changes.

Answer

(i)
-SO2 reduces the yellow CrO42- to green Cr3+

- The reaction , 2CrO42- + 4H+ + 3SO2 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 2H2O

is feasible since e,m,f = + 1.16V

(ii)Reaction is slow because i. the concentration of SO2 in the atmosphere is low.

ii. the reaction has high activation energy.

(iii) yellow to green

 (By using Hess’s law,

+159 + 520 + 121+(-364) + = -409

= -845 kJ mol-1

Given enthalpy of hydration of Li+ = -520 kJ mol-1

and enthalpy of hydration of Cl- = -363kJmol-1

= - = (-520) + (-363) – (-845) = -38 kJ mol-1

Since is exothermic, LiCl is soluble in water.

 Tin(II) ion

2MnO4- + 16 H+ + 5Sn2+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5Sn4+

The bond energy of is very high.

N2 + O2 2NO ; N2 + 2O2 2NO2

NH4Cl + NaNO2 N2 + NaCl + 2H2O

+3 to 0 and -3 to 0

Heating ammonium nitrate can cause explosion to occur.

Nitrogen dioxide dissolves in rain water to form acid rain.

Oxides of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen and oxygen.

 Dinitrogen monoxide

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

1. Diagram
2. Na, Mg and Al have giant metallic structures ,Si has giant
covalent structure .P and S are made up of small molecules.

3. Si has the highest melting point since a lot of heat is

required to break a large number of covalent bonds between Si
atoms.
4. P4 and S8 have low melting points because of weak van der
Waals forces between molecules.

5. The melting points of Na, Mg and Al is higher than P4 and

S8 because metallic bond is stronger than van der Waals
forces.

6. The melting points increase from Na to Al because the

metallic bond is getting stronger.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3

1. The repulsion between electrons of Cr3+ and water molecules splits the 3d
orbitals of Cr3+ into 2 groups of different energies.
2. When white light passes through an aqueous solution of Cr3+, some of the
white light is absorbed for d-d transitions.
3. The part of white light not absorbed or transmitted gives the colour of the
aqueous solution.
 H2O2

MnO2

2MnO2+3H2O2 + 2OH+- 2MnO4- + 4H2O

e.m.f = (1.776) – (+0.588) = + 1.188V

2000C

1. Thermal stability of Group 2 carbonates increases down the group.

2. The polarising power of cation decreases and hence , the carbonate ion is
polarised to a lesser extent down the group.

tetrahedral

SiCl4 + 2H2O SiO2 + 4HCl

1+ 2 The Carbon atom of CCl4 does not have 3d orbitals to accept lone

pair of electrons of the water molecules.

 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Colourless

The 3d orbitals are empty. Hence, no d-d transition.

Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HCl + HOCl

1. The colourless KI solution turns brown.

2. Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2

(i) The halide ion is bromide ion.

(ii) KBr + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HBr
2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
 1s2 2s2 2p6

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6

1. Al3+ is smaller than Mg2+.

2. They are isoelectronic but Al3+ has larger nuclear charge.

It is acidic.

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

1. The decomposition of magnesium carbonate is endothermic.

//high activation energy
2. The ionic bond between Mg2+ and CO32- is very strong./The lattice
energy of MgCO3 is very exothermic.

1. When cationic size increases, the polarising power of cation decreases.

2. The C-O bond of the carbonate ion is weakened/carbonate ion is polarized
to a lesser extent.
 1. Atomic radius increases descending the group.
2. The tendency to donate electrons increases./ The strength as reducing
agent increases.

[Be(H2O)4]2+ + H2O ⇌ [Be(H O) OH]

2 3
+
+ H3O+

Acidic property

1. Be2+ has high charge density

2. Be2+ has high polarizing power.

Giant covalent

Sodium oxide and magnesium oxide are basic.

Aluminium oxide is amphoteric.
Silicon dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide and sulphur dioxide are acidic.
 2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

Brown fumes liberated

1. The solubility of Group 2 sulphate decreases.

2. Sulphate ion is a large anion, going down the group, the decrease in
enthalpy of hydration is more than the decrease in lattice energy.
3. The enthalpy of solution becomes more endothermic.

Is the heat released when one mol of hydrocyanic acid is burned in excess of oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide , nitrogen dioxide and water.

HCN(l) + 9/4 O2(g) CO2(g) + NO2(g) + ½ H2O(l) = -1628 kJ mol-1

= (products) - (reactants)
-1628 =[(-393) + (-89)] + ½ (-286)] - [ + 0]
= + 1003 kJ mol-1
 1. Carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
2. Nitrogen dioxide molecule is bent.

1. 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e

2. 140cm3 O2 = 0.14 dm3 = mol=0.00625 mol

3. Q required = 0.00625 x 4 x 96500 C = 2412.5 C

t= = 1930 s = 32.2 min

A white precipitate is formed.

[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- [Al(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

1. The white precipitate dissolved to form a colourless solution.

2. [Al (OH)4(H2O)2]- / Na[Al (OH)4(H2O)2]

Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion

Pentaaquathiocyanatoiron(III) ion

1. Iron (III) ion has high charge density.

2. It has empty orbitals.
1. The repulsion between electrons of transition metal ion and ligands splits the 3d orbitals of
transition metal ion into 2 groups of different energies.
2. When white light passes through an aqueous solution of complex ion, some of the white light
is absorbed for d-d transitions.
3. The part of white light not absorbed or transmitted gives the colour of the complex ion.

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 SO2 Cl2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4]

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

2Sr(NO3)2 2SrO + 4NO2 + O2

Magnesium nitrate

1. Magnesium nitrate is thermally less stable compared to strontium nitrate.

2. Mg2+ has higher polarizing power than Sr2+./Mg2+ weakened the C-O bond
of the carbonate ion more compared to Sr2+ ion.

BeSO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4,

 +4

2ClO2 + 2OH- ClO2- + ClO3- + H2O

= (products) - (reactants)
0 =[2(-127) + 2 + 0 ] - [2 (-25) + 0]
= + 102 kJ mol-1

Since is endothermic , ClO2 is energetically less stable than Cl2 and O2.

1. ClO2 oxidises H2S to S.

2. 2ClO2 + 8 H+ +10e 2Cl- + 4H2O
3. 5H2S 5S + 10H+ + 10e
4. 2ClO2 + 8 H+ + 5H2S 2Cl- + 4H2O + 5S + 10H+

e.m.f= =1.50-0.14 = + 1.36V

Since e.m.f. is positive, this reaction is feasible.

 Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Cu2+(aq) +
2Ag(s)

e.m.f. = +0.80 –(+0.34) = + 0.46V

  0.059 [Cu 2 ]
(Vi) Nernst Equation, E cell = Ecell - log
2 [ Ag  ]2

0.059 1 .0
= (+ 0.46) - log 2 = +0.40V
2 0 .1

1. Cl2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than Fe3+/ is more positive than

2. I2 is a weaker oxidizing agent than Fe3+ / is less positive than

is an ion consists of a central metal ion bonded to ligands by dative bonds.

Is a ligand that forms two or more dative bonds with the central metal ions

[Cu(H2O)6]2+, [Cu(NH3)4 (H2O)2]2+

1. H2O , NH3
2. NH3 displaces H2O
 Boron Oxide

Iron(III) Oxide

1. The bonding in glass is covalent bond whereas the bonding in

ionic solid is ionic bond.
2. Glass is a amorphous solid whereas in ionic solid, ions are
arranged in an orderly manner.

no reaction -
hydrolysed in water SiCl + 2H O SiO + 4HCl
4 2 2
hydrolysed in water PbCl + 2H O PbO + 4HCl
4 2 2

1. CCl4 can’t be hydrolysed because the carbon atom does not have d orbitals.
2. Silicon and lead atoms in the tetrachlorides have empty d orbitals.