40 grade 50, Grade 60 etc.
Which shows its yield strength in ksi?
A- PLAIN BAR:
Plain bars are used as shear reinforced or in ordinary small houses its bond with concrete is not very
good.
B- DEFORMED BAR:
Deformed bar have grooves / deformation on its surface at uniform internal along the bar length &
test shows it is most effective to use with concrete.
C- TWISTED BAR:
Twisted bar are twisted at high temperature to increase its yield strength but on the other hand it
loose its ductility and failed & also it is exposed to the surface to cause corrosion.
2- Deformed & twisted bars are not available in Φ less then 3/8” or 10mm.
3- In welded wire & wire mesh very thin steel wire are used & the spacing of the longitudinal wire
various from 2” to 6”
4- For unit weight of steel bars are use n2 / 24 where “n” is bar no. & it gives weight in lb/ft. If 𝛷 is in
mm than use Φ2 / 162 in m / kg.
Concrete being a plastic material it has to be keep enclosed until it will gain strength the temporary
structure which are build for an concrete member called form work. It is use to give definite shape to
the concrete formwork is also known as shuttering or casing. Timber is most common material used for
the form work but in recent days steel plates are also used for their purpose formwork i.e. the sustained
part in the cost of finish concrete in extreme case in about 60% to 70% of the over all cost of concrete
normally formwork is design by the contractor & submit it to the consultant for approved following are
the two components of form work.
1- FORM FACE:
It is the part of form work which is in contact with concrete & finishing of form face will decide 7
finishing of concrete it could be of hard board, timber, steel, plastic, fiber etc.
2- THE SUPPORT:
These are the vertical member which transfer the weight of wet concrete from form face to ground
these are called pups joints, runners etc.
1- Strength 7 stability
2- Smooth to give finish surface
3- Economy
4- Alignment
5- Rigidity
6- Toughness
7- Easily install & removed
8- Durability
TYPES OF FORMWORK:
STEEL TIMBER:
CURING:
The mixing water in concrete is usually sufficient for initial hydration process but most of the water is
lost by evaporation so this storage of water has to be immediately replaced before the hardening of
cement so the method which is used to keep concrete in moisture state is called curing the process of
moisture state is called curing. The process of curing continuous till the concrete will gain its more
strength.
Time period of curing depends on the types of work types of cement & climatically condition in normal
circumstances when OPC is called curing period ranges from 7 to 10 days & they will reduce in case of
rapid hardening cement.
METHOD OF CURING:
ROOF CONSTRUCTION:
The covering which is provided over the top of a space enclosed by the walls to protect the interior
space from the sun, rain and wind is called roof. Roof can be broadly classified into two types.
FLAT ROOF:
The roof whose surface remains horizontal is known as flat roof it could be of RCC or RBC these types of
roofs are widely used in all types of buildings. These roof have a slop of ½” : 12” to 2 “to 12” to ensure
proper drainage if the span of the roof is larger than secondary beam are also provided.
PITCHED ROOF:
A roof which is provided with a considerable slope usually more than 10° from the horizontal is called
pitched roof or slopping roof.
2- DOUBLE PITCH:
It slops in two direction the slope is often flat as 4” : 12” and used in
residential or army barks.
3- GAMBREL ROOF:
They slop in two direction but these is a break in the slope on each side.
It is used in residential houses and the break in slope is provided space
under for storage purpose.
4- HIP ROOF:
It has same slope in all four directions it is used in area where heavy
snow is expected or church etc.
5- DECK:
It slopes in four directions with a deck on top.
ROOF SCREEDING:
It is mixture of concrete and aggregate applied to the upper surface of the concrete floor or roof OPC
confirming BS-12 fine aggregate confirming BS-882 and course aggregate not more than 10 mm are used
in screeding. It provides smooth surface to the roof slopes can be easily maintained by screeds it can be
used for embedded services e.g. electricity cold weather pipes cables etc. And it provides hard wearing
surface finish.
Doors:
A door is a moveable barrier element used to seal an opening in the enterer envelop or internally
between rooms. The primary function of doors is to allow the passage of people, vehicles & goods from
one area to another & it supported by door frame.
1- Weather proof
2- Thermal & sound proof insulation
3- Security
4- Privacy
5- Durability
6- Fire resistances
DOOR MATERIAL:
Wood, Aluminum, Carbon steel & glass are the most commonly used materials in doors but in some
other materials are also be used like Plastic, Fiber etc.
DOOR FRAME:
Door frame is provided to give a suitable finish to an opening in a wall & also to provide a suitable joint
between the doors & surrounding the doors frame is associated with the fixing from which the door can
be hanging.
DOOR SITES:
Interior doors are the door which opens inside the room & others doors is called exterior doors. Doors
sizes are as follows:
TYPES OF DOOR:
1- Panel Door
2- Flush Door
1- Panel Door:
It is the most common types of the door & consistory of horizontal & vertical members which forms
rectangular area in which panel / panes of glass are located such doors with glass panel are called
“SASH” doors it gives pleasant look & used in hotels & residential houses etc.
2- Flush Door:
It consists of relatively thin face panel to the height & width of the door & door is rigidly bounded or
attached to the solid or hollow pave with finished edges.
Opening may be provided in flush doors for the in section of glass for vision, light & ventilation it is used
in hotels, laborites, houses etc.
Door Operations:
1- Hinged doors:
2- Folding Doors:
3- Sliding Doors:
4- Revolving Doors:
These types of doors supported on the hinged which are fixed to the hanging stile vertical edges
opposite to the lock block & the door frame. The door may be swing or open in one or tie two ways &
these will be one or two doors in the opening it is called side hinged doors.
A folding doors has a number of leaf joints joined by hinges or may be self supported from the frame
normally these doors are supported by tracks which are located below or above the door these are
suitable for larger openings when the open doors waste some storage space then the sliding or hinged
door.
These doors are individually supported on track which may carry one or more leaves. To facilitate the
storage a curved tracked may be used another form of sliding door is up & over which are used is shops,
garages etc.
4-Revolving Doors:
These doors are providing at the entrances of commercial building & office building these are two glass
paneled bisect each other @ 90o 7 the whole assembly can revolve 360o around vertical axis.
WINDOWS:
A window is an opening in a wall of a building to provide natural light, ventilation & vision. A satisfactory
windows must be durable, weather light, reasonable in cost, readily installed & attractive in appearance.
They are made of glass, wood, steel, aluminum etc. & available in a great variety of types to suit many
requirements. Size of a windows opening depends on the amount of light & ventilation required in a
given room.
Part of windows:
Any windows has two main parts the frame & the rash or casement windows frame includes the
members that forms a perimeter of windows & fixed with the surrounding walls by other supports.
Horizontal top member of the frame is “HEAD “, horizontal bottom member of the frame is called “STLL”
& any other horizontal member at any intermediate point is called “TRANSOM”. The vertical side
member are called “JAMBS” 7 any other vertical member at intermediate position is called
“MULLIOWS”.
A sash is framed unite which may be included with in the windows frame & may be arranged to open for
natural ventilation or cleaning. The top member of the sash is “TOP RAIL”, bottom horizontal member of
the sash is “BOTTOM RAIL” & the vertical members are called “STILE”. The unite of glass indicated with
in windows is called “PANES” or “LIGHTS” is more than one pane are included in the area then horizontal
& vertical member at intermediate position is called “MUNTINS”
Placing of glass is position is called “GLAZING” the total glass area in the windows must be more than
1 / 10th of the floor area or minimum 10 Square feet.
1- Casement windows
2- Sash windows
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION:
The properly supported horizontal surface which divided the building into different floors providing
accommodation with in the limitation space is called “FLOOR” and the one constructed below the
ground level is called “BASEMENT”.
1- Initial cost
2- Appearances
3- Durability
4- Cleanliness
5- Noise lessens
6- Dampness
7- Maintenance
TYPES OF FLOOR:
1- Concrete floor
2- Brick floor
3- Stone floor
4- Mosaic floor
5- Terrazzo floor
The damp proof constructed in in contact with the sub-soil & dampness will rise from the ground &
entirety building from underneath so to prevent the passage of moisture in the building as impermeable
layer is inserted in the wall to stop raising moisture at a high not more than 150mm above the finish
surface of the ground the more commonly used material for DPC are bitumen, asbestos box, polythene ,
slate etc. it is usually 1 / 4 “ thick cement mortar of ratio 1:2 mixed with standard water cement proofing
material it is applied at plinth level to full width of plinth beam & computed in (square feet) or (square
meter) normally “ PUDLO” is used as water proofing material in Pakistan.