Short Notes

A company seal (sometimes referred to as the corporate seal or common

company seal seal) is an official seal used by a company. A company may wish still to seal

documents as a means of protection against forgery.

A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners.

Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that individuals

Corporate possess: they can enter contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued,

hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes. Some refer to it as a "legal

person."
A member of the Germanic peoples conquering England in the fifth century
Anglo Saxon
A.D. and forming the ruling class until the Norman conquest
Refers to the structural relationship and operation mode between various

elements. A corporate governance structure combines controls, policies and

Governance
guidelines that drive the organization toward its objectives while also
Mechanisms
satisfying stakeholders' needs. A corporate governance structure is often a

combination of various mechanisms.

Players in CG Within corporate governance, there are typically three key groups of

stakeholders involved: shareholders, directors, and officers. In practice,

these key players have the most power in corporate governance.

control environment The control environment comprises the integrity and ethical values of the

organization; the parameters enabling the board of directors to carry out

its governance oversight responsibilities.

The triple bottom The triple bottom line aims to measure the financial, social, and

environmental performance of a company over time. The TBL consists of

three elements: profit, people, and the planet.

Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices, and processes by

which a firm is directed and controlled. Corporate governance essentially

Corporate
involves balancing the interests of a company's many stakeholders, such as
governance
shareholders, senior management executives, customers, suppliers,

financiers, the government, and the community.

 The steward theory states that a steward protects and maximizes

The steward shareholders wealth through firm Performance. Stewards are company

theory executives and managers working for the shareholders, protects and make

profits for the shareholders.

Agency theory defines the relationship between the principals (such as

shareholders of company) and agents (such as directors of company).

Agency theory According to this theory, the principals of the company hire the agents to

perform work. The principals delegate the work of running the business to

the directors or managers, who are agents of shareholders.

Provide a statement from the most senior decision-maker of the

organization (such as CEO, chair, or equivalent senior position) about the

GRI-G4
relevance of sustainability to the organization and the organization's

strategy for addressing sustainability.

Broadly speaking, boardroom diversity covers age, background, gender and

Board Diversity ethnicity as well as skills and experience. However, having traditionally

acknowledged the diversity of skills, in recent years above attributes.

Decision-making by the board impacts the business and beyond.

The Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission (BSEC) was

established on 8th June, 1993 as the regulator of the country’s capital

BSEC
market under the provision of Bangladesh Securities and Exchange

Commission Act 1993.

An independent director, in corporate governance, refers to a member of a

Independent board of directors who does not have a material relationship with a company

director and is neither part of its executive team nor involved in the day-to-day

operations of the company.

Corporate performance is a composite assessment of how well an
Corporate
organization executes on its most important parameters, typically financial,
performance
market and shareholder performance.
The four pillars Transparency, Accountability, Fairness, Responsibility
Public governance Public governance refers to the formal and informal arrangements that

determine how public decisions are made and how public actions are carried
 out, from the perspective of maintaining a country’s constitutional values

when facing changing problems and environments.

An Information Technology audit is the examination and evaluation of an

organization's information technology infrastructure, applications, data use

and management, policies, procedures and operational processes against

IT audit
recognized standards or established policies. Audits evaluate if the controls

to protect information technology assets ensure integrity and are aligned

with organizational goals and objectives.

Control in continental model is mainly exercised by supervisory council of

the company and various committees (the audit, remuneration, etc.).

External mechanisms, such as, for example, capital market, are inefficient,

Continental Europe and their role is small.

Model of CG The continental model emphasizes the development of the company and its

long-lasting effects. Objective of the managers is above all development of

the company, only later taken into account are the interests of

shareholders and other interested groups.

In control model of Governance chain is represented by underdeveloped
Control model of
equity markets, less shareholders transparency and inadequate protection
Governance
of minority and foreign shareholders.