Human Anatomy, First Edition

McKinley & O'Loughlin

Chapter 1 Lecture Outline: A First

Look at Anatomy

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A First Look at Anatomy
◼ Anatomy is the study of structure.
◼ The word anatomy is derived from
Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut
open.”
◼ Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along with the
structure of individual organs.

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Introduction to Anatomy
◼ Physiology
◼ The scientific discipline that studies the
function of body structures.
◼ Structure and function cannot be
completely separated.
◼ Form is related to function.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ The simplest level of organization within
the body is the chemical level, which is
composed of atoms and molecules.
◼ Atoms are the smallest units of matter.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ Molecules
◼ Two or more atoms combine to form a
molecule, such as a protein, a water
molecule, or a vitamin.
◼ Macromolecules
◼ Larger and more complex molecules such
as DNA and proteins.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ At the cellular level, specialized
structural and functional units called
organelles permit all living cells to share
some common functions.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ Large molecules join in specific ways to
form cells, the basic units of structure
and function in organisms.
◼ The cell is the smallest structural unit that
exhibits the characteristics of living things
(organisms), and it is the smallest living
portion of the human body.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ Tissues
◼ Groups of similar cells with a common
function form tissue.
◼ Tissues are precise organizations of similar
cells that perform specialized functions.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ Organs
◼ Different tissue types that work together to
perform specific, complex functions form
an organ.
◼ Organ Systems
◼ The organ system level consists of related
organs that work together to coordinate
activities and achieve a common function.
◼ There are 11 organ systems in the human
body.

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Levels of Organization in the
Human Body
◼ Organism
◼ All body systems function interdependently
in a single living human being, the
organism.

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The Four Types of Tissues in the
Human Body Are:

◼ Epithelial tissue covers exposed

surfaces and lines body cavities.
◼ Example: The inner lining of the digestive
system

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The Four Types of Tissues
◼ Connective tissue protects,
supports, and interconnects body
parts and organs.
◼ Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such
as blood), or intermediate (such as
cartilage).

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The Four Types of Tissues
◼ Muscle tissue produces movement.
◼ Skeletal muscle
◼ Smooth muscle
◼ Cardiac muscle

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The Four Types of Tissues
◼ Nervous tissue conducts impulses
for internal communication.
◼ Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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Integumentary
◼ Provides protection
◼ Regulates body
temperature
◼ Site of cutaneous
receptors
◼ Synthesizes vitamin D
◼ Prevents water loss

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Skeletal
◼ Provides support
and protection
◼ Site of hematopoeisis
(blood cell
production)
◼ Stores calcium and
phosphorus
◼ Allows for body
movement

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Muscular
◼ Produces body
movement
◼ Generates heat when
muscles contract

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Nervous
◼ A regulatory system
that controls body
movement
◼ Responds to sensory
stimuli
◼ Helps control all
other systems of the
body
◼ Also responsible for
consciousness,
intelligence, memory

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Endocrine
◼ Consists of glands
and cell clusters that
secrete hormones,
some of which
regulate
◼ body and cellular
growth
◼ chemical levels in the
body
◼ reproductive
functions

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Cardiovascular

◼ Consists of a pump
(the heart) that
moves blood through
blood vessels in
order to distribute
hormones, nutrients,
gases, and pick up
waste products

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Lymphatic
◼ Transports and
filters lymph
(interstitial fluid)
◼ Initiates an immune
response when
necessary

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Respiratory
◼ Responsible for
exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between
blood and the air in
the lungs

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Digestive
◼ Mechanically and
chemically digests
food materials
◼ Absorbs nutrients
◼ Expels waste
products

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Urinary
◼ Filters the blood and
removes waste
products from the
blood
◼ Concentrates waste
products in the form
of urine, and expels
urine from the body

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 Male Reproductive
System

◼ Produces male
sex cells
(sperm) and
male hormones
(e.g.,
testosterone)
◼ Transfers sperm
to the female

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 Female Reproductive
System

◼ Produces female sex cells

(oocytes) and female
hormones (e.g., estrogen
and progesterone)
◼ Receives sperm from male
◼ Site of fertilization of oocyte
◼ Site of growth and
development of embryo and
fetus

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 Anatomical
Terminology
◼ Anatomic position is a
specific body position in
which an individual stands
upright with the feet
parallel and flat on the
floor.
◼ The head is level, and the
eyes look forward toward
the observer.
◼ The arms are at either side
of the body with the palms
facing forward and the
thumbs pointing away from
the body.

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Anatomical Terminology
◼ A plane is an imaginary surface that
slices the body into specific sections.
◼ The three major anatomic planes of
reference are the coronal, transverse,
and sagittal planes.

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 Sections
and Planes

A coronal plane, also

called a frontal plane,
is a vertical plane that
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes
◼ A transverse plane, also
called a cross-sectional
plane or horizontal
plane, cuts
perpendicularly along
the long axis of the body
or organ separating it
into both superior
(upper) and inferior
(lower) parts.

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 Sections
and Planes
◼ A sagittal plane or
median plane,
extends through
the body or organ
vertically and
divides the
structure into right
and left halves.

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Sections and Planes
◼ A sagittal plane in the body midline is a
midsagittal plane.
◼ A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal
plane, but either to the left or the right of it,
is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
◼ A minor plane, called the oblique plane,
passes through the specimen at an angle.

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Directional Terms of the Body
◼ Directional terms are precise and brief,
and for most of them there is a
correlative term that means just the
opposite.

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Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
◼ Relative to front (belly
side) or back (back
side) of the body :
◼ Anterior = In front of;
toward the front surface
◼ Posterior = In back of;
toward the back surface
◼ Dorsal =At the back
side of the human body
◼ Ventral = At the belly
side of the human body

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Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
◼ Relative to the head
or tail of the body:
◼ Superior = Toward the
head or above
◼ Inferior = Toward feet
not head
◼ Caudal = At the rear or
tail end
◼ Cranial = At the head
end

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Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
◼ Relative to the midline
or center of the body:
◼ Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
◼ Lateral = Away from the
midline of the body
◼ Deep = On the inside,
underneath another
structure
◼ Superficial = On the
outside

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Relative and Directional Terms
of the Body
◼ Relative to point of
attachment of the
appendage:
◼ Proximal = Closest
to point of
attachment to trunk
◼ Distal = Furthest
from point of
attachment to trunk

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Body Regions
◼ The human body is partitioned into two
main regions, called the axial and
appendicular regions.
◼ the axial region includes the head, neck,
and trunk which comprise the main vertical
axis of our body
◼ our limbs, or appendages, attach to the
body’s axis and make up the
appendicular region

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 Body Cavities
and Membranes
◼ The posterior aspect
of the body has two
enclosed cavities
◼ A cranial cavity is
formed by the
cranium and houses
the brain.
◼ A vertebral canal is
formed by the
individual bones of
the vertebral column
and contains the
spinal cord.

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Body Cavities
◼ Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
are lined with thin serous membranes, which
are composed of two layers:
◼ A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the
body wall.
◼ A visceral layer covers the external surface of
organs (viscera) within the cavity.
◼ Between the parietal and visceral layers of the
serous membrane is a thin serous cavity,
containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.

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Body Cavities and Membranes
◼ Constant movement of the organs
causes friction.
◼ The serous fluid reduces friction and
helps the organs move smoothly
against both one another and the body
wall.

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 Body Cavities and Membranes

◼ The median
space in the
thoracic cavity is
called the
mediastinum.
◼ It contains the
heart, thymus,
esophagus,
trachea, and major
blood vessels that
connect to the
heart.
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 Body Cavities and Membranes

◼ Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed

by a two-layered serous membrane called the
pericardium.
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Insert Fig 1.9d

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The Thoracic Cavity
◼ The right and left sides of the thoracic
cavity contain the lungs; they are lined
by a two-layered serous membrane
called the pleura.
◼ The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines the
internal surface of the thoracic wall
◼ The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it covers
the external surface of the lung
◼ The narrow, moist, potential space between
them is called the pleural cavity

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

◼ The abdominopelvic cavity consists

of an abdominal cavity and a pelvic
cavity.

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The Abdominopelvic Cavity
◼ The peritoneum
is a moist, two- Insert figure
layered serous 1.9d
membrane. that lines
the abdominopelvic
cavity.

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

◼ The abdominopelvic
cavity is partitioned
into 9 smaller,
imaginary
compartments.

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