The Parton Picture of Elementary Particles: Institute For Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, USA

THE PARTON PICTURE
OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
John KOGUT
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, USA
and
Leonard SUSSKIND
Belfer Graduate School of Science, Yeshiva University, New York, N. Y. 10033, USA
NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY — AMSTERDAM

PHYSICS REPORTS (Section C of Physics Letters) 8, no. 2 (1973) 75—172. NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY
THE PARTON PICTURE OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES*
John KOGUT
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, USA
and
Leonard SUSSKIND
Belfer Graduate School of Science, Yeshiva University, New York, N.Y. 10033, USA
Received April 1972

Revised manuscript received 19 January 1973
Abstract:
The parton theory is developed along several lines. We begin by developing quantum mechanics in the infinite momentum
frame. The Galilean analogy is worked out and the use of non-relativistic reasoning in relativistic contexts is illustrated. Applica-
tions of infinite momentum quantum mechanics include the computation of the radius of a relativistic bound state, space time
visualization of the multiperipheral model, and the eikonal approach to high energy scattering.
The classic phenomenological applications of the parton model are reviewed and explained. These include deep inelastic elec-
troproduction, the shrinking photon effect and heavy lepton pair production.
The string-model of hadrons is formulated in the infinite momentum frame as a parton model. We consider currents and the
distribution of spins among the partons of the hadronic string. We suggest that it is profitable to view a hadron as a one-dinien-
sional lattice of spins and isospins and show that many of the properties of the lattice can be related to the meson spectrum. Ap-
plications of the spin lattice idea are made to deep inelastic electron and neutrino scattering. Predictions are made for the be-
havior of the structure functions in these processes.
Multiparticle production is examined in the string model. We derive the distribution of secondaries in longitudinal and trans-
verse momentum, the charge per secondary as a function of rapidity and the correlations among secondaries at different rapidi-
ties.
Speculations are made about a class of phenomena which go beyond the string model. These phenomena we call hard parton
effects. They include the production of large transverse momenta among secondaries, logarithmically increasing total cross sec-
tions and power behaviors of wide angle exclusive cross sections.
We conclude with some speculations about the breakdown of the parton model.
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PHYSICS REPORTS (Section C of PHYSICS LETTERS) 8, No.2(1973)75—172
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*A preprint version of the present paper was circulated under the name of “Everything you always wanted to know about partons
but were afraid to ask”. Chapters 1—5 are based on lecture notes compiled by H. Noskowicz.
J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles 77
Contents:
Prologue 78 6. Distributions of currents in hadronic matter 132

Introduction 78 6.1. Currents on the world sheet 132
1. The infinite momentum frame 79 6.2. Projection of currents into space-time 135
1.1. Why infmite momentum frames? 79 6.3. Divergences of currents and the axial current 138
1.2. The kinematical subgroup 80 6.4. Example of a spontaneous symmetry break-
1.3. Energy in the IMF 82 down 141
1.4. Non-relativistic analogy 84 6.5. The long arm of the vacuum 142
1.5. Wave functions 85 7. Hadrons as spin lattices 143
2. Field theory at infinite momentum 88 7J. Ditac bilinears in the IMF 143
2.1. Perturbation theory in the IMF 88 7.2. The dual pion model as an XY antiferromagnet 143
2.2. Field theory in the IMF 91 7.3. Generalizations of the dual pion model 149
2.3. QED at infmite momentum 93 7.4. Applications to deep inelastic scattering 150
3. Simple applications 96 7.5. Isospin and the leading parton effect 151
3.1. The radius of a relativistic bound state 96 8. Multiparticle processes 152
3.2. The multiperipheral parton model 98 8.1. Main facts 152
3.3. Space-time picture of a scattering event (multi- 8.2. Elementary model of particle production 153
peripheral parton model) 102 8.3. Transverse momentum distribution 156
3.4. Eikonal picture of scattering in QED 106 8.4. Transverse momentum correlations 156
4. Parton phenomenology 108 8.5. Charge distribution on the rapidity axis 157
4.1. Deep inelastic electroproduction 108 9. Hard partc~ieffects 158
4.2. Drell-Yan relation 112 9.1. Speculations on the existence of hard forces 158
43. Heavy lepton pair production 113 9.2. High transverse momentum inclusive spectra 158
4.4. The incredible shrinking photon 117 9.3. Cross sections 163
5. String model ofhadrons 120 9.4. Wide angle quasi-elastic scattering 163
5.1. Generalization of the multiperipheral model 120 10. Concluding remarks 166
5.2. The string Hamiltonian 121 10.1. Summary of tests 166
5.3. Properties of the parton distribution 123 10.2. Breakdown of the parton model 167
5.4. The random walk and Regge behavior 124 Acknowledgements 168
5.5. The charge distribution of a hadron 125 Appendix A 168
5.6. Vertex for absorption of a scalar quantum 126 References 170
5.7. Dual amplitudes 121
5.8. Rubber world sheets 129
78 J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
Prologue
The present review of parton models represents the work and highly personal viewpoint of
only a few physicists in this wide and expanding field. •Its purpose is to provoke thought and
germinate ideas, not to provide a comprehensive traditional review. The central theme in this
work is the intuitive explanation of particle physics phenomena.
We have emphasized the use of the infinite momentum frame in our discussions. The reader
should be aware of other more general and possibly powerful covariant formulations of the par-
ton model which have been presented by P.V. Landshoff and J.C. Polkinghorne. We have also
not stressed the utility of the infinite momentum frame in simplifying perturbation theory cal-
culations and doing very accurate quantum electrodynamics calculations. This subject has re-
cently received considerable attention by S. Brodsky and coworkers, S.J. Chang, S. Ma, P.
Fishbane, and many others. Similar calculational techniques have also been pioneered by H.
Cheng and T.T. Wu. Our chapters on dual string models overlap considerably with the work of
others, notably, Y. Nambu and H.B. Nielsen.
Our list of references is not a complete bibliography of the most important works in the sub-
ject. It is meant only to provide sources for the details of the arguments sketched in the text.
Introduction
The last decade of high energy experimentation has revealed four major regularities in the
properties and interactions of hadrons. This paper is about three of these regularities and how
they may be synthesized into a single parton picture. The fourth, namely the chiral SU3 X SU3
symmetry, is only partly understood in the framework of the model.
The three remaining regularities which we feel contain much of the information needed to
understand hadrons are:
1) The scaling behavior of the deep inelastic electroproduction cross section [11. This teaches
us that hadrons behave as though they were composed of a swarm of point particles which
Feynman has called partons [21. Furthermore, the empirical shape of the cross section as a
function of the momenta of the process contains important information about the distribution
ofpartons [2,31.
2) Constant cross-sections in hadronic collisions at high energy. If, following Feynman, we ask
what kind of parton distribution for a single hadron can lead to a constant cross section for the
collision of two high energy hadrons, we find that each hadron must contain an enormous, and
in fact, divergent number of partons of very low momentum. This raises the interesting possibility
of applying many-body methods to hadronic problems.
3) Hadrons lie on parallel, linear Regge trajectories. Thus
2. This the level
suggests thatspacing separating
the forces excited
which bind
states appears to be universal and of order 1(GeV)
hadrons are approximately harmonic, at least for small disturbances.
In the first chapter of this article the main emphasis is on the description of hadrons as a col-
lection of point constituents. As has been suggested in past work, the way to implement this idea
is to view hadrons in an infinite momentum frame (IMF) in which their internal motions are so
time dilated that hadrons appear as a static collection of partons. We will discuss in detail the
structure of quantum mechanics in an IMF and will demonstrate that many features of the
kinematics become Galilean. The use of intuitive, non-relativistic pictures drawn from atomic
and molecular physics will be a recurring theme throughout.
In the second chapter we develop scalar particle field theory and quantum electrodynamics
in the IMF.
In chapter 3 we illustrate the power of nonrelativistic reasoning in the IMF through several
examples. We discuss the size of a relativistic bound state, the multiperipheral parton model and
the relativistic eikonal model in QED.
In chapter 4 we present some of the classic phenomenological applications of parton theory
including deep inelastic electroproduction, heavy lepton pair production and the “incredible
shrinking photon effect”.
In the fifth chapter we begin the second main theme of the paper which is the dynamical be-
havior of partons. Based on the phenomenological observation that hadrons lie on linear trajec-
tories and upon the transverse momentum distribution of secondaries in hadron-hadron collisions,
models have been constructed which envision hadrons as long string-like configurations of near
neighbor coupled partons. Such models in their continuum approximations become realizations
of the dual resonance model which historically was developed from Regge pole theory. We
demonstrate in an intuitive model how a distribution of partons can naturally lead to Regge be-
havior of collision amplitudes.
In the next two chapters we develop a model describing the distribution of quantum numbers
along the hadronic string. A number of phenomenological predictions of these ideas are presented.
Chapter 8 makes use of the dual string model to study the properties of multi-particle produc-
tion in high energy hadron-hadron collisions.
Finally in chapter 9 we discuss several more speculative applications of the parton idea. In par-
ticular, we consider mechanisms for the production of secondaries of high transverse momentum
in the collisions of strongly interacting particles. Some estimates are made for these yields, and
many of the effects should be observable in the near future.
We close with a short chapter which summarizes our major predictions and discusses the pos-
sible breakdown of the parton concept.
1. The infinite momentum frame
.1. why infinite momentum frames 141?

We wish to give an operational meaning to the instantaneous distribution of partons present at
any time within the hadron. This requires probing the particle over a time duration small on the
scale of internal motions of the partons. A classic and beautiful example of such probing experi-
ments are the X-ray diffraction studies of crystals and molecules which most graphically indicate
the distribution of atoms in these systems. This is possible in non-relativistic physics because the
light transit time across the system is always very small compared with the time scale of internal
motions. In hadronic systems the light transit time is comparable to the time scale governing in-
ternal motions so that it might seem that only a fuzzy picture of the instantaneous state of the
hadron can be obtained.
The solution to this dilemma is to study the hadron in a frame of reference in which it moves
with nearly the speed of light [5] In such a frame the Einstein time dilation effect [61 slows the
.
internal motions as much as we like (see, however, chapter 10).

We begin this paper with a study of mechanics in the infinite momentum frame (IMF).
1.2. The kinematical subgroup
Let us introduce an ordinary reference frame (ORF), x’, y’, z’, t’ in which the 4-momentum of
a particle is given by its components (k’)~,(k’)~,(k’)~,(k’)~.A second reference frame (IMF)
moving with almost the light velocity along the negative z’-axis will be labelled (x, y, z, t), ref. [71.
Thus
xx’,
z z’ cosh w + t’ sinh w, (1.1)
t = t’ cosh w ÷z’ sinh w,

and similarly the components of momentum in the IMF are given by
k~=k~, k~=k,,
k cosh w + k sinh w, (1.2)

k~= k; cosh w + Ic’ sinh c.*,,
where w is the hyperbolic angle between the time axes of the ORF and the IMF. If we specialize
to the case in which the relative velocity is that of light, we take w and cosh w sinh w ~ ew. -~ °°
Hence (1.1) and (1.2) become

x = x’, y =
(1.1’)
t~(z’ +t’)eW,
and
k~=k~,
k~—~-(k~
+k~.)e~ (1.2’)
+ k~.)ew.
k~—-~(k~
Notice that the space hypersurface for the IMF is t = 0 which from the ORF viewpoint is
z’ + t’ = 0. This is a hypersurface’tangent to the light cone.
When taking the limit w some kinematic variables become infinite. It is convenient to
-÷
define rescaled quantities with these divergences removed. For example, instead of k~we shall
use the “longitudinal fraction” i~,
~/2k~e~ ~‘~-(k +k~/~ (1.3)
The transverse motion will still be described by k~and k~.These components define a trans-
verse 2-vector. We shall use an upper case letter like K to denote the transverse component of a
corresponding 4-vector k. Thus, the state of motion of a particle is given by a number, i~,and a
2-vector K. The state of several free particles will be denoted by a ket vector
1771K1,772K2,773K3, ...,flnKn). (1.4)
Now, in the theory of interacting particles, a “kinematical subgroup” of the inhomogeneous
Lorentz group is singled out for each reference frame. It is the subgroup which leaves the space-
like hypersurface of constant time invariant. The transformations associated with this subgroup
do not involve a displacement of the surface of initial conditions. Therefore the action of the
corresponding generators is independent of the Hamiltonian and is purely kinematic. For the
ORF the subgroup is the spatial translations and rotations.
The other generators, such as the Hamiltonian and boosts, displace the initial data surface.
Since the transformation of data from one hypersurface to another involves the dynamical events
between the two surfaces, these generators depend on the dynamics.
The kinematic subgroup of the IMF does not displace the hypersurface t = 0. From the view-
point of the ORF this is a surface tangent to the light cone (fig. 1).
We now list these transformations and their action on the variables ~ and K.
1) Rotations about the z-axis. The action of such rotations is given by
77 -+ 77,
-÷ K~cos 0 + K~sin 0, (1.5)
K~ —Kr sin 0
-~ + K~cos 0.
2) Translations in the x, y plane by a vector D. These multiply the state vector by a phase,
I771K1,fl2K2...)~exp[iD-~ K1] 1771K1,...). (1.6)
3) Translations in the z direction by a distance d. These are generated by the total z momentum
~-../2 ~ Hence
Fig. 1. Hypersurfaces of equal infinite momentum time.

82 J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parron picture of elementary particles
~ 77~d]I77jK1...). (1.7)
In order that the phase ew ~1771dbe finite the distance d must be of order e’~’.This reflects the
fact that all longitudinal lengths have been dilated [61 by a factor e”~so that finite displace-
ments in the ORF are of order e~ in the IMF.
4) Infinitesimal rotations about the x or y-axes. A rotation about the x-axis mixes the y and z
components of momenta according to
K~ K~cos e + k5 sin e
-*
(1.8)
-~ —K~sin + k5 cos e.
In terms of the variables K, 17
K~ K~cos -~ + 77 e”~sin
— (1.9)
17 -+ —~/2K~e~
sin + 77 COS C.
In order that the transformation be finite in the transverse plane the angle of rotation must be
chosen so small that
~-‘,,/2e~sin e =
2w and may be neglected. Similarly cos e differs from
be of order 1. Then e~ sin e is of order e
1 by terms of order e2w. We then have
K~-*K~+
77V~, 77-*77. (1.10)
Similarly, a rotation about y gives
K~-~K~+nV~, 77-~77.
The two transformations can then be summarized as
K-~K+77 V. (1.11)
5) Boosts along the z-axis. After making the big boost through angle w we still have the free-
dom of making a further finite boost along the z-direction by angle Under this transformation,~.
K-÷K. (1.12)
Such a boost is a pure rescaling of the 77’s. Since the theory must be invariant under such boosts,
the physically meaningful quantities are ratios of the 77’s.
We note that the kinematic subgroup in the IMF contains 7 generators instead of the usual 6.
1.3. Energy in the IMF
The time development of a system of particles is generated by the total energy which for a free
particle system is
Fig. 2. Light cone variables r and ~. E’—p generates translations in the IMF time direction.
n K~+m2
E= E ______
~J(k
___________
2w + + m~ —e~I~ 1 - (1.13)
1)2 + = E \/~17~e
In (1.13) we recognize a leading term ~S/2 ewEi~which is the z component of the total mo-
mentum of the system. This term is of no consequence when studying the internal motions of
the system and can be eliminated by rewriting the Schrodinger equation as,
~ (1.14)
This equation corresponds to propagating the state vector along the light-like direction shown in
fig. 2.
The effective part of the Hamiltonian which is responsible for transverse and relative motions
is
(E— p
5) E e. (1.15)
1=1
That (E p5) goes as e_W is a reflection of time dilation. Since all transverse and internal mo-
—
tions of the particles must slow down as w it is proper that the part of the energy generating
-+ ~,
these motions goes to zero. In order to study the evolution of a dynamical system we must there-
fore change our units of time by defining a dilated time r,
r/2e~t -~(t’+z’)~/~
A corresponding change in energy then gives an effective Hamiltonian
K~+m~ ~
H=E =i (1.16)
1=1 277~
which governs the behavior of the transverse and relative longitudinal motions of a particle system.
1 4. Non-relativistic analogy
Much of the value of the infinite momentum limit arises because of a correspondence between
IMF physics and two-dimensional Galilean mechanics [7]. Consider a system bf free particles in
a non-relativistic world in two-dimensions. Each particle has a momentum vector q1 and a mass
p1. The kinematic invariances are
1)’ Rotations
1_Li -+ I~Li~
~ q~cosO sin 0, (1.17)

q~ —q~sinO
—~ + q~cos 0.
2)’ Translations in the x—y plane by a 2-vector D,
~ ~ (1.18)
3)’ Since the sum of masses is conserved in a Galilean system, the dynamics is invariant under
gauge transformations:
q1... q~)~
exP{id~Pi}Iqi...qn). (1.19)
4)’ Galilean boosts.

These transformations take us between frames moving with relative velocity vector v
q-÷q+pv. (1.20)
The energy of such a system is given by

2
E=~ —‘---+B1 (1.21)
where B. is an internal “binding” energy of the ith particle.

Comparingeqs. (1.5), (1.6), (1.7), (1.11) and (1.16) with (1.17), (1.18), (1.19), (1.20) and
(1.21) we see that a formal correspondence exists if we make the identifications
q~K,
2 (1.22)
I.1+~77, B~m/277.
It is apparent that the transformations 1 —4 together with r translations generated by H are in
—1 correspondence with the transformations 1’ —4’ together with the nonrelativistic energy.
These transformations close under multiplication and form a group. From this we can conclude
that the corresponding groups are isomorphic, so that the Galilean symmetry must persist even
in the presence of interactions. The transformations of the Galilean subgroup can also be de-
scribed in the ORF. In table 1 we list all the relevant correspondences.
Although invariance under the Galilean subgroup will prove useful in visualizing many rela-
Table 1
Correspondences between two dimensional Galilean physics, IMF physics and ORF physics. K.
denotes boosts along the ith axis and J
1 denotes rotations about that axis.
ORF IMF Galilean
1. Rotations about z Rotations about z Rotations
2. x’, y’ translations x, y translations Translations
3. t’+z’ translations ~ translations Gauge transformations
4. Transformations Infinitesimal rotations Galilean boosts

generated by KX+JY and about x, ~
K~—J~
5. t’—z’ translations r translations generated t translations generated by

by H the Hamiltonian
6. z boosts z boosts
tivistic effects, it is not sufficient to guarantee full Lorentz invariance. Two more generators of
the Lorentz group remain. These transformations rotate the direction of the infinite momentum
axis. Requiring invariance under these transformations is a difficult question which has been
studied by Gell Mann and Dashen [9]. Here we shall mainly restrict ourselves to questions which
involve invariance under the Galilean subgroup.
1.5. Wave functions
In what follows we shall normalize the one-particle vectors invariantly under z boosts,
2(K—K’)
= ~(-??~ — i) 82(K—K’). (1.23).
= fl~(77—77’)~5
With this convention the integration over an intermediate momentum is always carried out with
the invariant measure (d77/fl)d2K.
Now let us suppose that a hadron is described by a many parton wave function in the IMF.
Galilean invariance implies,
~?l,K(fl1K1, ...)= K+,~V(fl1,K1 +

77~V,...). (1.24)
This obviously requires that all dependence on the K’s occur through the variables
K. — (771/77)K = R1. In addition invariance under z boosts restricts l,(’ to have the form
77i ~ln 771 77

~ (K, —_K).(K1 __K)]= i~(l31,R1~R1). (1.25)
The 13~are the longitudinal fractions of the constituents if the total longitudinal fraction of the
hadron is 1. In other words, the 13~are the fraction of z-momentum carried by parton i. The R,
86 J. Kogur and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
‘?~,K~ ____________
E’~) (~)
Fig. 3. Visualization of the n-parton wave function for a Fig. 4. Normalization of the wave function.
hadron i~, K.
are the transverse momenta in a frame in which the hadron has no transverse momentum at all.
We call this the transverse center of mass frame.
The normalization of ~ is given by
(1.26)
= jd~:...d~n~
More generally there may be amplitudes for finding any number of partons in a hadron, in which
case the right hand side of eq. (1.26) will have to be summed over n.
It is very helpful to be able to visualize equations like (1 .26). We introduce a notation to de-
scribe the wave function i/i in pictorial terms. Reading from left to right, fig. 3 says that the par-
ticle 77, K is described through a wave function 4i as a composite of partons with momenta
2Kand
771K1 ...770K0. Eq. (1.26) then would be drawn
sum over n is always understood on internal lines.as in fig. 4 where an integration f(d~/77)d
As an example let us consider the expression for a matrix element of a bilinear scalar density
between two states of a composite hadron which is made of two partons. We consider
(77KIs(x, y, z, t)177’K’> = (77Kis(r)~77’K’) (1.27)
where i~Kand
77’K’ are the initial and final momenta of the hadron. We first write, by virtue of
translation invariance,
(i~K~s(r)
77’K’) = exp ~i(k—k’)r.}~~K~s(0)177’K’). (1.28)
Now in general an operator like s can have two kinds of actions. It can absorb and emit a parton
which we picture in fig. 5, or it can create out of the vacuum (or absorb into the vacuum) a par-
ton pair (fig. 6). In the calculation of the hadronic matrix element, we shall have several possible
terms. The first, which occurs in a non-relativistic theory, is that a constituent parton is absorbed
and emitted by the current (fig. 7). The second, which is purely relativistic, is that a pair of par-
tons is absorbed from the initial state of n partons leaving n—2 partons. If the state of a hadron
is a superposition of states with different numbers of partons, the n—2.remaining can then project
onto the final state (fig. 8). A final contribution would come from fig. 9. It is possible to eliminate
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. External source scattering a single parton line. Fig. 6. (a) Pair creation by an external current; (b) pair anni-
hilation by an external current.
Fig. 7. An external current scattering a hadron. This diagram Fig. 8. A parton pair annihilation diagram contributing to
survives in the infinite momentum limit, the scattering of a hadron off an external current. This dia-
gram vanishes at infinite momentum.
the last two cases by defining a new “transverse density” by [9]
S(R) e~-’fs(r)dz (1.29)

where R is the transverse component of r. That is, we integrate s(r) over the z-direction so that
the density is only a function of X and Y. The factor eW is present in order that e”dz be a dif-
ferential in dilated z. Since all matter Lorentz contracts in the IMF, integrals over z must be done
in units which allow for this effect. From eq. (1.28) we have
(i~KIS(R) 77K’) = (flKIs(0)I77’K’)e°~
~(k5—k~)exp
{i(K—K’) R~exp {i(E—E’)t} (1.30)
where E = k0. The s-function ew6(k5_k~)is proportional to 5(r~—r~’).Also since k5 = k~the
quantity E—E’2 is+ of
m2order e + m21
(K’)2 and is given K2
by — (K’)2
E—E’= I-rK —- I e—~ = . (1.31)
L ../277 ~/277 J ~/277 ~
In terms of dilated time r = \/2 t e~’,(1.30) becomes
(77K18(R)177’K’) ~(77—fl’)exp{i(K—K’)-R}exp i[K2—(K’)2] — ~(flKIs(0)I17’K’). (1.32)

277
When the quantity s is integrated over z, its matrix elements must conserve the z component
of momentum. Thus if the current absorbs a parton pair into the vacuum it must absorb one with
a negative value of z-momentum. Now, intuitively, it is clear that if a reasonable distribution of
matter is boosted to an IMF, then by making w large enough every parton will eventually be
moving with a large positive value of z-momentum. We therefore take as a working hypothesis
that a hadronic system moving with velocity near that of light along z contains no partons whose
z-momentum moves in the opposite direction. This hypothesis in a sense defines the infinite mo-
mentum limit. For a given system we must make w large enough that the amplitude for a back-
ward-going parton is very small. Then we are in an IMF. It is now not possible for S to absorb a
particle pair from the initial state 177K) because among the partons constituting the state there
are none with negative 77. The matrix element (77KIS(0)177’K’) only involves graphs like fig. 7
Fig. 9. A parton pair creation diagram which does not contribute at infinite momentum.
which for two constituents gives
f[~Kn1’ K177~,K~ (1_ 77l+772)~(KKK)] [~‘K’n~’ K1 ?7~,K2)6 (1_ 771+772)~?~]
/ 712k 2K 2K 2K~d2K~
d771 d~2
-~ dif~ ~
~~1
— - (1.33)
x ~(K2—K’2)oll—-—,--)d
\ 772! 1d 2d ?7i 772 77j 77z
NQw ~‘~K(771, K
1 772, K2) is a function ~Li(131’
132, R~,R~,R1 R2) where
13i=7?i/n and 132ri21ri

R1=K1—131K, R2=K2—J32K. (1.34)
However, since ?7i + 772 = 77 we have 132 = 1 — i3~.Also K1 + K2 = K so that R1 + R2 = 0. Thus 11i has
the form
2).
~‘(13~,R~)= ~li(13~,
(K1 131K) —
Inserting this into eq. (1 .33) gives

dj3
1 2R
f~4i*(13iR~)1~/(j3i(R1+13iQ)2) 13(1 ~ d 1, where QK—K’. (1.35)
The significance of this formula is simple in the non-relativistic analogy. If we begin with a hadron
in a frame with zero transverse momentum, then ~‘(13~,R~)is the amplitude for a two-parton
state with parton 1 having momentum 13k, R1 and parton 2 having momentum (1 — 13k), —R1.
Then a transverse momentum Q is deposited on parton 2 to bring its momentum to (1 —
(—R1 + Q). The system is no longer at rest in the transverse plane but has a center of mass velocity
given by Q: Thus, to project the state onto the final hadronic state we must transform the wave
function of the final hadron by a Galilean boost to a frame in which it moves with velocity Q.
This takes each transverse momentum
2. and translates it by amount 13Q so that the final wave func-
tion
Thehasassumption
argument (R1 131Q)
that+backward going lines become unimportant in the IMF requires field
theoretic justification. In the next section we will see that this assumption is true in the perturba-
tive solution of scalar particle field theory. Various authors have demonstrated its validity in a
wide class of field theories. We shall briefly discuss the problem again in section 2.3.
2. Field theory at infinite momentum
2.1. Perturbation theory in the IMF
To understand quantum dynamics at infinite momentum, it is desirable to formulate quantum

field theory directly in the IMF. We shall demonstrate two approaches to this problem. In the
first we apply the infinite momentum technique to old fashioned perturbation graphs and deduce
the rules of perturbation theory in the IMF [10]. From the form of the perturbation expansion
we identify the Hamiltonian at infinite momentum. In the second method we perform a coordinate
transformation to the IMF on the field equations. An IMF Hamiltonian is then deduced which
leads to these equations of motion directly. Throughout, the Galilean structure of the theory
manifests itself by eliminating the vacuum effects characteristic of field theory formulated in an
ORF.
Let us consider ~ field theory with the interaction V gfd3>~Ø3(x).The Hamiltonian is
H H
0 + V where
3k
H d
0 =J’T~— ~~(k)~(k)Ek, (2.1)
1’(k) and a(k) by
Ø~(k)and q~(k)being related to the usual creation and annihilation operators a
~(k) = \/2i~a~(k), Ø’(k) = ~ cr(k) (2.2)
withEk ~/k2+m2.
The commutation relations are
[~(k), ~~(k’)I = 2E~t5(k k’). — (2.3)
The interaction is expressed as
d3k d3l d3q
V = gf~— ~- [~(k)Ø~(l)Ø~(q) ÷
~— 3~(k)~(l)Ø(q)]~(k + 1+ q) + h.c. (2.4)
k I q
Let us briefly restate the Lippman-Schwinger formalism [11] The transition amplitude for any
.
energy conserving process A B is given by (AITIB) T(A, B) where

-~
T=V+V 1 v=v+v 1 v+v I v 1 (2.5)

EA-H EA—Ho EA—Ho EA-Ho
As usual one proceeds by inserting a complete set of Fock states between the V’s. V causes
four types of transitions depicted in fig. 10: figs. 10 (a) and (b) have amplitude g 63(k—l—m); figs.
10(c) and (d) have amplitudeg 63(k+l+m). The factors l/(EA—HO) give factors l/(EA—~E,+ie)
where the sum is over all particles of the intermediate state. The rules for the nth order contribu-
tion to T(A, B) are:
1. Draw all possible nth order Feynman diagrams for the process under consideration. (It is
unnecessary to draw any diagram with disconnected bubbles leading from no particles to no par-
ticles. Such diagrams, when summed, contribute an overall insignificant phase factor to the
scattering matrix.)
(a)
rn~k < (c) (d)
Fig. 10. Vertices in ~ field theory.

(a) (b)
Fig. 11. Feynman diagram contributing to the scattering of Fig. 12. (a) Time ordered diagram which survives at infinite
two scalar bosons. momentum. (b) Time ordered diagram containing a backward
moving line. It vanishes at infinite momentum.
2. Break each diagram into the n! possible time-ordered diagrams in which different time
orderings of the n vertices are treated as distinct. This defines for each time-ordering n— 1 inter-
mediate states.
3. For each vertex include the factorg t53(k—l—m) org 63(k+l+m) depending on whether it is a
transition of type (a, b) or (c, d).
4. For each intermediate state include a factor 1/(EA—~lEj+ie).
5. For each internal line include the factor d3k/2Ek.
6. Integrate over all internal momenta.
7. Sum over time orderings.
8. Sum over diagrams.
As an example we apply these rules to the Feynman diagram of fig. 11. The amplitude for this
graph is
A—g2/(s—m2) (2.6)
where
s = (E
2 — (~i +P2)2’ (2.7)
1 +E2)
The Feynman diagram equals the sum of the two old fashioned diagrams shown in fig. 1 2a, b. The
amplitudes for the two diagrams are,
0 ~ (2.8)
2E(p
1 + p2)(E(p1) + E(p2) — E(p1 + P2))
and
(2.9)
2E(p1 ÷p2)(—E(p1 P2)
E(p1) — E(p2))
+ —
2/(s m2). Although the sum of (2.8) and (2.9) is an invariant

—
Summing the
quantity, and (2.9) givesis gnot Lorentz invariant. It is readily seen that in the IMF (2.9)
(2.8)decomposition
vanishes and (2.8) is equal to the Feynman amplitude. It is apparent that the reason why expres-
sion (2.9) vanishes in the IMF is because of the presence of a backward going line which gives the
intermediate state an energy vastly different from the energy of the external state. If an interme-
diate state involves only forward going particles then the large parts of the energies of the external
and internal states cancel. If, however, one or more of the intermediate lines is backward going,
the large parts of the energies add and the amplitude is suppressed by a factor e_2w. This observa-
tion justifies our neglect of graphs containing backward moving partons.
With the knowledge gained in the preceding chapter new rules follow easily. First replace k5
2~i
e’~’,(kr, k~)by K and the energy of a particle by ~f277 e”~’÷(K2 + M2)/(~/277ew).
The~v’
by new rules are thus:
1’ and 2’ are the same as 1 and 2.
3’ for each vertex include
g ~(fli —772 — 77 2(K
3)e~”~ 1 — K2 — K3)
or
2(K
g ~(77i + 772 + 773)e°’~ 1 + K2 + K3).
4’ for each intermediate state includes an energy denominator
[~(~
ext
77.— ~ 17711) +___(~
mt e~2 ext K?+M77~
2 — ~
mt
K2+M2
77
i
~
If all the internal 77’s are positive then ~m~tI77~I = ~int~7j which is equal to ~ext77i by momentum
conservation. The entire factor is thus of order e~.If any 77~is negative ~~~t1~7’ ~ ~77and the
factor is of order e”. Therefore as w -÷ those processes which have internal lines carrying
negative ~ will go to zero and only those with all ij
1 positive
2Kd77/277. will survive.
Counting powers of e~ we have
5’.
exp (w(NFor each internal line include a factor d
1 N2)) = e°~’where N1 = number of intermediate states and N2 = number of vertices.
—
The e—w combines with the overall energy delta function ö(Ein E0~1)to give —
2+M2 K2+M2
ewE — I K
0~t)~
in 277 out 277
Rules 6’, 7’ and 8’ are identical to 6, 7 and 8. These rules imply that we may neglect emission
and absorption vertices from the vacuum.
2.2. Field theory in the IMF
In the previous section we have obtained new rules which allow a perturbative formulation of
IMF quantum mechanics. It is then worthwhile to reformulate the field theory in the IMF [7, 10,
12, 13].
Define a normalized vacuum vector 10) and creation and annihilation operators Ø~(r~,K) with
the commutation relations,
2(K—L)~(l —a/13). (2.10)
[Ø(a, K),~(13,L)1 = 2 ~
In the usual way this defines the fock space of states.
Define an operator H = H
0 + V where
2+M2
H d77 K
0 = fd2K_ ~‘~(77K)~(~K)
277 277
and
V = gJ’d2K d2L d2Q 2a ~213 2y [3Ø~(a )Ø(13L)Ø(yQ)b(~—13—-y)~(L—Q—K)]

~-~- ~-~- + h.c. (2.11)
The operator H is the new Hamiltonian and is conjugate to r. Since vacuum processes are not al-
lowed in our new rules, the Hamiltonian contains no terms with 3 creation or 3 annihilation
operators. Therefore the bare vacuum is an eigenstate ofH. It is easy to verify that H gives rules
in perturbation theory which are identical to rules l’—8’.
Similar rules have been given for a spinor field theory by Flory [12].
The Hamiltonian (2. 11) can be put into a form more appropriate for space-time visualization
by introducing fields in configuration space [13]. We also define the light-like variable
= -\/2~(t—z ) which is conjugate to 77 = ~/2(E’ + p).* Define the Fourier transforms
~(r, X, ~) = I
3fd2K ~ [exp {—i(KX + fl~)}Ø(K~)+ exp {i(K’ X ÷~fl} Ø~(K~)]. (2.12)
(2ir) 277
The Hamiltonian may be rewritten
3. (2.13)
H_~~fd2Xd~cb(X,
~)(m2 ~ _~)Ø(X~~)+gfd2Xd~Ø(X, fl
The field ~ can be seen to satisfy equal r commutation relations which follow directly from
eqs. (2.10) and (2.12).
[~(X, fl, ~(X’, v’)] = 62(X — X’) (~
— ~‘) (2.14)
where e is the antisymmetric step function. It should be recalled that, if X = X’ and r = r’, the
two points are separated by a light-like distance so the commutator need not vanish. If, however,
X ~ X’ then the points are separated by a space-like distance and causality requires a vanishing
commutator. In fact the right hand side of eq. (2.14) is the equal r restriction of the covariant
free field commutator.
From the commutator (2.14) and the Hamiltonian (2.13) we deduce the equation of motion
,a2a2 +m2\ 1
i—Ø(r, X, fl = ~ )Ø(r~X, fl + 3g—Ø2(r, X, ~)
~—~-- (2.15)
2~ 77
where the factor 1/77 is interpreted as the integral operator
[~1
77
(x) ~fd~’e
j 2i
(~ ~‘)~(r, X, f’).
— (2.16)
In order to show that eq. (2.15) is equivalent to the usual equation of motion we differentiate it
with respect to ~•,
*See Appendix A for a discussion of light cone coordinates.

a2
——~=(a~
+a~, — m2)Ø+3gØ2.
ara~
In the ORF
t’+z’ t’—z’
Xx, Y=y
so that the equation of motion becomes
o~m2~+3gØ2. (2.17)
2.3. QED at infinite momentum
The infinite momentum frame has been found to be a useful tool in simplifying calculations in
field theories with spin [12—15]. We shall illustrate this by developing QED at infinite momentum
in a manner which emphasizes the non-relativistic character of dynamics in an IMF.
A particle of spin J at infinite momentum is characterized by a longitudinal fraction i7, a trans-
verse momentum K and a helicity s which runs from J to —J. The helicity of an electron or posi-
tron will be represented by a Pauli matrix a~.At infinite momentum the electrons and positrons
are separately described by 2-component creation and annihilation operators b~(77,K, s),
d~(77,K, s). ~ K, s) creates or destroys an electron of momentum ~, K and helicity s and d~
does the same for positrons. Similar definitions for the photon field may be made. Because the
photon is massless we require only 2 indepehdent helicities, X = ±1. The operators a~(77,K, X)
create and annihilate photons.
We define 2 component fields for the fermions,
= (21)3 fd2Kf ~ E [sf~w(s)exp

{—i(K’ X + 77~)}b(77, K,
+ (i(K X + 77~)}d~(77,K, s)]

~/2~w(—s)exp (2.18)
and similarly for the photons
A
1(r, X, fl = (2)~fd2Kf ~ Z~e,(X)exp {—i(K~X + 77~)}a(77,K, X)
+ e,(—X)expfi(K~X + 7~)}a~(77,
K, X) (2.19)
where 1)the spinors w( 1/2) = (1), w(—e(—l)
~/2~ e~(l)‘~i~/2and 1/2) == (?)and the transverse polarization 2-vectors are given
by Finally
~~( we must specify the commutation and anticommutation relations for the a’s, b’s and
d‘s,
*See Appendix A for notation.

[a(~, K, X),a~(77’,K’, A’)] = ~~,~‘(21r)32776(77 77’)~2(K—K’)

—
{b(77, K, s), b~( 3 277 ö( 2(K — K’)

77’,K’, s’)} = ö55(2ir) 77 — 77’)ö
{d( 32 2(K K’). —
77, K, s), d~(77’,K’, s’)} = ö55(2ir) 77ö(77 77’)~ —
All other appropriate commutators (anticommutators) vanish.

These relations can easily be translated into commutation relations for the fields i~’ and A,
{iIi 2(X— X’)
0(X, ~), i,1i~(X’,~‘)} = ~‘) 8 —
[A1(X, ~), Ak(XF, fl] = öi~ ~-(~ — ~‘) ~(X — X’). (2.20)
We will introduce electromagnetism into the fermion system by applying the minimal substi-
tution technique [141. This mnemonic agrees with a rigorous transformation of the field equa-
tions to the IMF [13]. The free particle equation of motion
a
i— i~i= —(K2 + m2)i,li (2.21)
ar 277
is first rewritten,
a
i—Vi(m—iaK)—~(m+ia’K)i~i (2.22)
ar 277
where a = (ar, a~)are the familiar Pauli matrices. We make the minimal substitution K K eA, -~ —
-* 77 — eAt., i a/ar i a/ar — eAr, where A is defined in (2.19) and additional components* A
-~
1.
and A~will be discussed below. In particular, we will use our gauge freedom to choose A1. = 0.
Clearly this leads to the simplest equation of motion. This procedure yields the Pauli-like equa-
tion,
~ eA7~+(m — ia[K— eA])—(m+ia[K—eA])~. (2.23)

ar 277
(2.23) is the equation of motion for a fermion in an external electromagnetic field. We shall have
occasion to use it in our later applications. However, for the purposes of the more complex
problem of the interaction of electrons with photons it is necessary to eliminate the subsidiary
field A~in terms of the independent degrees of freedom ~1iand A. In order to do this, we recall
Maxwell’s equation, a~F~ = ~ = J~.
Choosing the v = ~ comp. of this equation we
find
_-~(~-A~_KA)e1IJ~11 (2.24)
where we have identified the current density J1. = ei~i~i.

Finally we can solve forAy,
*See Appendix A for notation.

A~ —j e~/i +—1---KA (2.25)
where l/~2 is identified as the integral operator,
[—~- ~ (r, X, ~) = +fd~’I~ — ~‘ I ~(r, X, f’). (2.26)
Now Ar can be eliminated from the equation of motion,

a e2 e I
i—i~i ia[K—eAJ)—--(m+ia[K—eA])i~i.
V.i-——l~1~lI.i+~/—K.A+(m— (2.27)
ar 77 77 277
With the use of the commutation relations (2.20) and the Heisenberg relation i[H, iii] = at/i/ar,
we can obtain the Hamiltonian,
H jd2Xd~ +t//_ t/i~i+et/tt/i-~-KA+~(m—ia[K—eAI )—1(m+ia[K—eA] )t/i+~ ~ AIK2AI)

2 17 77 277 ~=1
(2.28)
where K is understood to mean —i(a/aX, a/aY). Here we have in addition added a free photon
piece such that the Heisenberg relation [iH, A] = aA/ar is also generated properly.
The appearance of terms of order e2 in the Hamiltonian may appear somewhat unexpected to
the reader familiar with spinor electrodynamics formulated in an ORF. To understand qualitatively
the origin of these terms consider first a process in which a photon is exchanged between two elec-
trons. Let the four-dimensional positions of the emission and absorption of the photon line be de-
noted x and x’ respectively. If the matrix element becomes especially strong near the light cone,
then when X = X’ the matrix element may develop a ~(r r’) piece. This situation is depicted in
—
fig. 13. Such contributions cannot be distinguished from the term 4e2i/i’~i/,(l/n2)i/iIm// in the
Hamiltonian. The remaining terms of order e2 arise from a similar effect in which an electron line
has a singular piece near the light cone as seen in fig. 14. From the viewpoint of the infinite
momentum perturbation theory, such terms arise from the residual effects of backward going lines.
For a more complete and rigorous discussion of these effects we refer the reader to the literature
[12, 13]. (More recent references on these problems include S.J. Chang, R.G. Root, and T.M. Yan,
Phys. Rev. D (Feb. 15, 1973); S.J. Chang and T.M. Yan, op. cit.)
Fig. 13. Space-time visualization of a scattering process which

contributes a singular term on the light cone.
T~:iIIIT
Fig. 14. A second process with a singular term on the light
cone.
3. Simple applications
In this chapter we will illustrate several examples of the power of the infinite momentum frame
to provide intuitive explanations of relativistic phenomena in quantum field theory. Specifically,
we will stress the usefulness of the wave function description of the partons in a hadron. The wave
function of hadrons in the IMF will prove to be an important ingredient in our understanding of
high energy scattering amplitudes.
3.1. The radius of a relativistic bound state
As our first example of the use of non-relativistic reasoning in a highly relativistic problem, we
will consider the computation of the size of the charge distribution of a bound state of two con-
stituents [16]. We will refer to the bound state as a deuteron and the constituents as a neutron
and a proton. Our goal is to understand the range of the charge distribution as a function of the
mass of the bound state (M), and the masses (m) of the constituent proton and neutron.
It is generally accepted [17,18] that in a bound state with constituents of mass m, the range r
is given by the following relations (for convenience set mproton = mneutron)
f2—4M2—M4/m2 (3.1)
in the region of loose binding, M> ~J1m; and

r2 = 4m2 (3.2)
in the strong binding region, M < ~I2m. These relations can be obtained as follows. Consider the
electromagnetic form factor of the bound state. The lowest order Feynman diagram is shown in
fig. 1 5. The Fourier transform of this form factor gives the charge density distribution of the
deuteron*. This Feynman diagram can be decomposed into 6 time ordered graphs. If we view
these diagrams in the IMF and take q to be a purely transverse vector Q, then the only time-
ordering which survives is the “nonrelativistic” ordering r
1 < r2 < r3. We will compute the range
r of the charge distribution by applying standard nonrelativistic formulae and the rules of corre-
spondence given in chapter 1 (eq. (1.22)).
For a non-relativistic bound state, with internal energy Bd composed out of particles of mass
and ~n each with internal energy B~and B0, the charge range is given by [191,
2~—Bd + B~+ B
r’ = 2~/ 0) {(~~+ .t~)/p~} (3.3)
where p is the reduced mass ~ + Pn) In the correspondence between relativistic IMF and
non-relativistic two-dimensional physics, the analogue of p is 77, the longitudinal fraction. For the
relativistic problem this gives
2 ~ (3.4)
r1 V ?7~+77~\277~
2 i/~~’ 277n
+ -~
(-~ — M
2(77p~77n)’~” 77n /
*In this application the “deuteron” is treated as if it were elementary. The neutron-proton-deuteron vertex is also treated as
structureless (as in i~ field theory). Since the size of the deuteron is greater than the range of the potential between the neutron
and proton, these approximations are not unreasonable.
J. Kogutand L. Susskind, The paTton picture of elementary particles 97
Neutron~,,,~~&_.___uq
Deu teron
Fig. 15. Infinite momentum scattering of a “deuteron” off an external current.
Now, r’ is invariant under rescaling of the 77’s. We choose + = 1. This simplifies (3.4),
47?~(l_77p),m2 m2 4 ‘~
r2 = 2 + — M21 = 2 (—77~(l 77~)M2+ m2). — (3.5)

(1 _77~) ‘77i, 1 / (1 —77~)
~
One important difference between the relativistic and non-relativistic problems is that the effective
non-relativistic mass i~is a continuous dynamical variable. The deuteron state vector consists of a
superposition of states in which the neutron and proton share the total ~7of the deuteron in dif-
ferent proportions. To find the largest distance behavior of the charge distribution we seek the
value of which maximizes r, subject to the constraint that 0 and 77n> 0. This restricts
to the rangeOto 1,
d r 2m2 M2 1
= 41 — — I = 0. (3.6)
d77~ L(1 — 77~)3 (1 — 77~)2J
Thus the extremum occurs at

= 1 — 2m2/M2. (3.7)
Clearly there are two cases:

1. 2m2/M2> 1. In this case the extremum falls outside the allowable range of 77. This is shown
in fig. 1 6a. The range is therefore determined by the endpoint 77~= 0 where the proton is found
furthest from the center of mass. Substituting rj~= 0 into (3.5) we obtain
r24m2. (3.8)
(a) (b)
Fig. 16. (a) Size of the bound state when 2m2/M2 > 1. (b) Size of the bound state when 2m2/M2 < 1.
2. 2m2/M2 < 1. In this case the extremum falls inside the allowable range of 77. This is shown
in fig. 16b. Substituting this value of into eq. (3.5) gives,
r2 —4m2—M4/m2. (3.9)
We wish to emphasize that a simple wave function description adequately describes both the
deep and the loose binding situtations.
3.2. The multiperipheral parton model
In this section we will consider a model for the structure and scattering of hadrons. The multi-
peripheral model has been widely applied to hadron reactions [20]. It is not usually thought of
as a model for the structure of the hadrons themselves but this is the approach we will stress here.
We imagine a hadron viewed in the infinite momentum frame. It initially has longitudinal frac-
tion unity and no transverse momentum. The cloud of partons composing the hadron will be
generated by a series of processes: The first is the splitting of the initial bare hadron into two
bare partons labelled with momentum (77i, K
1) and (i3~= 1 — 77i, L1 = —K1) respectively (fig. 17).
This two-parton configuration composes one term in the wave function of the physical hadron.
Configurations with larger numbers of partons will be generated by a repetition of this process in
which parton 1’ splits into partons 2 and 2’, 2’ into 3 and 3’, etc.. Accordingly the hadron wave
function is a superposition of cascades of different lengths as depicted schematically in fig. 18.
The state vector of the hadron can be written as the sum over parton configurations,
2Kd
It/i) EffJ n d t/In(77l,Ki;77
2,K2...;77n, K0)~2(~K1)o (i — E ~ I77~,K1 ...; ~ K0),
i= 1 ~ (3.10)
where t,1i~ will be referred to as the n-parton wave function. According to the rules of infinite mo-
mentum perturbation
3 we have, theory and the Hamiltonian of scalar particles interacting through the
coupling gçb
~—1/M2 / K~+m2 L~+m2\~
~ g ‘‘ ~2 ~ 2 7t — 2~ (213)1yi(213~1). (3.11)
/=1 ~
In general this wave function is too difficult to analyze precisely. However, we can make an ap-
proximation which will render the problem calculable without losing the essential features of the
wave function. In particular we will assume that in each cascade f3~ 77,~ + 13n+1 that 13n+1 ~
-~
In other words we presume that the flow of longitudinal fraction down the chain is strongly
damped. With this approximation the energy denominators simplify and much of the correlations
which exist in the actual wave function (3.11) are ignored. As a specific example let us consider
the wave function for the configuration of 4 partons (fig. 1 9). After making the relevant kinematic
Fig. 17. Two parton contribution to multiperipheral wave function.

I + H ___
2 ~L
Fig. 18. Diagrams defining a simple multiperipheral parton model of hadrons.
approximations, 131 ~ 13(1+ 1)’ i,1i4 reduces to,

3 [L~ + m2 fl + m2 - L~÷m2]1 [(2131)(2132)I~, (3.12)
g
213k 2132 2133
1//4 g3(277 2)([K 2)(K~+ m2)I ~. (3.13)

4)[ ([K2 + K3 + K4] 2 + m 3 + K4] 2 + m
In this approximation the transverse momentum has decoupled from the longitudinal fractions.
In order to better understand the wave function, it is convenient to obtain its configuration space
realization,
1/’4(m, X 2K 2K
1 ...; 77k, X4) jd2K2 d 3 d 4 exp{i(K2~X2+K3-X3+K4X4)}
2+m2)([K 2+m2)(K~+m2)]’. (3.14)
X [([K2+K3+K4] 3+K4]
Change variables according to the prescription,
P
1=K2+K3+K4, K2=P1—P2
P2=K3+K4, K3=P2—P3 (3.15)

P3 = K4, K4 = P3.
Then the Fourier transform becomes,
exp (i(P1—P2) ~X2}exp {i(P2—P3) ~X3}exp {i.P3X4}
2P 2P 2)(P~+m2)(P~+m2)
1//4(771, X1 ...; 77~,X4) ~~fd2P1 d 2d 3 (P~+m
J’d2P, d2P 2P
2d 3 exp{iP1-X2}exp{iP2-(X3—X2)} exp fiP3.(X4—X3)}
2)(P~+m2)(P~+m2)
(P~+m
-~K
0(mlX2I)K0(mIX3—X2I)K0(mIX~-—X3I) (3.16)
where K0 are the appropriate Bessel functions.

$-r~ 6~”j~1
Fig. 19. The four parton contribution to the hadron wave func- Fig. 20. A visualization of the multiperipheral random walk
tion. The dashed vertical lines indicate the intermediate states in the transverse plane.
and energy denominators analyzed in the text.
The generalization to a chain of n partons is straight-forward. The n parton wave function in

momentum space is given by,
~n(771’
K1 2 + m2] (277~) (3.17)
...;t~, K0) gi~ fl~1 [(~K)
and the transverse dependence of the n-parton wave function becomes
t/i~(n~,
X
1 ...;77~,X0)— K0(mIX2 — X11)K0(mIX3 — X21) ... K0(mIX0 — X011). (3.18)
Perhaps the most interesting feature of this wave function is the fact that the partons random
walk in the transverse plane away from the first vertex. To see this we calculate the mean square
transverse distance between the first and last (nth) parton down a chain,
2) f(X~ X 2 K~(mIX— 2X 2X~.(3.19
((X0 X1)
— 1) 2— X1I)K~(mIX3 X2I)K~(mIX0— X0_1I)d 1...d
—
It is advantageous to introduce the variables,

Y
1=X2—X1, Y2=X3—X2,..., Y,~_1 =X~~X~_1. (3.20)
So,
n—i
X0—X1= ~1 Y,.
1=
(3.21)
Now (3.19) becomes,

2
2) 1(E ~ 2Y 2Y
((X0 — X~) 1) K20(mIY1I)K~o(mIY2I)...K20(mIY~ I)d 1...d 01 (3.22)
=:~:fy~K~(miylI)...~(mIyn_iI)d2yi...d2yn_i ~ — 1)fY2K~(mIYI)d2Y.
So, the result is that the mean-squared distance between partons grows linearly with the number
of links separating them. This property is characteristic of a random walk visualized in fig. 20.
Let us now consider the mean transverse momentum of the nth parton down a chain consisting
of n constituents. It is given by,
2X 2X~ (3.23)
f~n~i,
X
1 ...; 77~,X0) ~ X1 ~ n~X0)d 1 ...d
—.‘fKo(m I YI)K’~ 2Xd2Y.
1’(m I Yi)d2YfK~(mIXI)d2X+fK~(mIXI)K0(m IXI)K~(mI YI)K0(m I Yi)d
So, we see that the mean-squared transverse momentum of the mth parton is given by a number
characteristic of the masses of the constituents of the chain; but, more importantly, is indepen-
dent of its location on the chain.
Another obvious feature of the wave function is the fact that the transverse momentum corre-
lations vanish except for nearest neighbors.
Now let us consider a scattering process within this model. Imagine a hadron moving to the
right with momentum p~(a right-mover) colliding against a hadron moving to the left with mo-
mentum q~(a left-mover). We now introduce a fundamental assumption of the multiperipheral
model which will also underlie the generalizations discussed in several of the following chapters.
We will call the assumption the near neighbor hypothesis: that only partons nearby in phase
space interact directly and significantly. Consider first the possibility that the incoming hadrons
are single bare partons. If their relative energy is very large, then according to the near neighbor
hypothesis they do not interact. On the other hand, both particles can undergo the multiperiph-
eral cascade process producing constituents with much lower longitudinal fractions than the
parent hadrons. These constituents may then be nearby in phase space and may experience a di-
rect collision. In order for this to occur we assume that both hadrons contain a constituent with
longitudinal momentum of order unity. These constituents, in terms of longitudinal fraction, are
near -~1/p 77i ~—l/q
5 and 5 (r = right mover, 1 = left mover). In the multiperipheral model the
low momentum colliding partons are always taken to be the last members of each chain. Ac-
cordingly, the cross-section for hadron-hadron scattering is proportional to the probability that
the last parton of the right moving chain be at 77 -~l/p5 and the last parton of the left moving
chain be at 77 l/q5. From the state vector It/I) in the strongly-ordered approximation, the prob-
ability that a chain of n partons terminates at 770 is given by,
2K.d~ n n
P~(77 n d 3277
0)f~(770 n~)1/i~(ii~,
— K1 ...; 77~.K0) jUl1 (27r) 1 ~2(~ K1~ (I ~77~) ~ (3.24)
—
Using the explicit form of the wave function (3.17) and the fact that transverse and longitudinal
dependences factor in this approximation, we have,
02 (3.25)
g2(n2) (n — 2)! [Ilog(77~)]
where
1 [K2 + m2]2
and the [log(77~’)]n2 factor has arisen from the following integral over longitudinal fractions,
102 1 Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
d~
771 d~
772 2 jfl~
3 d
77~2
77n—2 (n —2)!
1 [J
,~ 77
d77]0
2
We note that (3.25) gives a Poisson distribution in the number of partons n required to terminate
= 1
(n —2)!
[~~g(77~i)~02 (3.26)
the chain at 77g. Clearly the average number of constituents on a chain ending at 77o is,
ii— log(l/~). (3.27)
The total probability to terminate at 77~is the sum,
= ~ P 21. (3.28)
0(770) = (l/77~)°, a —g
And finally, the probability that the last parton has a fraction 77o or less becomes,
P(< 77o) f d77/77° = (1/77~)°~. (3.29)
Returning now to the problem of the collision cross section, the probability for the slowest
parton in the right moving chain to be near 77 l/p
5 or less and for the slowest parton in the left
moving chain to be near 77 1 /q~or less becomes proportional to,
‘-~
1 ~ (3.30)
(p5)°’(q~)°
Therefore, if a = 1 the model produces constant cross-sections and the longitudinal fraction distri-
bution of the last parton on the chain becomes,
d77/77. (3.31)
Those partons having longitudinal fraction 77 1/p
5 are responsible for the interaction between
hadrons and have been named “wee partons” by Feynman.
3.3. Space-time picture of a scattering event (multiperipheral parton model) [211
Let us try to estimate those impact parameters which contribute significantly to the cross sec-
tion at a given value of s. Since the average number of partons in the left moving hadron is
log q~,the random walk in the transverse plane will take the last parton on the chain an average
mean-squared distance —~ log q5. Define the position of the transverse center of mass of the right
mover X,. and left mover X1. Since almost all of the longitudinal fraction is carried by the first
parton on the chain, the center of mass Xr will be near it. The transverse location where the wee
partons interact will be denoted X~,.We are interested in those distances 1X1 — Xr I which will al-
low a scattering with a significant probability. We write,
2) = ([(X
((X, — X1) 1 — X~) — (X~ — Xr)] 2>
2) + ((Xr — X~)2) ÷2<(X, — X~) - (Xr — X~)) (3.32)

((X1 — X~)
J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture ofelementary particles 103
where the symbol C..) indicates averaging over the state vector of the incident system. From the
previous section,
((Xr X~)2)—~ log P~’
—
<(X 2)-~log q
1 X~) — 5.
Since the correlations on the chains extend only over single links, the coordinates (X1 — X~) and
(Xr — X~)should decorrelate when the number of links in each chain becomes large. We may
then ignore the last term in eq. (3.32) and obtain,
2) -~log p~+ log q~-~logs. (3.33)
((X1 Xr)
—
Thus as the energy increases the interaction region is distributed over a larger and larger transverse
area. In momentum space this effect translates into a logarithmically shrinking diffraction peak.
This is the origin of Regge behavior in the multiperipheral parton model.
A very symmetric picture of the collision can be obtained with the help of the rapidity axis.
The rapidity axis replaces the fraction 77 in the parametrization of the longitudinal dynamics. De-
fine the rapidity for a free hadron of mass M,
r~- log{(p~+p
5)/(p1 —ps)). (3.34)
Under a longitudinal boost by hyperbolic angle i.’,
+ Pt -* e~(p5+ ps), — -* e~(p~ p~)

—
and the rapidity simply translates,

r—*r+v. (3.35)
The expression for the rapidity simplifies when considering a fast right moving hadron. From the
mass-shell condition,
2 +M2)/(p
Pt —p5(P 5 ~p~)
it follows that
2/(~2 +M2)} ~log 2p 2 +M2. (3.36)
r “~ log {(p5 ~p~) 5 log\/P —
The rapidity of a parton having longitudinal fraction 77 is given by (3.36) by replacing p

5 by ~
and P by K. The parton mass m also appears in the expression. We will carry it along in the defini-
tion of rapidity but its value will not play an important role. The rapidity for a right (left) moving
parton reads,
2
rr = log 2p5 + log 77 — log~/K2÷m
r 2. (3.37)
1 = —log 2q5 log 77 + log’1K2 + m
—
As we have seen, the average transverse momentum on a parton is not sensitive to its position on
the chain. Therefore, the variation in the rapidity as we proceed down the right moving chain is
mainly due to variation in the longitudinal fraction.
A simple and convenient visualization of the cascade process is that at each stage the incoming
parton f3,, loses an average, finite fraction of its longitudinal momentum. This average fraction has
~ers __________
Fig. 21. Rapidity plot of the parton distribution in a hadron- Fig. 22. The parton distribution of fig. 21 seen in a new frame
hadron collision, of reference.
no appreciable variation as we proceed down the chain. To see this within the context of our
simplified multiperipheral model, recall that the distribution of longitudinal momentum in the
state function (3.1 7) reads,
1n—1 d~ r
1 d d
~1 ‘
1 r01
f _-~-i-f ~ f ... —~- f dr1f dr2 ...J’ dr0. (3.38)
Therefore, the constituents populate the rapidity axis uniformly. This is equivalent to ~
being independent of i. Fluctuations in this ratio are, of course, expected. Similarly, the consti-
tuents of the left mover populate the available region on the rapidity axis uniformly. The slow
moving wee partons which actually collide are found near r = 0 as depicted in fig. 21. A change
of reference frame corresponds to a translation of the distribution on the rapidity axis. So, under
a boost to the right, the distribution might appear as in fig. 22, the number of left moving consti-
tuents having decreased and the number of right moving constituents having increased. This is of
course due to the fact that the left mover is slower in the new frame and therefore fewer cascades
are required for it to produce a wee parton.
We would like to conclude our study of the multiperipheral parton model with a discussion of
the time development of the cascades. Define the one-parton state initially present in the remote
past to be 1). Then, upon rewriting the perturbation expression for the nth order contribution
to the physical hadron state in the Interaction picture,
0 T3 T2
ip0)’—~ f V(r~)dr~... f V(r2)dr2 f V(r1)dr1Il). (3.39)
We insert complete sets of intermediate states but keep only those choices which correspond to
the multiperipheral model, i.e. we keep those states which correspond to the cascade shown in
fig. 23. Now,
Fig. 23. Multiperipheral parton diagram. Dashed lines indicate two intermediate states and energy denominators analyzed in the
text.
J. Kogutand L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles 105
0 T3
I~i~)=fdr,~... f dr2 f dr1InXnIV(r~)In—-l)...(31V(r2)12X21V(r1)Il) (3.40)
where the state In) is abbreviated notation for the n-parton state,
In)= Ii~,K~~0_1,K~_1...;~1,
K1)
and we are suppressing various momentum integrals also present in (3.40). Now we can evaluate
the time-dependence in (3.40)
(nIV(r~)In—l)gexp{i(H~ —H0_1)r~} (3.41)
where the energy difference refers to the unperturbed difference of energies of adjacent states as
depicted in fig. 23,
2)/2j3~+ 2)/2t~~~ 2)/2i3~. (3.42)
JI~ H~_~
— = (L~+1+ m 1+ (K~+1+ m 1
(L~÷ m —
In each cascade event the parton f3,~loses an average fraction f< 1, of its longitudinal momentum,
1~m “~fm, ~1m ‘~fm. (3.43)

Therefore, the energy difference at the nth cascade level is of orderf~. Consequently, the most
important times in the integration governing the wave function (3.40) behave as
(3.44)
Since f< 1, it is apparent that the cascade events occur faster and faster as the chain grows. This
fact is a consequence of time dilation as the ~‘s decrease down the chain the lifetime of these
—
partons before they cascade must also decrease proportionally. Thus, a simple picture of the event
in real time should be drawn as in fig. 24. In the figure we have also indicated how the partons re-
combine to form the final hadron. A change of reference frame which decreases q~and increases
r~will distort fig. 24 into fig. 25.
The space-time distance between the points a and b in fig. 24 may be inferred from the time
dilation argument. The time dilation argument implies that the full cascade process takes a time
,-~ to occur. Since in the high energy limit the fastest partons near the top of fig. 24 travel near
the velocity of light, the longitudinal distance between a and b grows linearly with p~.
This space-time analysis should convince the reader that Regge behavior is controlled by large
longitudinal and transverse distances.
ab _
Fig. 24. Space-time visualization ofa collision process in the Fig. 25. The event of fig. 24 visualized in a new frame.
multiperipheral parton model.
II~LFIP
I 1 ~ ~TT
Fig. 26. Diagrams suggested to improve the multiperipheral parton model.
We close with a short comment concerning the inadequacy of the class of Feynman diagrams
considered in this model. A possible inadequacy of the chain diagram is that the intermediate
neighboring partons spend long times without interacting. Such a situation is very unlikely in a
theory with strong coupling among the partons. In later sections we will remedy this problem
by allowing nearest neighbor coupling. We can obtain some idea of the most important diagrams
if we argue that the rate of exchange interactions between fast partons should be time dilated
relative to that between slow partons. This suggests that the diagram of fig. 26 should be impor-
tant.
3.4. Eikonal picture of scattering in QED 1221
Now we turn to another model of high energy scattering in which the parton picture emerges
naturally, but in which the basic premise of the multiperipheral model short range interactions
—
in momentum space is blatantly violated. We imagine an energetic photon or charged fermion

—
incident on a smooth external potential. Since the external field is a vector potential, we shall
see that it can influence the motion of fast and slow partons with equal ease. This is to be con-
trasted with the dynamical input of the multiperipheral model which forbids coupling of the slow
target directly to the fast partons.
By a construction parallel to section 2.3 we can develop a Hamiltonian which describes a self-
interacting system of photons and fermions with the external field a~,ref. [141. The resulting
Hamiltonian reads,
H Jd2Xd~~ f~ ~ ÷e~~-K’A (3.45)

2 77 77
1 12
+ ~,1i~[m—ia~(K-—eA--ea)] [m+ia~(K—eA—ea)1 (i +— ~A1K2A1
2(77—ear) 2 ~‘
In discussing scattering processes we find it natural to develop a calculational scheme which

treats the interactions among the quanta of the field theory on a different footing from the in-
teraction of those quanta with the external field. So, define
V(r) = H(r) — Ho(r) (3.46)
where H0 is the full Hamiltonian with the external potential set to zero, and V, accordingly, con-
tains all the effects of the external field. It is the potential V which induces transitions from one
eigenstate of full QED to another. It is, therefore, convenient to define an interaction picture in
.1. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles 107
which the dynamics of the quantum fields is controlled entirely by H0 and the time-dependence
of the state vector is controlled entirely by V. In this representation the fields are given by,
i~i1(r,X, ~)= exp(iH0r)i~i(0,X, ~)exp(—iH~r) etc. (3.47)
and the scattering amplitude reads
S~1= (fiT exp {—i fv1(r)dr} ii) (3.48)
where Ii) and if) are stationary states of full QED, and V1 is the perturbation of (3.46) written in
the interaction representation (3.47).
In general S~is intractable. However, in the limit that If) and Ii) become high energy states
we can simplify (3.48) considerably. Suppose that if) and ii) represent physical particles possessing
enormous energies and moving to the right. Then they can be related to states of finite energy
If0) and 1i0) through a boost operator,
Ii) = exp(—iwK3)1i0), If) exp(—iwK3)1f0). (3.49)
Now the S-matrix element becomes,
S~1= (f0 Iexp(iwK3)T{exp[iJ’dr V1(r)]} exp(—iwK3) Ii0)
= (f0 IT{exp[ifdrexp(iwK3) V1(r)exp(—iwK3) } Ii0) (3.50)
since boosting does not change the causal order of events. Now we wish to know which terms in
the boosted interaction energy dominate as o°. Inspecting (3.45) and recalling that 1/~
~., -~ scales
down like e~ under a boost, it is clear that only the term ea0 ~ approaches a finite function in
the limit w oc. The boost properties of this term are easily understood. Since
-~ = J~ is a ~
charge density it should scale as (length)’ under a boost,

exp(iwK3)T(r, X, ~)exp(—iwK3) = ewT(e r, X, e~’fl (3.51)
while the external field a0 is, of course, uneffected by the boost. Now we see that the interaction
of the system with the external field simplifies enormously in ther, high
T(e~ energy
X, e~) limit,
+ O(e~)
exp(iwK3)V1(r)exp(—iwK3) fdX d~ea~(r, X, ~)e~J
-*
~fdxd~ea T(e~r, x, ~)
7(r, X, e~)J
-+efdXa~(r,X, 0).fd~r(0,X,fl. (3.52)
In other words, in this high energy limit the external field interacts essentially instantaneously
with a line integral of the current density along the light cone [9]. Inserting (3.44) into the ex-
pression for the S-matrix, gives the final result,
Sf
1 —* (fiFli) (3.53)
where F is the operator,
2X~(X)p(X)}
F exp f_ifd
Fig. 27. Parton-eikonal diagram in high energy QED scattering. The wavy lines represent bare photons, the solid lines represent
electrons and positrons. The black dots indicate eikonal phases.
and
X(X)efdra~(r, X, 0), p(X)fd~JT(0,X, ~).

The limiting form of the S-matrix (3.53) has a simple and appealing physical interpretation
which we can elucidate as follows. Imagine expanding the physical states If) and Ii) in terms of
the bare quanta of the fields iIi(0, X, ~) and A(0, X, fl. Thus we can imagine the initial state to
consist of a collection of bare quanta which interact with the external field. In particular, their
interaction with the external field is extremely simple bare electrons and positrons obtain an
—
eikonal phase while bare photons are uneffected:

F i(0, X, ~)F’ = exp {—i~(X)}i,V~(0,X, ~)
FA(0,X, ~)F’ =A(0,X, fl. (3.54)
In particular, no quanta are created or destroyed in the interaction with the external field. In
fact, the scattering has a quasi-classical character. Finally, after the scattering of the constituents,
they interact among themselves to form the final outgoing state which might be observed in the
lab.. We can visualize a typical contribution to the S-matrix in fig. 27. In the figure, blobs iii, and
iIi~represent the amplitudes that the physical electrons consist of the given intermediate state of
bare constituents, and the heavy dots on each charged constituent line represents the eikonal
phase which they received from the external field. The limiting form of QED which we have
developed here is also convenient for doing calculations [231 and we will have occasion later to
refer to several of these.
We see in this theory the effects of a force which directly influences particles in very distant
regions of phase space. At present one of the prominent questions in hadron physics is the relative
importance of multiperipheral and eikonal dynamics.
4. Parton phenomenology
4.1. Deep inelastic electroproduction
The parton model received its greatest impetus from its success in explaining deep inelastic elec-
troproduction data [2, 3]. In the process of interest an incident electron scatters off a target nu-
cleon at rest. A virtual photon of lab energy ~ and mass-squared q2 < 0 is exchanged (fig. 28). In
the first generation of experiments only the final electron was detected, thus determining the 4
momentum of the virtual photon. None of the secondary hadrons produced in the violent colli-
sion were detected.
To study this process in the parton model it is convenient to work in a frame in which the pro-
ton has an infinite momentum along the z axis and the 4-momentum of the virtual photon is in
~Q+K~)
Fig. 28. Kinematics of deep inelastic electron scattering. Fig. 29. Kinematics of deep inelastic photon absorption by a
parton.
the X, Y plane. In general the initial proton transverse momentum will be non-zero but much
smaller than its longitudinal momentum. We recall from chapter 2 that in such a frame vacuum
effects are eliminated. Therefore the photon directly probes the proton structure. Furthermore,
when ~ = p’ q’ becomes large, the probing time becomes so short on the dilated time scale that
the internal motions of the proton can be ignored (see, however, chapter 10).
Consider the amplitude for absorbing a photon of momentum q’ between a proton of momen-
tum p’ and a final state i~)in an ORF,
(p’I/,1 i~’)ö4(p~ p’ q’).
— — (4.1)
The cross section for electron + proton electron + anything involves the tensor [31
-÷
W~ (p’Ij, 4(p~p’
— — q’). (4.2)
1(0)I~)(~Ij0(0)Ip’)6
We have summed over all permissible final h~dronstates and have averaged the proton spin. This
expression may be rewritten,
W~~(q’2,
v) = ~~~fei~’x’(p1IjM(x’)JP(O) Ip’)d4x’, (4.3)
where i’ = q’p’. Current conservation implies a tensor decomposition of W~of the form,
W~.jq’2,v) = [g~
0 _-~~]
W1(q’
2, v) + [(~~
—~~
2)(~’~
— W~(q’
2,~) (4.4)
where W
1 and W2 are invariant functions of their arguments and can be measured independently.
We will mostly be concerned with constructing a theory of W2.
Returning to the IMF in which the 4-vector q’ becomes Q, we see that the ~, ~ component of
WMV becomes
2,v) = 2W 2, Q~P) (4.5)
W~.(q’ 77 2(Q
where ~ = ~I2(p~ + p~)for the proton. From (4.3) and (4.5) we can identify a simple expression
for W
2:
2)~(77 ~‘)W
— 2,QP) ~fexp(iQX)(P, 2Xdr (4.6)
(27rfl 2(Q 77’IJ~(X,r), J~(0,0)IP, ~)d
where the transverse current density

(r, X, ~)
J~(X,r) = fd~/~ (4.7)
as familiar from (1 .29). Equation (4.6) now has a completely non-relativistic character and will
allow us to discuss the structure of the matrix element using transverse Galilean invariance. Con-
sider the matrix element (4.6) between states of zero transverse momentum. It can depend only
on X, ‘r and 17 through the rotationally invariant combinations X2, r and 77,
2~77~(fl ~‘)G(~, r, ~) ~(P

— 0,77’ IJ~(X,r)J~(0,0)IP = 0,~). (4.8)
The general form of G is found by making a Galilean boost on IP = 0, 17)
X-*X+Pr/
77, r-~r, ~ (4.9)
Furthermore only the combination r/77 is boost invariant and may appear in G. Thus, in general
G will depend only upon
2 and r/77.
(X+Pr/77)
Returning to (4.6) we can write W
2 in the form
2,Q P) = fexp(iQX)G[(X + Pr/ 2, r/~]d2X dr. (4.10)
i~W~(Q 77)
Setting ,~= I and changing integration variables to (X + Pr) = R
W 2, ~)= fexp{i(QR ur)}G(R2, r)d2R dr
— (4.11)
2(Q
where v Q P. It is crucial to recognize that the function G represents the propagation of a signal
within the hadron over a transverse distance R and must vanish as R becomes larger than the ha-
dron radius.
We consider W 2 and v tend to infinity in
2 in the so-called deep inelastic limit [3] in which Q
fixed proportion. In this limit the important region of integration in (4.11) is characterized by
r ~ l/Q P, Q~R( 1. (4.12)
The first inequality indicates that the time delay between the action of the two currents (4.8)
tends to zero with 1/v. Thus once 1/v becomes less than the typical times characterizing internal
changes in the hadron, the partons may be treated as freely moving (or not moving for that
matter) [24]
Consider now the parton distribution in transverse momentum. We will assume that the trans-
verse momenta of the partons are mainly contained in a disc of radius K, the probability to
find a parton outside this disc falls rapidly, perhaps like exp(—P/K). Now consider the hadron af-
ter it has been struck by the deep inelastic photon. One of the partons labelled i has been ejected
outside the disc. To compute the product of currents, this configuration must be overlapped with
a similar configuration in which a parton / has been ejected. Clearly this overlap is negligible if
i * /. This means that the product of currents defining W
2 is simply the sum of the corresponding
elementary products of currents for the partons, i.e. the total hadron cross section is the sum of
J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles iii
the cross sections for absorption by the partons. Accordingly, we now consider the cross section
for virtual photon absorption by a point charge. Since the photon carries no energy, the energies
of the initial and final partons must be equal. Thus the cross-section for a point parton of trans-
verse momentum K is proportional to
W 2ö (1K2+m2 —
(K+Q)2+m2\ (4.13)
2(K, Q;77)+ e 2r~ ‘, 277 /
W 2 ~(2K Q + Q2).
2(K, Q; 71) 71 e
Now define F,(K, 2K dfl/77 to be the average number of partons of type i-in the momentum
77P)dof transverse momentum P. By Galilean invariance, F, has the form
cell d2K d~in a proton
F
1(K — 77p, 17).
The cross-section for photon absorption on the proton is obtained by summation over all partons,
2, v) = 2~fe~77~(2K.Q + Q2)F
W2(Q 1(K — 77P, 77)d2K~~~~ (4.14)
where e1 is the charge of the ith type of parton. Changing integration variables to L = K —
2, v) = E e?f77~(2L Q + 2i~PQ + Q2)F 2L~. (4.15)

W2(Q 1(L, i~)d
Assuming the transverse momenta L are bounded in a disc of radius K, the first term in the delta
function is negligible compared to the other two in the deep inelastic limit. Thus
W 2, v) ~ e~f776(277v + Q2)F~(
2(Q 77) (4.16)
deep met. urn. 77
where
2L. (4.17)
JFI(L, ~)d
=
We define the mean charge of a parton with longitudinal fraction 77 by
e2(77) = E e? Fl(n)//~F
1(77) (4.18)
and the total number density by

l~-~
(4.19)
17 171
With these definitions, after doing the integral (4.16) becomes

2, v) = e2(~)F(77)~~ Q2/2v~ = (4.20)
vW2(Q
This relation is important [2, 31. It provides us with a direct experimental method of probing the
Fig. 30. vW
2 as a function of longitudinal fraction.
longitudinal distribution of partons. In fig. 30 we show a plot of vW2. The data show two remark-
able features. The first is the very small value of vW2 for 77 > This indicates that it is unlikely to
~-.
find a charged parton carrying more than ~ the total proton momentum. The second feature is
that the data seems to indicate that vW2 tends to a nonvanishing constant as ~ 0. We shall as- -÷
sume this throughout our discussion. Assuming the parton charges are bounded, (4.20) indicates
that the density of partons in 71, F(77)/77 behaves like 1/77. This means that the average number of
partons in the hadron is infinite.
4.2. Drell-Yan relation

2 behavior of the electromagnetic form factor
of The Drell-Yan
a hadron to therelation [25] for
probability connects
findingthe high Qnear 17 = 1. We will call such a parton “leading”
a parton
and will refer to the remaining partons as “trailing”. Since vW
2 tends quickly to zero as ~1 1, it -÷
is natural to view the leading parton effect as a fluctuation with a small probability. We will give
an extremely heuristic explanation of the Drell-Yan relation which, although far from rigorous,
contains all the essential physical ingredients.
We first consider the form factor of a non-relativistic atom. Because the electrons are light their
wave function is distributed smoothly overofa the
2 behavior largeatomic
volume. Therefore
form the the
factor. On electrons do notthe
other hand, contri-
bute significantly to the large q
heavy nucleus is concentrated in a small volume near the center of mass. To estimate the spatial
size of the distribution of the nucleus and electrons, we first consider the center of mass position
of the atom,
Xcm (/INXN +~l1lX~)/(I1N+~jz~) (4.21)
where
XN = position of nucleus, ~N = mass of nucleus
X
1 = position of ith electron, = mass of ith electron.
Accordingly the distance of the nucleus from the center of mass is
— XN) ~/ij 1Ep1X~
X cm —x N = 1ZN + ~1j ~N + ~ (-~------~—XNI
~ ~ / (4.22)
The term in parentheses is the distance between the nucleus and the cm of the electron cloud.
This does not depend much on PN if ~N is large. Thus the nucleus will be concentrated within a
radius of order
i.~/(~N
+~I~I)~1 IAN/(MN ~ (4.23)
Therefore the nucleus will contribute to the Fourier transform of the atomic charge distribution
for IqI of order
{1 _PN/(!IN +~p
1)}1 (4.24)
or smaller. Clearly as the ratio2 PN/CUN
components approaches
from
+ ~pj) unity, the atomic form factor will have
the nucleus.
increasingly important high q
Now let us invoke the non-relativistic analog of chapter 1 to relate these considerations to the
relativistic problem. From (4.24) (identifying non-relativistic mass ji with longitudinal fraction 77)
we see that the presence of a leading parton of fraction ~1will contribute to the form factor for
q2 up to,
\‘rl~ ~/(1—ri), (4.25)
where K 1S a momentum scale defined by the average transverse momentum fluctuations of the
partons. Therefore the form factor will be roughly proportional to the probability to find a par-
ton having i~satisfying
77 ~ 1 — K/Iqi. (4.26)
Drell and Yan assume that the probability to find a fast parton of fraction 17 is proportional to
vW
2 which experimentally appears to behave as a power (1 17)” near i~= 1. Thus the probability
—
to find a parton satisfying (4.26) is
f(q
2)-~ f
1—i/Iql
(1 —77)7dfl~
K
q
2)
/
(4.27)
Experimentally ‘y appears to be near 3 which implies f(q2) (q2)2. This behavior is consistent
-*
with presently available data over a wide range of q2 for the proton.
It should be clear that our derivation rested on an assumed smooth wave function for the
trailing partons. In atomic physics if the electron wave function had any sharp corners or other
kinks then these could control the large q2 form factor. Similarly a non-smooth trailing parton
wave function could ruin the Drell-Yan relation.
4.3. Heavy lepton pair production
Much can be learned about the distribution of partons in processes in which two such distribu-
tions collide producing a massive lepton pair [261. By massive lepton pairs we refer to e~eor
~i~f pairs with invariant mass in excess of several GeV. The theory as we shall formulate it is not
applicable to low mass lepton pairs.
Consider a right moving hadron of momentum Pr collidihg against a left moving hadron of mo-
mentum p,. The simplest model of massive lepton pair production, due to Drell and Yan [26],
consists of postulating that a left moving parton ~ annihilates against a right moving parton 772
to produce a virtual photon of mass \/~,ref. [27]. The photon subsequently decays into the
lepton pair observed in the laboratory. The process is visualized in fig. 31. This theory was applied
Iu4 J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
Fig. 31. Kinematics for the parton model of heavy lepton pair production.
by Drell and Yan in the limit q2/s finite ass oc~ We will be interested here in a slight extension
-÷
of the model which will allow an extrapolation of the results away from this limit to more realistic
laboratory situations. We will see that a second type of process is required to make the result
frame independent. The second process involves the annihilation of a parton anti-parton pair
within either of the incident parton distributions.
Consider first the cross-section for a right moving parton of fraction 77~ to annihilate against a
left moving parton of fraction 772 into a photon of mass Energy and momentum conservation
\/‘q2.
require that,
(17iPr + ~i 2 2 77,77 (4.28)

2p1)q 2S
where s = (Pr + p 2 is the Mandeistam invariant energy of the incident primaries. We have ignored
1)
the rest masses of the two incident hadrons. The cross-section for this parton-parton event reads,
du/dq2 = (4io2e~/3q2)S(77,r~’ 2) (4.29)
2s q —
which follows from a second order calculation in QED. To obtain the cross-section for the hadron-
hadron process, we consider the probability of a right moving parton of the ith type and fraction
~, in the right mover and the probability of a left moving anti-parton of the Ith type and fraction
172 in the left mover,
d.P, = F
1(771) d771/fl,, dP1 = F1(772) d~2/~2. (4.30)
The hadron-hadron cross-section becomes,
2 rdiii d77
do 4ira 2 2). — (4.31)
dq ~ 3q ~ L.ie~J—17~ —F1(77i)F1(772)c~(77,fl2s—q
172
It will prove convenient later to define the partial differential cross-section for each parton type,
do 2 d
1 4ira 771 d772 2) -
~dq 3q e/f—
77~ —F~(771)F1(772)6(fl,772s—q
772
du/dq2 ~ du,/dq2. (4.32)
If we specify the longitudinal momentum of the outgoing photon as well as its mass, an additional
delta function must be inserted into the expression (4.32) for the partial cross-section,
do
1 4~2 2 rd77i d~2 — 2
6(~7,Pr — rj
dq dq~~ 3q
2 e1j m 772
F1(771)F1(772)~(77,772s — q ) 2p1 — q~). (4.33)
-e~r0L-
Left Movers wee Right Movers
Left Movers I wee Right Movers ~ Ix x
____________ X x
Fig. 32. Rapidity plot for the process indicated in fig. 31. Fig. 33. Longitudinal boost of the process shown in fig. 32.
The parton distribution F1(77) dfl/77 makes sense for a hadron of finite momentum p only for
those 77’s much greater than rn/p. If 77 were smaller than this, the parton would have momentum
of 0(1) and could not be described in the infinite momentum language. Feynman [2] suggests
that the parton distribution be cut off in this ambiguous wee region. Thus we take the lower
limits of integration in (4.33) to be O(l/p). The upper limits are, of course, unity. The delta func-
tion in (4.33) constrains,
2/s, 772> q2/s. (4.34)
?7i> q
Therefore, if
q2/s ~‘ rn/pr and q2/s ~ rn/p, (4.35)
there is no ambiguity. This condition is clearly frame dependent but in any frame related by a
finite boost to the center of mass, condition (4.35) will be valid with both Pr and p, on the order
of~/~. We feel that this restriction is not a natural boundary of the validity of the model. To un-
derstand this problem better it is convenient to visualize the process on the rapidity axis. We plot
every parton on the rapidity axis as in fig. 32. The prescription of the simple model was to pick
one parton from the left mover and annihilate it against one parton from the right mover, being
careful to avoid the wee region near zero rapidity. This prescription is clearly frame dependent
when the inequalities (4.35) are not maintained because both the decomposition into left and
right movers and the position of the wee partons will change under a boost. In fig. 33 we show a
boosted distribution on the rapidity axis. This figure depicts exactly the same event as fig. 32.
However, from the point of view of the new frame, two partons in the left mover have annihilated
rather than a left moving parton against a right moving parton. It thus becomes clear that in order
to maintain a frame independent description, we must draw parton pairs from the rapidity axis
without regard to their positions relative to the origin of r.
Now let us define functions f
1(r) which give the probability of finding a parton of type i of
rapidity r. For r> r0 this function reduces to the distributio,n of partons of type i in the right
mover. This requires,
~rn ~
f1(r)F11— en, r>r0. (4.36)
\Pr /
(r)
________________ ~NR~ht w r
Fig. 34. Crude representation of the parton distribution appearing in massive lepton pair production.
Similarly for r <— r0 we must have
irn ~
f~fr)= F~I—e~I , T < —To. (4.37)
\pl I
In the wee region where the two distributions merge,
irn irn
F11— er I F11— e~ . (4.38)
~Pr / \Pi /
In particular at r = 0,
F1(m/p~)= F1(rn/p1). (4.39)
If we assume that this statement is boost invariant for boosts with hyperbolic angle some finite
fraction of the length of the rapidity axis, then it follows that f1 must be constant over that range
of rapidity. Therefore, the distribution of partons on the rapidity axis must appear as in fig. 34.
We note that the invariant mass-squared of two partons separated by a rapidity difference
— r2 is,
2 2m2 cosh(r
q 1 r2) — (4.40)
and the rapidity of the pair is,
r-f(ri +r2). (4.41)
2 and
We consider
rapidity r, again the partial cross-section for the production of a pair with mass-squared q
do 4 log(p~/m)
2dr 3q2
2
e~
Iog(p
f dr
—
1dr2f1(r1)f1(r2)~(q
2 2m2cosh(r
—
1 — r2))ö(r —+(r1 +r2)). (4.42)

dq 1/m)
We can infer from (4.42) several semi-quantitative features we expect of the data. Consider first
the cross-section
2 and s with q2/swhen the rapidity
v fixed. In this of thethe
limit pairdelta
is not constrained
function and q2
involving take the limit of very high
simplifies
q
q2 = 2rn2cosh(r 2explr, r —
1 r2) m — 21 vs. (4.43)

So the rapidity difference becomes,
2) = log(s/rn2) + log v. (4.44)
Ir1 r2 I = log(vs/m
—
In this limit (s oo, v fixed) the distance between the two participating partons is equal to the en-
-+
tire length of the rapidity axis less a finite amount. Hence, when s becomes large the delta function
requires that the two partons are drawn from opposite ends of the rapidity axis. Thus, in this
limit, (4.43) is valid and (4.42) can be written in the form,
—v-—-——
sq 2 do 4ira2 ~
~ie 2 r d77
1 d772 i’
2 ‘1
q ,
1 — —F1(771)F1(772)o1771772——--p
—
(4.45)
dq 3 ~‘ ~‘77i 712 SI
demonstrating that the right hand side becomes a function only of the dimensionless variable v.
In the77ilimit
772that1 vand
approaches
therefore1 this
it iscross-section
apparent thatis the contributing
controlled by thepartons
leadingmust both
parton be veryof
behavior
near
the F’s. If we assume that the Fe’s fall like (1 —
77)~Yinear 77 = 1, then the right hand side of (4.45)
becomes a simple power (1 77)7i~i~. —
Now we return to our more general formulation of the process (4.42). In order to obtain a
simple and global description of the cross-section, we will replace the functions f~(r)by constants
when r is within the available rapidity range and zero otherwise. This allows us to integrate the ex-
pression for the cross-section trivially,
do 2/3q2)OI/ r + log—pO
q\/ q r \/I
dqdr pI\.I log p — — (4.46)
2 = const ~(4ira
and
s da/dq2 = const~(4ira2/3q2)log(s/q2). (4.47)
The total cross-section for heavy ~zpair production for q2 ~‘ 1 is,
s /4ira2\
a = const~~
\ 5/,
f~ dq2 log(—~)
q
/
\q/
\
-÷ const~I —
\ 5 /
[(log2s) — 11. (4.48)
We expect the formulas (4.46)—(4.48) to be roughly valid far from q2/s = 1 and the ends of the
phase space. The structure of the distribution function at the edges of the available phase space
will round off the step functions in (4.46) and also join (4.47) smoothly to the expected power
behavior near v = 1.
Fits to the data [28] in the q2/s 1 region have been attempted by various authors. The data
is preliminary and quite crude but the general order of magnitude of the fits agrees with simple
quark-parton model distribution functions which approximate vW
2 [26, 29]. The rapidity distri-
2/s behavior have not yet received adequate study.
bution and low q
4.4. The incredible shrinking photon
At present there is little experimental information on the, character of the hadronic secondaries
of electroproduction. However, one suggestion, due to Cheng and Wu, concerning the momentum
distribution of the secondaries has appeared [30]. The process under consideration is the exclusive
2)
R~(Q
~j1~
(a) )b)
Fig. 35. (a) Direct interaction of photon with charge distribution of a target. (b) Dissociation of the photon and subsequent inter-
action of constituent with the target. R~(Q2)indicates the transverse separation of the constituents.
production of a p meson. The initial state consists of an off-shell photon of momentum q

1 and a
proton of momentum Pi~ In the final state appear2 aand rhot meson
= (p1 of momentum
P2). q2 Wu
Cheng and and [30]
—proton
andof
momentum P2. We define v = p’ q,, ~ = (Pi + q1)
others [31, 321 have suggested, on the basis of calculations in QED, that the t-distribution of
electroproduced p mesons should spread as the q2 of the virtual photon increases.
There are two types of processes which can contribute to the scattering process of interest. The
bare photon can interact directly with the charge distribution of the target (fig. 35a), or it can
first dissociate into a pair of charged constituents which Coulomb scatter in the external field
(fig. 3 Sb). For the first process it is clear from fig. 35a that the maximum impact parameter for
the scattering process is Rext. However, the second process can contribute when the impact
parameter is as large as Rext + R~(q2),where R.~(q2)is the transverse size of the wave function of
the pair. Accordingly, we must estimate the size of the pair distribution as a function of q2. For
this we can apply our previous calculation of the size of a relativistic composite system (chapter 3).
Substituting rn2 q2 in (3.5), we have the relative distance between the constituents of the
-*
photon,
R~(q2) (1 — a)’ \[_a(1_a)q2 + rn2 (4.49)
where a and 1 a are the longitudinal fractions of the constituents. Clearly the size of the photon
—
is sensitive to q2 if neither a nor 1 a are wee. The scattering amplitude for the electroproduction
—
process involves an integral over a. In QED, for example, the entire range of longitudinal fractions
contribute significantly to the scattering amplitude. So crudely speaking,
R~’(q2) ,./_q2 (4.50)
once —q2 is large compared to the mass of the constituents. Finally, the net transverse distance
squared contributing to the scattering process is,
(R2) (R~~~)
+ (R~(q2)). (4.51)
(This is true for smooth potentials and wave functions. See ref. [321 for a more precise estimate.)
If(R~(q2= 0)) is about equal to (R~~
one expects
5),
2 increases [321 the net impact parameter
In momentum for the process
space this shrinkage
.
to
implies
fall by a factor of roughly ~/2as’ —q
that the t-distribution of the electroproduced p’s should spread by a factor 2.
It was crucial in this model that the scattering amplitude was not dominated by configurations
with a = 0 or 1 a = 0. In QED this is so because the external Coulomb field scatters fast and
—
slow partons with equal strength. If the external field were scalar, for example, then it could in-
fluence the motion of a constituent of the photon only if that constituent were slow in the labo-
Fig. 36. Visualization of a multiperipheral model for the Fig. 37. The process of fig. 36 viewed in the infinite rnornen-
shrinking photon effect (lab. frame). turn frame. -
ratory, i.e. a or 1 a near zero. In such a model the shrinking photon effect would certainly be
—
suppressed and possible absent.

We now consider the possibility that the photon virtually dissociates into strong interaction
partons which then strongly interact with the proton. Since vector potentials, or more generally,
long range correlations in rapidity, may not play an important role in strong interactions, the pro-
cess may be dominated by the scattering of the wee partons of the photon. Since in both (4.49)
and the multiperipheral model, the wee partons are far from the center of mass, the shrinking pho-
ton effect may be suppressed relative to the QED estimate. In particular, it is instructive to esti-
mate the important transverse distances in a multiperipheral model of electroproduction shown in
fig. 36. Boost this process to an infinite momentum frame in which the photon’s momentum is
purely transverse and in which it probes the constituents of the target (fig. 37). We recall from
chapter 3 that the constituents of the multiperipheral chain random walk in the transverse plane,
so that the mean squared distance from the center of mass of a constituent of longitudinal frac-
tion 77 is,
(X2(77))”- —log 77. (4.52)

From our discussion of vW2 we know that the virtual photon is absorbed by a constituent with
2/2v.
17 q
Therefore, the important transverse distances in the reaction of the photon of mass q2 with the
target are
(X2(q2, v)) ‘— log(2v/—q2). (4.53)
This in turn implies that the differential cross-section should be proportional to
do/dt ‘~-~ exp((X2(q2, v))t) exp{log(2v/—q2)t} . (4.54)
Therefore, in this model changing the mass of the photon effects the slope of the t-distribution
only logarithmically. Unfortunately this model applies only in the asymptotic region v °°, -~
fixed. We have studied the shrinking photon effect in the dual string model and find that at finite
v and q2, it produces a more dramatic shrinking photon effect than the multiperipheral model
but less dramatic than the QED model.
5. String model of hadrons
5.1. Generalization of the multiperipheral model
In this chapter we develop the string model of parton dynamics [33—401 in the IMF. This
dynamical model is based on the dual resonance model of hadrons [41]. Let us return momen-
tarily to the multiperipheral cascade model in which a hadron is a long chain of partons randomly
walking out into the transverse plane. In the simple version of chapter 3 no interparton forces are
provided to bind the hadron together. Therefore let us imagine a hadron which in the remote past
cascaded into a dfl/77 chain of partons but which are now bound together by forces due to the ex-
change of partons between near neighbors [42] In fig. 38 we draw such a diagram. On the vertical
.
axis and horizontal axes we plot 17 and r respectively.

The reason that the horizontal lines in fig. 38 become dense near 77 = 0 is the presumed d77/77
parton distribution. The reason for drawing the vertical lines more closely spaced near 77 = 0 is
time dilation. The rate of events in a region where the partons have longitudinal fraction 17 is 17’.
Consequently, the spacing of vertical and horizontal lines are proportional to each other.
We shall modify the multiperipheral picture slightly in order that it corresponds more closely
to the dual parton model. The initial bare line will be allowed to initiate two cascades instead one
as in fig. 39. The resulting hadron is a long chain with wee partons at both ends and a pulse of
longitudinal momentum through the center. In a scattering event of two particles either end of
one hadron can interact with the wee partons at either end of the other. The general properties
of the multiperipheral model are not destroyed by this modification. The generalization in which
interparton forces exist is described by fig. 40.
The vertical axis is now not exactly 77 since wee partons are found at both ends of it. We label
the axis 0 and assume it is related to ~1so that 77 tends to zero as 0 0, 0 ~r.For example, 0
-~ —~
may be defined by [39]

77(0) = const~sinO. (5.1)
At both ends the parton distribution goes to

dN/d77-~1/n.
On the 0 axis we must have a distribution similar to

dN/dO”-~l/(X0sinO). (5.2)
The constants in (5.1) and (5.2) are related by total momentum conservation,
I I e~~tit_i~
1111(111 .____f________________ I
‘‘ —- —~——-
tJj~~ -_‘_n~
.1.1 I I I
I)T I~
—~-~-~- ~
Fig. 38. Interaction among the partons in a Fig. 39. Double ended multi- Fig. 40 Interactions among
hadron long after the multiperipheral cascade, peripheral cascade. partons in the string model.
dN 1 const
= fdo i~(0)—~- = const. / dO sin 0-~~-~ = ____
Hence from (5.1)

77(0)-(A0/lr)sinO. (5.3)
The parameter Ao may be fit to experimental data by observing that (5.1) indicates that the
maximum 77 on a parton occurs at 0 = ir. It is given by
-~
77max~’o/~ (5.4)
If we identify 77max with the value of i~at which vW2 begins to drop sharply to zero and ignore the
leading parton fluctuation, then flmax -i-. Thus -~
Ao~7T” 1. (5.5)
The density of partons on the 77 axis near i~ 0 is,

-*
dN/d~= 2(dN/dO)(dO/d77) = 2/A071. (5.6)

The factor 2 in (5.6) comes from the fact that low 77 partons are found at both ends of the 0 inter-
val. Using (5.5) we see that
diV 2
—~ -. (5.7)
d77 71-vO 77
The quantity of 77 on an interval M is given by

~0 27(0) dN/dO = M/ir (5.8)
so that the flow of longitudinal momentum through fig. 40 is uniform.
5.2. The string Hamiltonian
We shall idealize the system by assuming each parton has a position 0(i) on the 0 axis where i
is an index which runs from —oe at 0 = 0 to +ee at 0 = ir. The Hamiltonian for this system of partons
will be basically non-relativistic since it is built to describe the transverse motions of the partons.
The longitudinal degrees of freedom are described 2by (5.l)—(5.8).
+ rn2)/271 which we write as
The kinetic energy of each parton is as usual (K
(K~+ m2)/277 2~r/{2A
1 = K~ir/{2A0sin 0(1) } + rn 0sin 0(i)} . (5.9)
The interaction between partons is provided by the parton exchanges shown as vertical lines on
fig. 40. These exchanges provide potential energy between near neighbors which we write as
2] irV[(X 2]
V V[(X1+1 —X~) 1~1 —X1)
1~~.1 = . (5.10)
~ 2X0sinO,
We assume the potential is such that it can be approximated by a harmonic well for small oscilla-
tions. (See, however, section 9.1.) We then write (5.10) as*
= irg(X
2/(2XOsin0f~ (5.11)
1 X(l+l)) —
To simplify the problem we make a continuum approximation in which the transverse coordi-
nate position of the discrete variable (1) is replaced by a function of the continuous variable 0.
Using the Galilean analog, K, = 1
71X1 where X, = dX1/dr, the contribution of the kinetic and poten-
tial energies of partons in the interval ~0 is
2 + G(aX/aO)2} + z~0m2/(X 2 (5.12)
(~0/2ir)f(X(O)) 0sinO)
where some constants have been absorbed into G. G has units of (mass)2. The total Hamiltonian
is then given by
2 2
1 T/aX\ /aX\ 1 a
H=—I~I——I +GI—lIdO+const.i——.
2ir~’ L\ar/ ~aOiJ ar
The equation of motion following from H is,

a2X/ar2 — Ga2X/a02 = 0. (5.13)
The transverse momentum on a small segment 1.~0is given by
(z~0fir) aX/ar.
The density of transverse momentum is clearly given by
= (1/ir)aX/ar
and the transverse momentum per parton at point 0 is
K(O) = (A
0sinO/ir) aX/ar. (5.14)
We may interpret —(G/ir) ax/aU as a flux of momentum

P0(0) = —(G/ir)aX/aO.
Equation (5.13) then becomes the continuity equation describing local momentum conservation.
In order that the momentum is conserved it is essential to place a boundary condition on the mo-
mentum flux at the ends of the 0 interval to forbid a flux across the ends of the stringlike hadron
aX/aU = 0. (5.15)
From (5.1 3) and (5.1 5) it is evident that X may be decomposed into normal modes describing
wave-like motions of the hadronic string,
*A Hamiltonian such as (5.11), which describes a discrete system of partons, may violate the angular conditions [9]. In sec. 5.8
we describe a manifestly covariant formulation of the string model.
X=Xcm(T) — ~ B~(l,r)—B(l, r) coslO (5.16)
where the 2 components of the two vector B~(l,r) are ordinary creation and annihilation opera-
tors satisfying [33, 34, 36, 43, 44]
B~(l,r) = B~(l)exp(iGlr).
Xcm(T) is the transverse center of mass which satisfies
Xcm(r)=Xcm(0)+Kr
where K is total transverse momentum.

States of the string are labelled by a longitudinal fraction 77 (which is assumed equal to 1 if not
specified), a transverse momentum K and a state of internal excitation (n1, n2, ...), where n1 is the
excitation level of the ith mode. We will use the shorthand notation I~,K, N) or just 1K, N) for a
state. An unexcited hadron is labelled by 1K, 0).
The energy of the string is given from (5.13),
2+~lGB+(l)B(l)+~~M2
H=-~-K 0 (5.17)
2+ ~-M2in the IMF we get,
where -}M~is a ground state constant. Equating H with -~-K
M2 = 2G E lB~(l)B(l)+M~= 2G E ln(l) +M~. (5.18)
Since the i’s and n’s are integers, the spacing of levels of the hadronic system is 2G which may be
identified with the empirical spacing of (1 GeV)2. In GeV units G =
5.3. Properties of the parton distribution
Let us compute the mean-square transverse distance [39, 40] of a parton at position 0 from
the center of mass of the hadronic ground state. The operator for this is given from (5.16) by
B~(l) B~(l)
— 2
R(0)2 ~(X 2 —~ ~~~/2’ coslO
j=i,2 1(0)—X1(cm)) 1=1,2 1=1
In the ground state the expectation value of this is,
<R(0)2) = ~(cos 1 0)2/i (5.19)
which logarithmically diverges. The difficulty is that in passing to the continuum approximation
the importance of high frequency normal modes has been overestimated. To see this we note
that no wavelengths less than ~0 can propagate in a region of the 0 axis in which the interparton
spacing is ~0. Since the spacing is given by
0~—0~,‘-~X0sin0
the correct cutoff reads

lmax(0) = ir/(A0 sin 0), (5.20)
(5.19) is then modified to read
7T
(R,) =
2 —~-log2?,.0 — log sin 0(i). (5.21)
2 (cos 1 0(i))
l=1 71•
Since the number of partons separating the fastest partons (near 0 = fir) from the point 0(i) is
0(I) dN
f
ir/2
~ dO —logsin0.
(5.21) indicates a random walk. Indeed, using (5.3) we may write

(R( 2) -‘~ —~-log(27r/A
77) 0) log 71(0)
— (5.22)
which should be compared with (3.22) of the multiperipheral model.

Thus a fast hadron in the string model consists of a few partons near the center of mass, carry-
ing almost all the available momentum attached to a group carrying smaller longitudinal momen-
tum which are attached to a group of yet smaller longitudinal momentum ad infinitum. The entire
collection wanders out into the transverse plane according to a random walk. The probability to
find a parton of longitudinal fraction 77 at a distance R from the center of mass is given by
2/(4<R(~)2))I/(R2(77)). (5.23)
exp[—R
This logarithmic spreading of the parton distribution in the transverse plane together with the
near neighbor principle insure the Regge behavior of high energy amplitudes.
5.4. The random walk and Regge behavior
Historically the string was an outgrowth of Regge pole theory [41] . We will give a heuristic
explanation of the origin of Regge behavior based on the distribution of partons in the transverse
plane.
Suppose a high energy hadron of momentum p is incident on a stationary target. The target
is composed of partons of finite momentum O(i~).Assume that the partons in the incident hadron
are transparent to the target unless their momenta are on the order of i~.The longitudinal frac-
tion of the partons which interact with the target is then of order
77(p) -~
Recall that the distribution of partons in the transverse plane spreads according to (5.22). In fig.
41 we plot R2(~)as a function of 77 and show how the interaction radius changes with p. There-
fore, as the incident momentum increases, the average distance of the active partons from the cm
2(’7)
R
__ ~-77
Fig. 41. The spread of the radius of the active parton distribution in a collision process.
of the incident hadron grows as log p. This logarithmic growth of the transverse dimensions of the
collision region corresponds to a shrinking forward peak. The same phenomenum was found in
the multiperipheral parton model.
5.5. The charge distribution of a hadron
The entire electric charge of a hadron is presumed to be carried by partons. Let us consider the
partons in the neighborhood of the string-location 0. We shall suppose that the average charge of
such partons can be defined and that it is a smooth function of 0 which we call ë(0). The charge
density of the hadron in the transverse plane can be computed. Consider the partons located at
0. Since there are (A
0 sin 0)’ dO of them and the probability to find them at a distance R is given
by (5.23), the transverse density will have a contribution
2/(4(R(0)2))]
dO é(0)exp[—R
X 2)
0sinO (R(0)
and the total charge density is obtained by summing over all partons or integrating over 0 to ob-
tain
exp[—R2/(4(R(0)2))] dO.
_____ (5.24)
X 2)
0sinO (R(0)
The Fourier transform of this expression gives the form factor
f(Q2) _~f_~~~2_exp[_(R(O)2)Q2]do.
A
0 sin 0
Using (5.21) we have,
f(Q
2) ~f—
A
~*../(2X
0/ir) sin 0)Q
2 dO. (5.25)
0 sin 0
2 originating from the region sin 0 ~ 0. The position of the first pole is
This integral has poles in Q
determined by the power with which ë~(0)tends to zero near 0 = 0. For ë(0) (sin O)~ the first
pole occurs at Q2 = —rn2. We identify this pole with the effect of an intermediate hadronic state
1 26 J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
I
Fig. 42. p meson contribution to the electromagnetic form factor.
(p-meson) as in fig. 42. If we identify this pole with the p-meson at rn~~ we find e(0) -~ (sin 0)1/2.
We will return to this phenomenum several times in subsequent chapters.
5.6. Vertex for absorption of a scalar quantum
It is well known that in the simple dual string model the ground state hadron has [36] m2 = —1.
We shall demonstrate this by considering the poles in the vertex for emission of a fictitious scalar
photon. The vertex will be an operator connecting the discrete eigenstates of the hadronic string.
We suppose that the scalar photon can be absorbed by any parton on the hadron. The amplitude
will then be a sum of elementary amplitudes for the absorption of the photon by each parton. If
the parton at point 0 absorbs the momentum Q carried by the photon, then a factor
exp tiQX(0)} (5.26)
must be included to shift the momentum of the parton. The rules of scalar particle field theory
indicate that a parton of longitudinal fraction 77 couples to a scalar field with strength 1/77. Conse-
quently, the operator-valued scalar vertex is proportional to
f dO T(Q) (5.27)
X
0sinO sin 0
where d0/(A0 sin 0) is the usual density of partons.
To compute matrix elements of this vertex we express it in terms of the creation and annihila-
tion operatorsB~.From (5.16)
exp~iQX(0)}= exp(iQXcm)exp[~Q’ ~ B~(l)B ~ cosl0] . (5.28)
To bring the vertex into a useable form we must first normal order the second factor. We use the
identity
2/2)exp(A’ B’~’)exp(—A’B~)
exp{A(B~ B)} = exp(—A
—
to get
(coslO)2
exp{iQX(0)} = exp —Q2 ~—-~---—-- exp(lQXcm)
xexp[\1~Q.~~~cosle] exp [~r~Q.~B2 cosi0] (5.29)
*In units in which the trajectory slope is 1.

which we write
expUQX(0)} = exp~ Q2~(coslO)2/l}:exp{iQX(O)}: (5.30)
The reader may easily convince himself that the matrix elements of: exp fiQX(O)} : contain
s-functions of momentum conservation from the cm factor, times smooth function of 0 which
tend to finite limits near 0 = 0, ir. The sum in the first exponent is the divergent sum of (5.19)
which when cut off according to (5.20) gives (5.21). Hence the first factor of (5.30) is interpreted
as
(~/(2Aofir)sin0)Q2 = exp _Q2~(cos 1 0)2/fl. (5.31)
The vertex in (5.27) then becomes
T(Q) ~ O)Q2• exp{iQX(O)}: =(1 ~-~)~f

dO (sin O)~2~2:exp{iQX(0)}:
(5.32)
Since the matrix elements of: exp{iQX(0)}: are regular and generally non zero at sinO = 0, the inte-
gral (5.32) has a pole at Q2 = 1 which corresponds to an intermediate state with rn2 = —1. This
disease can be corrected in more sophisticated models [451 . The residue of this pole defines the
on-shell coupling matrix of the ground state hadron. (The reader may wonder how we know that
this particle which we find as a pole in a form factor has anything to do with the ground state of
the normal modes of the string. We shall discuss this qualitatively at the end of the chapter.) The
residue is given by
G(Q) :exp{iQX(0)}: + :expUQX(ir):} (5.33)
so that we see that the on-shell coupling matrix is a function only of the degrees of freedom at the
wee parton ends of the string.
5.7. Dual amplitudes
We shall derive the elastic scattering amplitude of two ground state hadrons by considering the
motion of a hadronic string through a static, z-independent external scalar field. We consider the
process in which the string interacts with the field twice. In the first interaction it absorbs a mo-
mentum Q,, and in the second interaction, a momentum Q
2 (fig. 43). The perturbation formula
for this process is
(PNIT(Q,) N) —H T(Q2)IP’N’); (5.34)

2+M~).
IPN) andT(Q)
Since hasdenote
IP’N’) a polethe initial
at Q2 = 1,and
it isfinal states
evident ofthe
that the expressionE(P,
string and N) is given by ~-(P
in (5.34) has poles in both Q~
and Q~.The simultaneous residue of these poles is the on-shell amplitude. Using (5.33) for the
residues of T(Q,) and T(Q
2) gives 4 terms. We shall evaluate the first term in which Q1 and Q2 are
both absorbed at 0 = 0 [46]. We also specialize to the case where the initial and final strings are
ground states, i.e. N = N’ = 0. Thus we consider
<P,NI IPN’>
Fig. 43. Second order interaction of a hadronic string with an external scalar field.
A = (P0 I: exp {iQ,X(0)}: (~(p2+ M~) H) exp ~iQ2X(0)}: IP’O).

—
(5.35)
The contribution of Xcm in the vertex operators is to provide overall transverse momentum con-
serving ö-functions. Hence the intermediate states which may contribute
2 + i~-M2.Hto (5.35)
ence the have transverse
energy denomi-
momentum
nator is P+ Q,. Using (5.17) and (5.18) givesH= -~(P+ Q1)
(1(p2 +M~)—~‘(P+ Q,)2 — ~M2)
whereM2 is the operator in (5. 1 8). The reader will recognize this as 2/(s M2) where s — is the
Mandeistam invariant (cf. (2.6)). The entire amplitude is then proportional to
(P01: exp [v~Q

~ 1 B~(l)—B(l)1 (s : — ~iin(l) ~: exp [~Q~ B~(l)_B-(l)]:IP’O). (5.36)
Since all the B~annihilate the ground state when acting to the left and the B annihilate it acting
to the right, (5.36) simplifies to
21 exp [\1~Q
A dv(POlexp [_~‘~2Q, I~ v~M 2~ B+(l)] IP’O) (5.37)
where we have used the identity
l/(s — M
2) = I dvv_5+M2_1. (5.38)
UsingM2 ~ ln(l)+M~and the identity [34, 36, 431
(Olexp [~Q~B(l)] [~Q

vz~~(o)exp 2Q1’Q2 . (5.39)
2~Bj~] 10) = (1 — v)
We obtain
A = fv~M~_1 (1 — v)2Q1’Q2dv
A fv~5+M~_1(1 —
0)_r_Q~_Q~ dv (5.40)
where
t = —(Q1 + Q2)2.
Recall that the poles in the vertices occurred at Q~= = I. This corresponds to a (mass)2
equal to —1. If we identify the ground state string (mass)2, M~,as —1 then (5.40) reads
A = / v~2(l — v)t2dv. (5.41)
This is the well-known Regge behaved Veneziano amplitude [41].

The amazing property of this formula is its symmetry under s t interchange which corresponds
~
to interchanging the external lines. In view of the asymmetric treatment of the external lines P and
Q, this is a surprise which suggests that the string model has a hidden symmetry. We will see later
that this symmetry is the conformal symmetry of the wave equation (5.13), ref. [35].
5.8. Rubber world sheets
The string model can be cast in manifestly Lorentz and crossing symmetric form [35, 46, 47].
It is the theory of a class of Feynman diagrams we call surface-like [37, 38, 39]. The diagram in
fig. 40 is surface-like because it can be drawn on a two dimensional surface, the r, 0 strip, so as to
fill a simply connected region. When additional on-shell hadrons are allowed to scatter from the
system we found that they couple to the boundaries through the operators exp {i,KX(0)} and
exp {iKX(ir)}.
Let us make an arbitrary but smooth mapping of the r—O strip which distorts it to the unit
disc on the u, v plane (the complex w plane) shown in fig. 44. The points r = have been ±00
mapped to u = ±1,v = 0. We shall think of these points as the places on the diagram where the
initial and final hadrons couple. If additional on-shell hadrons couple to the diagram at 0 = 0, ir
we represent these as points on the boundary of the disc as in fig. 45. The points of attachment
wecallw,,...,w~.
Thus far the particular way in which the diagram is mapped to the disc has not been specified
T ~—ø ~ + ~ ~ q
3
Fig. 44. Mapping of the r—0 strip into Fig. 45. Representation of the n-point Fig. 46. A typical propagator in the cell
a unit disc. The upper (lower) half function. dudv on the unit disc.
circles are the images of the 0 =
(0 0) boundaries.
130 J. Kogut and L. Sueskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
except that r = ± were mapped to w = ±1. To further define the mapping we consider the prop-
agators in a small cell du dv. Each propagator defines a small interval z~w= ~u + iz~v(fig. 46).
The diagram shall be drawn so that in every small cell the averages of (~.u)2,and (zXv)~and (~u~v)
satisfy
(z~u)2= (~v)2, (i~uz.~v)0 - (5.42)
where the bar indicates average over the cell. We also assume that the density of vertices is p(u, v)
and that
(L~u)2 p(u, v)~’. (5.43)
The drawing of the diagram is not fully determined by the “isotropy” rule (5.42). The only re-
maining freedom is a conformal mapping which preserves these relations. Thus the group of con-
formal mappings of the disc into itself allow redrawings which in no way modify the invariant
meaning of the figure. We may conclude that the results of any computation must be invariant
under such a mapping.
The computation of the diagram will be carried out in configuration space under the assumption
that each elementary propagator may be approximated by a Gaussian [37, 481. We assign to each
vertex a 4-dimensional coordinate x~.In the limit of a continuous distribution of propagators on
the disc we assign a position x~(w) to each point. Every such assignment defines a 2-dimensional
surface embedded in 4-space. We call such a surface a world sheet. The usual integration over the
positions of all the vertices will be replaced by a functional integration over x,,, (w).
The integrand of the functional integral consists of two factors. The first is a factor
exp[ik
1x(w,)] (5.44)
for each external hadron. The second factor is the product over all the propagators in the disc.
Consider the contribution of an average propagator near point w extending from w to w + %.~w.
With the Gaussian approximation this becomes
2} (5.45)
exp~—a[x(w) —x(w+~w)}
which we shall write as
rax ax 12
exp —a I —~u +—~v~ . (5.46)
Lau av j
Consider next the contribution to the product from all propagators in the cell (du dv). Using
(5.42) we find
ax2 ax2
exp _a[(~_) + (—)] (~u)2p(u,v)du dv (5,47)
which by (5.43) simplifies to
expf—aL(u, v)du dv) (5.48)

where
L = (ax/au)2 + (ax/av)2. (5.49)

The entire integrand of the functional integral
exp (~ ik
1x(w1)_af du dv L(u, v)}.
We note that the action f du dv L (u, v) is invariant under conformal mappings.

To complete the computation of the scattering amplitude we must sum over the different loca-
tions of the external lines w(i). This procedure, which is the analogue of the v integration in (5.41),
accounts for diagrams which can not be conformally mapped into one another. We must take
care in doing this summation to only integrate over conformally inequivalent configurations [35].
This may be accomplished by arbitrarily choosing 3 of the w1 and integrating over the remainder.
Let us now make use of this freedom to map any pair of external particles to the points w = ±1.
A conformal mapping of the figure back to a long strip may now be performed which takes the
points w = ±1 to the ends of the strip at ± (We define the short direction of the strip to be 0
00~
and the long ir, [46]). Since the form of the action does not change under a conformal mapping,
the amplitude becomes
fdx(o, r)exp[iafL dOdr] exp{ik1x(01r1)}

2 (ax/aO)2.
— (5.50)
L = (ax/ar)
The points (O
1r1) lie on the boundary 0 = 0 or 0 = ir. Thus we have completed the cycle back to
the theory of a harmonic string with (5.50) defining the path integral form of the quantization.
Two features are noteworthy however. The first is that in going from the symmetric formulation
on the disc to the asymmetric strip formulation, any pair of external lines could be mapped to ±
so that the theory is symmetric with respect to the external lines. This property explains the
crossing symmetry observed in (5.41). The second feature is that x,2 and k~are 4-vectors so that
in this form the string model is completely covariant.
The population density 1/A0 sin 0 which we have used in our discussion of the parton model
has a special significance in the symmetric version of the model [39]. The parton density 1/A0 sin 0
translates into a density of vertices on the strip p(O, r) = (1/A0 sin 0)2 which may be transformed
to the symmetric disc
2.
p(w)~ { l/(l w*w)) —
This is the unique density which reproduces itself under conformal mappings of the disc into itself.
This means that if we redraw the diagram so that some new pair of external lines is chosen to occu-
py the special points r = ~ the diagram density will be unchanged.
Suppose we consider a single free hadron entering and leaving the r, 0 strip at r = Let us give
±00.
the hadron a very large z component of momentum and consider only processes in which trans-
verse momenta are absorbed and emitted. Thus the longitudinal and time like modes of the hadron
remain unexcited. The flow of 4-momentum through the world sheet is described by a flux
1 ax~ 1 ax~
= ~, PT ~. (5.51) and (5.52)
‘~ 27ra0 iT ar
Now x,,5 may be expanded in normal modes just as in (516),
— b~(l) b~(l)
—
x~ xpcm _1\/2~__~~_~/T coslO

and the density of four momentum satisfies,
= Pcm/7T + Normal modes. (5.53)

If we apply (5.53) to the z component of momentum and assume the normal modes are unexcited,
we find that the density of z momentum on the string is uniform,
= p~/ir
and the z-momentum per parton is

Ao(p~/ir)sin 0.
In terms of longitudinal fraction
77 = (Xo/ir) sin 0
in agreement with (5.3).
It should be obvious that the string model applies to a class of phenomena in which the partons
behave collectively. In any realistic many particle system there are also effects in which single par-
ticles play a dominant role. These may occur due to fluctuations in the system in which a single
particle temporarily has an unusually large momentum relative to its neighbors. Single particle ef-
fects may also occur if a few particles within the system absorb a great deal of momentum from
an external probe. The first type of effect is manifested in hadron physics as the leading parton
fluctuation which is unaccounted for by the smooth momentum distribution (5.7). The second
type of effect, which is also outside the scope of the simple string model, may be of importance
in deep inelastic phenomena (cf. chapter 9).
6. Distributions of currents in hadronic matter
6.1. Currents on the world sheet 1491
We wish to describe a framework for a dynamical theory of the distributions of quantum num-
bers, densities and currents, among the degrees of freedom of hadronic matter. The various ground
state mesons and baryons should emerge as stationary states of such a dynamical theory. The
natural way to approach the theory of currents is through the quantum numbers of the consti-
tuent partons.
If we continue to think of a hadron as a string-like collection of partons, we must add to the
energy contained in the orbital motions, interactions between the discrete spins, isospins, SU3-
charges and baryonic charges of near neighbor partons. Thus it may be profitable to suppose that
the rubber-string-hadron is also a generalized one-dimensional spin lattice whose magnon-like ex-
citations generate the different families of Regge trajectories.
In chapter 7 we shall consider such spin-lattice models. In this chapter a somewhat less ambi-
tious phenomenological approach will be based on coarse grained averages of the quantum num-
ber distributions along the hadronic string. Our models will be based on scalar partons although
it is almost certain that modifications are required. Our main concern will be the translation of
various assumptions such as current conservation, partial current conservation [501, spontaneous
symmetry breakdown [50, 511 and current algebra [52] from the usual 4-dimensional world to
the 2-dimensional world sheet or the hadronic string.
We will take as a starting point a dense quasiplanar Feynman diagram drawn as usual on the
(0, r) strip* with a vertex density (A0 sin O)’2. However, we now suppose that the lines are not
all identical neutral scalar bosons. We assume they carry the various quantum numbers of interest,
namely the vector and axial SU3 charges. In order to help visualize the various constructions, we
will introduce a specific model and restrict the discussion to the SU2 X SU2 chiral group. We
utilize 4 types of scalar boson lines forming an SU2 X SU2 multiplet [531 called ir0, 7T~,ir, and a.
The 3 ir-partons are an isotriplet and the a is an iso-singlet. The isospin operators act as diagonal
and non-diagonal matrices among the iT type partons and the axial currents cause transitions
among the ir-partons and the a-parton.
The description of a line will require a set of coordinates describing both its location and orien-
tation. Thus a propagator will be labelled by a triplet (0, r, ñ) (fig. 47), where 0, r give the loca-
tion and the unit 2-vector ñ gives the orientation of the line on the two-dimensional 0—r space.
The angle of i~relative to the r axis will be denoted by 0(n). The propagator will also be labelled
by its quantum number content. In labelling the lines we must take care to correlate the parton
label with the orientation ii. For example, the propagator 0, r, ñ is identical to the propagator
0, r, —ñ except that its momentum and quantum numbers flow in the opposite direction. Hence
if the propagator 0, r, n is a ~ then the propagator 0, r, —n is a ir. It is also important to ob-
serve that the use of irk, IT, IT°, a involves the choice of a particular basis in the ii, a multiplet
space.
We shall consider first the electromagnetic current for which it is sufficient to label each prop-
agator by the electric charge which flows in it. Define the charge of the propagator (0, r, ñ) to be
e(O, r, nA). Evidently
e(0, r, ñ) = —e(O, r, —h). (6.1)
Consider a cell dO dr containing many propagators and define ë(0, r, ñ) to be the average of
e(O, r, ñ) in the cell centered at 0, r. Next consider a unit vector ~i orthogonal to a line element
dl on the 0, r strip (fig. 48). We will evaluate the charge crossing the line element dl in the direc-
tion of i~. Those partons with an orientation between 0(ñ) and Ø(~)+ dO contribute an amount
2ë(O, r, ñ)ñ iz dl dØ/2ir (6.2)
p(0, r)”
where p(O, r)”2 represents the total number of lines crossing dl. Integrating over 0 from 0 to 2ir
counts all the charge crossing dl
dQ dO(ñ)
~ii 2ir p(0,r)”2e(0,r,n)n~m. (6.3)
*In this chapter we redefine r to be half its previous value in order to purge many annoying factors of 2.
Fig. 47. A typical propagator in the interior of the r—@ strip. Fig. 48. A small line element dl and its unit normal i~ in the
The unit vector 11 or the angle ~ indicate the orientation of interior of the r—0 strip.
the line.
From (6.3) we can define a two dimensional flux vector of electric charge
= ~1125dø(n)~0 r, h)h. (6.4)
The r component JT of this flux vector* is the density of charge on the hadronic string and j0 is
the current. Conservation of this current at each vertex requires

T/ar + aJ°/aO . J = 0. (6.5)
aJ
We emphasize that J defined by (6.4) is not the space-time current. It is a 2-vector on the world
sheet with no space-time indices and it characterizes the distribution of charge carrying lines in a
particular large quasi-planar graph. This information must be supplemented with information con-
cerning-the embedding of the world sheet in space-time before the space-time current can be con-
structed.
Global conservation of electric charge requires in addition to (6.5) a boundary condition which
forbids current to flow across the boundaries,
30(0) = J°(ir)= 0. (6.6)
The current defined in this manner is a c-number function defined for each individual diagram.
We expect to have to sum over a wide class of diagrams with different patterns. Each flow pattern
will have an associated action which will add to the orbital action f (VX)2 dO dr. The end result
will be to define a Feynman path sum of some sort so that the currents will be promoted to the
status of q-numbers. In what follows we will, therefore, treat the currents as q-numbers.
Let us consider another current, say the third component of the axial current. The partons 7r~,
ir°,a do not diagonalize this charge. Therefore we must reconstruct the Feynman diagrams in a
basis of eigenvectors of the axial charge. The partons ir and ir~carry zero third component of
the axial current. The linear combinations (IT° ±ia)/~/~ carry ±1 unit of axial charge. We will call
these parton states a~.If the bare masses of the a and ir are chosen unequal as for example if the
SU
2 X SU2 symmetry is broken, then the Feynman rules in terms of a~,iT and ir~will involve bi-
linear interaction vertices taking a÷into a (fig. 49).
Now
T for each diagram in this representation a flux of the third component of the axial current
A0
A
“3’ ‘_‘3
may be defined. In a similar manner the full octets of axial and vector flows may be constructed.
If the currents are not conserved (6.5) may be replaced by an equation describing the sources and
*In this chapter the symbols 3, v and the dot product are reserved for 2 vectors defined on the world sheet.
Fig. 49. A vertex which contributes to the divergence ‘I.
sinks. The sources and sinks describe the density of vertices at which the currents are not con-
served. To describe the sources and sinks of a particular charge, say the third component of the
axial current, we work in a representation in which the partons carry definite values of this
charge. In addition to describing the lines of the diagram we also enumerate the different types
of vertices that can occur. At each vertex the charge is either conserved or a given amount of
charge flows into or out of the vertex. Let us enumerate the vertex types by integers i. At the ith
vertex a charge Q~(i)flows out. We define cI~3 to be the source,
~1~3 = ~ p1(O, r)Q~(i), (6.7)
where p, is the density of the ith type of vertex. It follows that
V~A3-~‘F3. (6.8)
After summation over a class of graphs, ~I~3will become a q-number. Generally, we will write
equations for the entire axial and vector octets,
V~.Ja=O~ (6.9)
(6.10)
where, for ct = 1, 2, 3 and 8, s3~= 0 reflecting the conservation of isospin and hypercharge.
A final comment about the quantities A~dOand Y0d0 is that they represent the non-commuting
SU3 0 SU3 charges contained on all partons in the interval dO. As such they must have the commu-
tation relations of SU3 0 SU3. Furthermore, the charges contained in non overlapping intervals
commute, so that and must satisfy
[J~(O), .3’~(0’)]= if~7J;(o)~(o 0’) —
[J~(O), A~(O’)]= if0~7A;(o)~(o0’) —
[A~(O), A~(0’)]= ifn~J;(o)6(o—0’) (6.11)

at equal r.
6.2. Projection of currents into space-time
Consider the absorption of a photon of polarization e~and 4-momentum q. The matrix element
for this defines the qth Fourier component of the current j~(x).We consider a large quasi-planar
diagram describing the hadronic matter. The absorption of a photon is the sum of elementary ab-
sorptions by the lines composing the hadronic network. Since the partons are assumed scalar, the
factor for absorbing a photon on a line is
e(k1 + k~)~~~1~iqX (6.12)

where e is the electric charge, k
1 and kf are the momenta on the propagator before and after ab-
sorbing the photon, and ~Iqx is the operator for absorbing momentum q. If we define k(O, r, ñ)
to be the operator valued momentum of the parton at (0, r, h), then (6.12) can be written
e~e(O,r, ñ)~kP(O,r, ñ), e~ix(O,T)} (6.13)
where the symbol f , ) represents the anticommutator.
To find the momentum k(O, r, ñ) we reconsider the momentum flux 2-vector (5.5l)—(5.52).
With our slight redefinition of r,
P~(O)= (l/2ir)ax~/ar, (6.14)
= (1/2ir)ax~/a0.
P°~(0) (6.15)
Conservation of momentum is then expressed by the equation of motion and boundary condi-
tions on x.
The momentum per line is obtained by dividing h~P by the density of lines crossing a line
element perpendicular to ñ. The result is
2 (6.16)
k~(0,r, ñ) = Vx~/2ITp”
which may be combined with (6.13) to yield
EM{ p”2e(O, r, h)/2irp} h {V.x”~, ~iqx(O,T)} (6.17)
Integrating over the direction of ñ to account for propagators in every direction gives (see (6.4))
an expression for the average coupling of a photon to the propagators near 0, r:
1e~J(O,r)~{Vx~,
eiqx(OT)} . (6.18)
p
To account for all propagators to which a photon may attach we integrate over the world sheet
with measure p dO dr. The result is,
fdO drJ(O, r)~(Vx~z,~iqx(O,r)} . (6.19)
(6.1 9) is an operator expression which is to be used in the same way that
eiQr(O,T) dr
is used to insert a scalar current into a diagram. The vertex in the Schrödinger picture is
jP(q) = fdO 3(0, r)~{Vx~,~iqx(O,r))
2ir q2~
= (-~) f~o(sino)q2.3(o,r)~vxP, :e~(°):}. (6.20)
As an example consider the form factor of a ground state hadron Ih) with unit charge. The
matrix element will involve an expectation value of 3(0, r). Since Ih> is a stationary state
(hldJT/drlh)0 (6.21)
and therefore (6.5) requires (a/aO)(hlJ°(0)lh)= 0 and (6.6) then requires (hlJ°(0)Ih) = 0. The
expectation value of the density of charge on the hadronic string (JT) is presumed to be some
functionf(0). Thus the matrix element for the absorption of a photon by Ih) is
cp(~)~2/2ff(O)(sin 0)~2(h (~, : ei~x(9).} hdO. (6.22)
Since lh) is unexcited in the orbital modes it functions like the ground state 0). After a simple
computation (6.22) becomes,
(2~ e~(p~
2I2 + pf)Mff(O)(sin OY12 dO (6.23)
0/7r)~
where p
1 + pf is the sum of the initial and final hadron 4 momenta. The form factor is the func-
tion which multiplies
2) = (2A the kinematic
2/2ff(O)(sin factor e,,5(p1 + Pf)~
O)~2dO. (6.24)
f(q 0/1ry1
For q2 = 0 the form factor is ff(0)dO which equals the total charge of the hadron. If f(O) behaves
like (sin O)m2~i, the integral will have poles in q2 spaced by integers, the first of which will occur
at q2 = —m2. If we identify this with the p meson at m2 = we find -~-
f(0) (sin 0)_1/2 (6.25)

near 0 = 0, ir. We note that although divergent at 0 = 0, ir the charge density is integrable.
More generally the full operator vertex in (6.20) should have a pole at q2 = —~.Since the
leading pole is sensitive only to the behavior of the integrand near sin 0 = 0, we examine the inte-
grand in this region. Both ax/aO and 3°vanish near the boundaries. The leading pole comes again
from
(2Ao/IT)~2/2~fd0(sin0)~2JT(0){axP/~r, : eliP:} . (6.26)
In general the matrix elements of the anticommutator between oscillator states are analytic and
finite near sin 0 = 0. Hence they may be treated as constants near the boundaries. The position
of the first pole will then depend on the behavior of Y. In order that the pole is at q2 = —~,the
operator 3~must tend to a finite expression times (sin O)~2 *
JT(O) = JT(0)(sin 0)~2. (6.27)
The residue of this leading pole defines the on-mass-shell coupling matrix of the p meson:
2A
0 _m2/2 ax(0) . ax(ir)
~ [~r{ ,:eI~x(0):} + JT(IT)~_~__ ,:e1~x(1T):)] . (6.28)
We again note that the on-shell hadronic vertex is a function of the degrees of freedom at the
boundary only.
*The notation of putting a hat on an operator denotes the factor which is left over when the leading power of sin 0 is factored out.
We have been making an implicit assumption of a fairly strong nature which we must point out.
We have treated the currents and orbital degrees of freedom as though they were dynamically in-
dependent systems. It seems reasonable to suppose that the currents and coordinate-momentum
degrees of freedom are kinematically independent, i.e. they commute. However, in assuming dy-
namical independence a stronger restriction is being imposed; namely, the parton Hamiltonian
is a sum of two terms, one containing only coordinates and momenta, and the other containing
only those degrees of freedom out of which the currents are constructed. This assumption, al-
though very possibly wrong, is not completely unmotivated. Support for such a simplifying fea-
ture is provided by the striking similarity of the orbital excitation spectrum (Regge trajectories)
of systems with completely different quantum numbers. For example, the Regge trajectories
of the nucleon, pion and p have a common linear spacing differing only in the mass of the first
~,
particle on the trajectory. This similarity of trajectories extends to strange particles as well. The
difference in ground state energies, or what is equivalent, intercepts can be attributed to the part
of the Hamiltonian which involves the quantum number distributions. A second indication for
this independence is the fact that transverse momentum spectra of secondaries are insensitive to
particle type at present accelerator energies [541
The fact that the position of the leading pole is determined by the behavior of the charge
density in the region of low i~(the wee region) has an intuitive origin which is probably more im-
portant than the formulae we have presented. As is well known, the large distance behavior of
the charge distribution of a hadron is controlled by the mass of the lowest intermediate states
which contribute to the form factor in the photon channel. Now, the most distant partons in the
system are the ones of low ~ near 0 = 0, ir. Hence, the more charge found on these partons the
larger the spatial extent of the charge cloud. Correlating the size of the spatial cloud to the masses
of the hadrons which communicate with a photon, we see that the lighter the p meson, the more
the charge must be concentrated near 0 = 0, ir.
In passing, we recall that the number of partons per unit ~ varies like if’ and the charge per
unit i~like ~f~112.
Therefore the charge per parton goes to zero like i~’12.
6.3. Divergences of currents and the axial current 1551
The same arguments which led to (6.19) and (6.20) may be applied to each member of the
vector and axial vector octets,
= fdO drJ~(0,r) ~ eiqx} , a~(q)= fdo dr Aa(0, r)~~ ~iqx }~ (6.29)
The divergences (in 4-space) are defined by contracting /12 and a12 with
q
1f~(q)= fdo drJ~(0,r) fV(qx), ~iqX} q12a~(q)= fdo drA~(0,r) ~ V(qx), ~iqx } .(6.30)
We now use the identity
~{v(qx); ~iqx } = (6.31)

and an integration by parts to give
~-q12j~(q)= _fdo drV 3(0, r)eiq)~(oT)= _fdo dr®~(0,r)e~1x= (6.32)
2/2fdo dr(sin 0)~2
~0, r) :
= _~(2X0/~r)q
~q12a~(q)= —fdO drI~(0,r)eiqx = ~(2X0/~)q2/2fdO 2I~(0, r):&qx:, (6.33)

dr(sin 0)~
where we have used (6.9), (6.10) and (6.6) which apply also to axial currents. (6.32) gives non
zero amplitudes for cv = 4, 5, 6, 7, i.e. the k-meson-like components of SU
3. If ea behaves like
(sin 0)m~vea (6.34)
then hadronic2 poles
= ~
corresponding
The on-shell to isospin,
emission strange for
amplitude
-~ scalar mesons
these will occur
i~-mesons in the matrix
is clearly
elements at q
e~(0) ~iqx(O): + ~a(lT) : ~1qx(i~). (6.35)
The theory of the axial current is more interesting. We shall follow Nambu’s important suggestion
that the axial current is almost conserved but that chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken. We
will write
= ~ (6.36)
where the parameters ca are a set of symmetry breaking parameters. They appear as coefficients
of terms in the Hamiltonian density which violate chiral symmetry. The quantities ~ may as
usual be expressed as a leading power of sin 0 times a function which is finite at the wee parton
boundaries,
= oy~—’
c~~&~(sin (6.37)
where the ma are masses which will appear as poles in q
12a~(q)according to (6.33). In general
we expect the mass spectrum to depend on the various parameters in the Hamiltonian, so
will be functions of Ca~
Consider next the r derivative of the total axial charge. Using the boundary conditions
A°(0)= A°(ir)= 0, we have
d 2 tdO. (6.37)
~fATde = f(1)a(0)d0 = caf~a(0)(sin0)mcs
Now as long as m~approaches a nonzero positive value as ca 0, the integral in (6.37) is finite.
-~
Therefore (d/dr)f A ~dO tends to zero as the symmetry breaking parameter vanishes. However, if
m~ 0 linearly with ca, a new effect occurs which can be identified with spontaneous symmetry
-~
breakdown. In this case let us define ca so that for small values of the symmetry breaking ca = m~.
We then observe that
ca(sin0)ca_l ~(sin0) (6.38)
Ca~ 0
so that (6.37) becomes
~-fA~do =~(0)+~)
since in the limit ca -~ 0, ~ A vanishes everywhere in the interior of the (0, r) strip. Then the
axial charge is being lost at the boundaries. In the symmetry limit the boundary condition
A°(0)= A°(ir)= 0 becomes untenable. Indeed if Aa behaves as m~(sin0)—1+m~,then A°be-
~.
haves as (sin 0)m~.For m~> 0, A°= Oat 0 = 0, ir, but in the symmetry limit A°(0)tends to finite
boundary values. In fact for m~= 0,
A°(O)= t~(O), A°(zr)= —~(ir). (6.39)
Intuitively, the vast number of degrees of freedom of the wee parton edges are capable of ab-
sorbing indefinite quantities of axial current. The local equations of motion are invariant under
the chiral group in the limit but the boundary conditions are not.
The matrix elements of the current which couples to the density ~a in the quasiplanar diagram
are,
2/2f(sin O)q2+m~_1t~(0): ~1qx(O)~ dO.
f~~(0)eiQ~0)d0 = (2X
0/~r)q
The residue of the first pole at q2 = —m~is
(2Xo/ir)_m~/2 [~(0): ~iqx(O). + ~(ir): eiqx(1T).] (6.40)
which for m~= 0 may be re-expressed with the aid of (6.39) as
~ (6.41)
The expression (6.41) is proportional to the on-shell coupling of massless pseudoscalar bosons
in an idealized chirally symmetric world. For m~~ 0 (6.40) still represents the on-shell couplings
of the mesons which we, of course, identify with the ir, k, and ~ mesons.
For the case m~= 0, which for pions at least seems to be close to reality, the ordinary conser-
vation of axial current is not correct but may be replaced by soft pion theorems. Define F~(q)
to be the on-shell amplitude for the coupling of a pseudoscalar meson of momentum q. Then for
soft mesons, i.e. q 0, (6.41) gives
-+
= A~(O) A~r)
— (6.42)
which we recognize as the rate of loss of axial charge from the hadronic string. Accordingly we
write,
I’a(O) = dQ~/dr (6.43)
which expresses Nambu’s law of soft pion emission [501. Loss of chiral charge is compensated
for by emission of soft pions. Nambu’s soft pion theorems, when supplemented with the algebraic
commutation relations of the chiral charges, form the basis for almost all current algebra predic-
tions.
(6.42) has a consequence for the amplitude for soft pion emission. Let us draw the world sheet
as some simply connected region such as the unit disc of the w plane. Consider a process in which
(n—i) external hadrons couple to~boundary points of the sheet. In addition, let one more soft
(q 0) pion couple to the boundary point w
-÷
0. The generalization of (6.42) is that the soft pion

coupling is A ~, where ñ is a unit normal to the boundary at w0. Since for every position of the
n— 1 particles we must integrate over the location of the nth particle to define the full amplitude,
the amplitude involves the expression
5A.~dl
where f dl indicates a line integral around the boundary of the diagram. By Gauss’ theorem this is
I r~7.4 du dv which vanishes if V~A = 0. We see here now the Adler consistency condition [56]
(vanishing of soft pion amplitudes) emerges from our description of currents and spontaneous
symmetry breaking on the world sheet.
6.4. Example of a spontaneous symmetry breakdown
We shall consider a detailed example of a spontaneous breakdown of a symmetry. The example

involves a simplified current which does not participate in a nontrivial current algebra. Let each
parton have a degree of freedom ~1,and a canonical momentum ire,. The canonical momentum
generates translations of the variable ~i. Now let each parton interact with its near neighbor so
that the Hamiltonian for the degree of freedom ~(‘ is
[(d~(l)) + (~(i) ~(i_1))2]/sinOj + c ~ (~
—
2/sinO
1) 1. (6.44)
Clearly when c -÷ 0 the Hamiltonian is invariant under a simultaneous translation of all the J.Jj by
a common amount. The generator for this transformation, which we will consider to be a charge,
is
Q E ir~,(i) = Ed~Li(i)/dr. (6.45)
In the continuum limit (6.44) and (6.45) become
2 d
ra~,t c~
H= f[(—) + (—) +——_~] dO, Q =fir~ dO f (~—~ dO. (6.46)
The 2-vector of flux is
= aili/ar, 40 = —a~p/aO (6.47)
and the equation of motion is
— a2~,/aO2= ci~/(sinO)2. (6.48)
It follows that,
MT/ar + aA°/aO= c~i/(sin0)2 ~ (6.49)
Now consider a normal mode of (6.48) with frequency w satisfying
—d2i~i/d02 — = ci~’/(sinO)2. (6.50)
Near 0 = 0 we have solutions which behave like a power of 0,
-~ Od.
Inspection of (6.50) reveals that d must satisfy

d(d— l)c (6.51)

so that for small values of c, d is either near 1 or c. The solution with d c 0 is untenable be-
cause (6.46) shows that the energy of such a solution would diverge due to the term
cv,Li~
dO.
(sin 0)2
To make this term converge it is essential that d> ~. Thus we must choose the larger root of
(6.51) which for small c is
dc+ 1
so that
c(sin O)c+1 /(sin 0)2 = c(sin 0)c— 1~ (6.52)

From (6.38) we recognize this as the condition for spontaneous symmetry breakdown.
In the limit c 0 the equation of motion (6.48) becomes the wave equation which is invariant
-~
under the transformation i~i -÷+ constant. However, stability against adding a small perturbing
term requires us to choose the boundary conditions
which manifestly violate this symmetry.
6.5. The long arm of the vacuum
The formalism we have developed to study spontaneous symmetry breakdown can be explained
most intuitively in the infinite momentum parton model. We have seen in chapter 2 that in per-
turbation theory at infinite momentum the degrees of freedom of the vacuum decouple from the
fast-moving “system partons”. This raises a special question for theories in which spontaneous
symmetry breakdown occurs. In such theories the direction of symmetry breakdown in the internal
symmetry space is determined by the vacuum. For example, in chiral symmetry models symmetry
of the vacuum is broken by the presence of a non-zero expectation value of the a field. Hence the
vacuum provides a reference direction in the chiral space which all processes remember. Thus a
dilemma presents itself: how is the direction of symmetry breakdown communicated to a system
in the IMF if the vacuum and system become decoupled?
The answer implied in this chapter is found in the wee-parton phenomena. Since the dri/i~dis-
tribution is boost invariant, every system always has a wee tail of partons which overlap the vac-
uum partons in momentum space and can therefore be effected by the symmetry breakdown. The
effect is to provide a boundary condition among the wee partons (the points 0 = 0, 7r) which may
then be communicated to the fast partons through the differential equations describing the long
i-dimensional hadronic string. Thus, however fast you run, you can’t outrun the long arm of the
vacuum.
7. Hadrons as spin lattices
In this chapter we speculate about the distributions of a hadron’s quantum numbers among
the constituents which we view as ~-spin, ~-isospin partons. The discussion will be both theoreti-
cal and phenomenological. Theoretically we discuss the possible generalizations of the dual par-
ton Hamiltonian to include dependence on the discrete variables a, r and B (spin, isospin, baryon
number). One such model will be described in some detail.
Phenomenologically we consider how the distributions of a, r, B are controlled by the meson
spectrum. We pay special attention to those distributions which will be measurable in deep in-
elastic experiments involving electrons and neutrinos. Throughout we take the view that a hadron
is a string-like collection of partons.
7.1. Dirac bilinears in the IMF
A ~-spin parton in the IMF will be described by its i~,K and the following set of discrete quan-
tities:
(a) a~,its helicity along the z direction. a~and a~form a 2-vector in the transverse plane which
flip the parton’s spin.
(b) B, baryonic charge. We will define B to be + 1 for partons and —1 for anti-partons. In the
conventional quark model our B is one third the usual baryon number assignment.
(c)~r,isospin.
(d) e, electric charge. The electric charge is a linear combination of B and r3. In the conventional
quark model e = r3/2 + B/6. (Strange quarks are ignored throughout.)
Our treatment of spin is based on the properties of the Dirac equation in the IMF [13, 141. For
the applications in this chapter we need the IMF expressions for the single parton matrix elements
of several Dirac bilinears. The required bilinears and their IMF equivalents are listed in table 2.*
7.2. The dual pion model as an XY antiferromagnet
The recently discovered Dual Pion Model [571 has been shown to be equivalent to a continuum
limit of a spin parton model [58] We will describe this model because it illustrates a number of
~. .
principles in a solvable example. Only the parton spin is treated in this model.
To choose the spin dependent part of the Hamiltonian we rely on the following principles:
(i) Near Neighbor Principle. For simplicity we assume that only nearest neighboring spins on the
o axis are coupled.
(2) Absence of Spin-Orbit Coupling. The arguments at the conclusion of section (6.2) may be
used to motivate this approximation.
(3) Rotational Invariance about the z Axis and Parity Invariance. For a pair of spins the only
allowed operators in H are restricted to,
(a) a~(l)a~(2), 1) ~a
(b) a~(l)a~(2) + a~(l)a~(2) = ~~( 1(2).
*For example using (4.5 2)—(4.53) of ref. [131, one can easily complete the table. Interested readers are also referred to SLAC-
REPORT-137 (thesis of D.E. Soper).
Table 2
Dirac bilinears in the ORF, IMF, and the hadrons which can couple to them.
Dirac bilinear IMF expression Particle
1. ‘/~
75 K U
1/i-i Neveu Schwartz pion
2. YP7~V)— X~J7y~i e(a5 +R X P)/~ P, W
3. 1,DTcs~1 Ta P
4. V~P B
5. ~75T~ raBaz A1
6. ~75Ta~D (K- oi/ii)raB IT
7. ,l’rcjy°(~I~X°)tb I~TaB A2
(4) Time Dilation. This requires the usual factor i~(0)~

in the interaction of partons near 0.
(5) Anti-ferromagnetism. The Hamiltonian should favor anti-alignment. This is to prevent the
ground state from behaving like a ferromagnet and having a huge spin. The Hamiltonian must
then haye the form
a~(i)a1 (i + 1) a1(i)cj1(i 1- 1)
H ~I~g1X0sinO, . +g2 .
X0sinO1
. (7.1)
In (7.1) we have used the fact that i~(0) X0sinO and we have also imagined ordering the par-
—‘
tons on the 0 axis by integers running from i = —o° at 0 = 0 to i = +oo at 0 = ir. When isospin and
baryon number are included, the coefficients g1 and g2 may depend on these quantities, but for
the present, isospin and baryon number are ignored. The model is also vastly simplified by setting
g1 = 0, thus postulating the so-called X, Y antiferromagnetic coupling [59].
In approximating a spin lattice by a continuum it is important to know which local dynamical
variables of the discrete lattice tend to continuous functions which satisfy differential equations
and reasonable commutation relations. For the XY model this identification is done as follows:
Compare the commutation and anti-commutation relations
~a~(i), cr(i)} = 1 (7.2i)
{o~(i),a~(i)} 0 (7.2ii)
~a(i), a(i)} = 0 (7.2iii)
~-[a~(i),cr(i)] ‘-~-a~(i) (7.2iv)
~a~(i)1= —cr~(i) (7.2v)
-~ a5(i)] = +~r(i) (7.2vi)
±ia~)
with canonical Fermi field relations,

{~(0),~r(O’)} = 6(0 — 0’) (7.3i)
{i~ti~(0),
iIi~(0’)}= 0 (7.3ii)
(~,tr(0),~r(O’)}= 0 (7.3iii)
4[1p~~~
ilr(O)] p(O) (7.3iv)
[~V~(O),
p(O’)] = 6(0 — 0’)~Li~(0) (7.3v)
[i,li(0),p(O’)I = —6(0 — 0’)~i(0). (7.3vi)
If we identify the fields ~r, ~ with o~,a’~and the charge density p with a~,the commutation -~
relations are similar. However, the analogy is not perfect because the spins at different points in
a lattice commute
[a~(i), a~(j)]= 0
while (7.3i)—(7.3iii) indicate anticommutation rules for i.Ji at different points. Now one of the
oldest tricks of quantum mechanics, due to Jordan and Wigner [60], converts the commuting
chain into an anti-commuting chain. Consider the transformation
s~(j) ...[a~(/ —2)] [a~(j 1)] [a5(J)]a~(j)
—
= IT [a~(k)]cj~(/). (7.4)
Bilinear products of the s~at a single point (i) are equal to the corresponding products of a~(i).
However the s~anticommute at different points.
In the discussion of antiferromagnetic lattices, the anti-alignment properties of the neighboring
spins make it convenient to subdivide the lattice into odd and even sublattices. Thus the lattice
point 2i 1 will be called the ith odd site and the point 2i will be called the ith even site. The
—
notation 0(i) will be used to denote the position of the ith pair instead of the ith parton. We then
modify (7.4) to define separate fields on the odd and even lattice sites:
2f—2 2/
~ (/)~= fl [ia~(n)]GT(2/ — 1), t~~(j) = ± [J [ia~(n)] o(2j). (7.5)
(Note that (~)t = qr, (Ø~)t= qY.) Let us define

2/
~ cr~(n)s(j).
n = —~
Then using the identity

ia~= exp(-~iira~)
we may write (7.5) as
~ti(j) {exp[.~iirs(j — 2)]}o~(2j 1), — Ø(j)~= ±[exp[-~iirs(j)]}a(2j). (7.6)
146 .1. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
The quantities s(/) may be expressed in terms of V.’ and 0 by noting the identities
a~(2j 1) — [~~(/) ~~(1)i, a~(2j) [~~(J) ~~)] ~7.7)
to obtain
s(k) = ~ [~(j), ~(J)] + [~(/), ~(j)1. (7.8)
Equation (7.6) may the be inverted to express a~in terms of i4’~ and ~,
a~(2j 1) -~ = fexp[~i~s(j 2)1~~(j), - a~(2/)= ±{exp[—~i~s(j)1} Ø(j). (7.9)

The discrete fields ~ and 0 satisfy standard Fermi-Dirac anticommutation relations. For ex-
ample
{~+(/)~(J’)} = f~~(J)Ø~(J’)}= 0. (7.10)
Care must be taken in passing to the continuum limit on the 0 axis. Define h = \/~to be the
density of partons on theO axis near point 0. Then in order to convert (7.10) into (7.3) in the
continuum limit, ~(0) must be defined by
= ~i(i), ~(O~)~= ~/h(O1)~~(i).
Using /i(0) = (X0 sin O~’gives
I —._-
= ~(i), ~(O~)~ ~ ~(i). (7.11)

\/XOslnO \/)t0smO
The fields ~4’
and ~ may be combined into a two-component field
= x+ = ~ ~
which satisfies
{x~(O)~
x(O’)} = 6(0 --0’), ~x~(O),x~(O’)}= 0, {x(O), x(O’)} = 0. (7.12)
The continuum analogues of (7.8) and (7.9) read
s(O) = fdO’[x~, x1 (7.13)
and
2
= f exp[—~-iirs(0j1} ~i~(0)(X0sin0)”
= {exp[—~-iirs(O÷)I}~(O)(X 2 (7.14)
0sinO)’~
where ã
0(O) means the average spin per parton on the odd sites and öe(O) is on the even sites. The
notation s(Oj means to evaluate s(O) at a point just before 0 and s(O~)means just after 0.
Equations of motion for x follow from commuting x with H. A simple calculation shows that
the equation of motion in the continuum limit becomes the i-dimensional Dirac equation [61, 621
i(a/ar + cva/30)x = 0 (7.15)

where
a — (0 —i
\i 0
The conserved quantity [x~~x] is the density of helicity a~.The corresponding flux of helicity
is
[x~,aXI = i[V.i~, Ø] — ~ V.’]. (7.16)

The boundary conditions governing the fields must constrain this flux to go to zero at 0 = 0, iT.
To study the boundary conditions at the ends of the string, let us consider the end of a finite
string of partons. We imagine terminating the string at some point °N slightly greater than zero.
The first parton on the chain is the —Nth odd parton. It can be seen that the equation of motion
of the first parton is
d~ 1
Vi(—N) = ~-~—--~ 0 (—N).
dr ~O 51fl
In order that the time derivative of V.’(—N) not diverge as -~ 0, the boundary condition
lim Ø(—N)=0 (7.17)
or
0(O)-~0
must be satisfied. Similarly at 0 = ir we find
-÷ 0. (7.18)
Eqs. (7.l6)—(7.l8) show that these boundary conditions are sufficient to guarantee that no flux
of a~cross the boundaries at 0 = 0, ir.
The normal mode decompositions which follow from (7.15), (7.17) and (7.18) are
0(0, r) ~ —~)r}]cos(v—~)0
[bexp{—i(v —~)r}+c~exp{i(~
0(0, r) ~— ~ [b exp {—i(v — ~ )r} — c exp {i(v — ~ )r}] sin(~ ~)0.

— (7.19)
The dual pion model provides a good example of the connection between the meson spectrum
and the distribution of quantities near i~ 0. Consider the matrix element of the pseudo-scalar
—~
density y~.The transverse density associated with this bilinear according to table 2, has matrix
elements given by
(Q. a1/r~)e~Q-~. (7.20)
The matrix element between hadronic states is given by summing (7.20) over all partons. Re-
placing a.’ by ã1(0), r~by X0sinO and X by X(0), we find

2 2a(0) :
~. e~QX(~) ~!~~__ = ~ (sin 0)Q .f
which by (7.14) gives
~ .f(sin o)Q2_312 exp {—~ iiTS(0)} [0~(0) + 0~(0)I: eiQX(0):. (7.21)
Since s(0) 0 and 0~(0)goes to a finite value at 0 = 0 (see (7.19)), a pole occurs at
-* = 4. Q2
This pole corresponds to the pion at m2 = in the dual pion model. What interests us is the fact
—~
that it originates from an ~~1/2 behavior of a~near ~?= 0. The residue of the pole is proportional to
Q. 0~(0):eiQX(0): . (7.22)
The second current which we shall analyze in this model is the dipole moment density. From
the rules of QED in the IMF, the interaction of a parton with a constant magnetic field in the z-
direction is
(e/ri)[a
5H5 +X1{I(2,H5} —X2{K1,H~}1
where (X1, X2) and (K1, K2) are the transverse position and momentum of the parton. If H~has
the form e1QX,then the interaction of the parton at 0 is
a~(0)eiQX(0) + X1(0)(K2(0), eIQX(O)} X2(0){K1(0), eiQX(O )}. (7.23)
X0sinO- X0sinO X0smO
Using (5.14) for the parton momentum K we can write the contribution of the last term as
‘~.-fe(o)x2(o)~ aX1/ar, eiQx(O)} dO/sin 0 (7.24)
and the first term may be evaluated by using the fact that [x~~x1 is the density of a~(see (7.7)).
This gives
[x~, x1Xo sinG = O~~(0)

and the first term of (7.23) becomes
‘-~fe[x~(o),x(O)] eiQX(O)dO/sin 0. (7.25)

In the dual pion model the charge e is not included as a degree of freedom of a parton. It is treated
as a constant. It is easy to show that the quantities
X2(0){8X1/ar, : eiQx(O):}
= 0 in each2
term [x~~
and x] areWe
of (7.23). finite
takenear 0 = note
special 0 andofiT the
so that
fact our
thatusual methodsöt~
the behavior yieldsinO
polesis at
responsible for the
—~
Q
= 0 in the first term of (7.23). This pole is identified as the p meson in the dual pion
2
pole at Q
model. The residue of the p meson in the magnetic form factor is
[x~(O),x(O)1 : eIQX(O): + X
1(O){aX2(0)/ar, : &QX(0) : } —X2(O){aX1(0)/ar, : eiQX(0) :}
The dual pion spin lattice model possesses some additional interesting features which we will
simply quote:
1) A completely covariant extension in which the spin lattice is formed from ~ matrices [63].
2) The spectrum [57] of states satisfiesdoes
m~pass
m~ m~ = 4 =
and,
2 = —l although a trajectory through a(O)
—
L most interestingly, no state
~,
appears at m
3) A lattice of an odd number of spins may be constructed to produce dual fermion trajectories
[64, 58,61].
7.3. Generalizations of the dual pion model
In giving each parton an isospin off and a baryon number of ± 1 the spin lattice takes on a
more complicated structure. In addition to conditions 1 —5 we require:
(6) Isospin and B conservation. The isospins may therefore enter only in the combination
Tn(l)Ta(l+ 1).
Furthermore, to insure that the isospin of the ground state is not infinite, anti-alignment must be
favored.
(7) Chiral Invariance. If we ignore m~and assume chiral invariance, the Hamiltonian density on
the 0 axis must commute with the chiral charges
= ~ i-~(i)B(i)a~(i). (7.26)
We also expect the boundary conditions to violate chiral invariance as indicated in chapter 6.
Although some interesting attempts at constructing Hamiltonians and solving such models have
been made [65], no satisfactory model yet exists. We therefore prefer to discuss such models
phenomenologically. We shall consider the following operators for a single parton: r, B, rB, rae,
Baa, ra~Band ra
1B. These operators will be averaged over an interval 60 in order to define suitable
smooth functions of 0. For example
— r(i)a5(i)
ra = iC6O N
where ~jC ~ means a sum over partons in the interval 60 and N is the number of partons in 60.
Note also that
ra2 ~ r
in general.
We will consider the consequences of the known meson spectrum for the behavior of the 7
quantities listed above:
150 .1. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
(1) Isospin The average isospin per parton couples to the p meson. As we have seen in section
~.
6.2, if i~0behaves as (sin 0)m2, then the leading vector meson pole is at Q2 = —m2. Since m~= ÷
r-~(sin0)’12 p1/2 (7.27)
(Note that ~ differs from the isospin density J~by a factor of ?t
0 sin 0.)
(2) Baryonic charge B: Identical reasoning applied to the w meson which couples to B gives
2 p1/2 (7.28)
B (sin0)m~ = (sin0)”
-~
(3) O-~.In considering the coupling of partons to a magnetic field in (7.23), we ignored the
dependence of e on 0. The actual contribution of a parton to the first term of (7.23) involves
Since the p pole contributes to the isovector magnetic form factor we obtain
-* (sin 0)3/2 ~3!2 (7.29)
(4) Baa. The same argument applied to the w contribution to the isoscalar magnetic form fac-
tor gives
Ba~ (sin0)3’2
-~ p3/2 (7.30)
(5) UZTB. This is the axial charge per parton. Assuming it couples to the A 2 = 1, we find
1 at m
~ sinG i~. (7.31)
(6)aLTB. In the IMF V’y
5rVi becomes (Q- a~rB)/r~
which suggests that the pion couples to
Q- a1-rB/rj. In the massless pion approximation
u1rB-*’q. (7.32)
2 1.5. Thus
(7) ~. The quantity i~~ couples to the A2 meson at m
rB—f ~1~2 (7.33)
7.4. Applications to deep inelastic scattering
In chapter 4 we saw that

= i~e2dIV/d~.
Since we are ignoring strangeness we write
e2 = ‘(r + 4B)2 = ~(I + ~B2) +-~~i (7.34)
By adding and subtracting vW 2

2 (proton) and vW2 (neutron) we can separate the two terms in e
vW~”=~(l+~-)~dN/d~. (7.35)
Subtracting vW2 for protons and neutrons gives,
~ (7.36)
By dividing (7.36) by (7.35) we get
~fl/const. (7.37)
Consequently, the ratio W~°/W~’~
measures r3B. If the A2 couples to ~H, then [66]
~ ~. p1/2
Further tests of these ideas can be made in deep inelastic neutrino scattering experiments
[67—69]. We replace the electromagnetic current by the weak current
W~H~r~y12(l
+7s)0.
The product of the 0 components of W~and W~in the IMF define an object similar to ~W2.In the
IMF W~becomes r~(1+ a~B).The measurable quantity is
dN- -_______
— r~(l+ a5B)r(l 1- a~B). (7.38)
Dividing (7.38) by (7.35) gives
V2/W~-~-°—-
(r3+ l)(1 +a~B) 1 +r3+a~B+r3a~B. (7.39)
These four terms are separately determinable in deep inelastic collisions with polarized target
protons and neutrons. The first term is obtained by adding proton + neutron structure functions
for unpolarized targets. This should go to a constant. The second 112 term is gotten
The third and from the difference
4th terms are ob-
of p and
tained byn subtracting
unpolarizeddata
data,
forand according
positive to (7.27),helicity
and negative goes astargets.
p Thus, 2cr~Bis the sum of pro-
ton and neutron helicity-difference data and should behave as according to (7.30). Finally,
~3I2
a~r
3Bis measured by the difference of proton and neutron helicity difference-data and should go
as 77 according to (7.31).
7.5. Isospin and the leading parton effect 1701
Let us consider the probability that a parton of type i in a hadron of type a has longitudinal
fraction i~near 1. The energy of such a configuration in the IMF is
2 + m~)/fl+ (K2 + Ua,i)/(l —
E (K
where K is the transverse momentum of the leading parton i and Uai is the internal energy of the
remaining trailing partons. We shall suppose that the probability for such a fluctuation depends
on Uai in such a way that the smaller Uaj the larger the probability of the fluctuation. Note that
when i~ 1, a difference of Uai of a given amount becomes a very large difference in E. A change
—~
in m~does not change F by a large amount. Therefore, it is natural to assume that the leading
parton probability is controlled by the energy of the trailing partons and not the leading parton.
We next suppose that energy considerations favor anti-alignment of isospins. As we have indi-
cated, this is required to prevent the ground state from having a very large isospin. The leading
parton effect should then be largest if the trailing partons from an iso-singlet. A consequence of
this idea for the quark model is that the leading quark in a proton (neutron) should be a p(n)
quark. Since vW2(77 1) is proportional to the squared charge of the leading parton we conclude,
roughly,
lim vW~°/pW~
(1/3)2/(2/3)2 ~ (7.40)
r~-=1
This is to be contrasted with a model in which the nucleon is made of 3 quarks, all with the
same probability for being near 77 = 1. For this model we get [29, 42]
2+(1/3)2+(2/3)2 2 741
1 (2/3)2 + (2/3)2 + (1/3)2
vW~(l/3)
~ - ( . )
Experimentally the ratio appears slightly larger than but definitely less than According to the
-~ -~.
Drell-Yan relation the form factor of the neutron at large should be substantially smaller than
Q2
that of the proton.

Consider next the ~3/2 For this particle it is impossible to find the trailing partons with
~
I = 0. Hence we speculat~that the leading parton fluctuation is small. Considequently we predict

that the electromagnetic transition form factor for proton ~3/2,3/2 should also be small at large
—~
Q2.
If it is true that the leading parton in a proton (neutron) is a p(n) quark, then this will manifest
itself in deep inelastic neutrino scattering. Since the charge of a proton quark can not be raised by
W~,the neutrino structure functions for protons will be much smaller near ~ = 1 than the electro-
magnetic function ~W
2. The neutron structure function for neutrino scattering should be large
and similar to vW~near 77 1.
8. Multiparticle processes
8.1. Main facts
In this chapter the consequences of the string model of hadrons for multiple particle production
are reviewed. The basic facts about the products resulting from collision of two high energy
hadrons are:
(1) Many particles are produced. At laboratory energies of 30 GeV [71] the mean multiplicities are
of order 6.
(2) The mean multiplicities grow slowly with energy. If all the kinetic energy of the incident
primaries were converted into rest mass of low energy particles, the multiplicity would grow like
N(s)—~/~. (8.1)
By contrast with this upper bound, the observed multiplicities seem consistent with a logarithmic
growth [72]
N(s) = c1 logs + C2. (8.2)

Higher powers of log s and low powers of s are not ruled out by experiment but a combination
of theoretical speculation [20, 73] and some data indicate that (8.2) may be correct. Assuming
it is correct, c1 seems to be about 1.5.
The dispersion about (8.2) is fairly large, being roughly consistent with Poisson statistics [201.
(3) The distribution of longitudinal momenta of secondaries is very broad [74].Particles are
seen with longitudinal momenta anywhere between the two extremes of ±~ in the center of
mass frame.
(4) The distribution of transverse momenta is strongly damped [751 for K greater than a few
hundred MeV. The cross section for producing a particle of transverse momentum K and anything
else (inclusive single particle distribution) appears to fall exponentially as exp [—a1K with a 6 1 ‘-~
in GeV units [71, 74]. The transverse distribution does not significantly depend on particle type,
longitudinal momentum of the secondary or primary energy [e.g. 76] (see, however, sec. 9.2).
(5) Almost all the particles produced are pions.
(6) Hadronic scaling or limiting distribution is satisfied [2, 77, 781. This principle asserts that
the single particle inclusive distribution function at high energy depends only on particle types,
transverse momentum, and longitudinal fraction,
2Kdi7I
77 da/d 5 = F(K, ri). (8.3)
In general, the differential cross-section could also have had an explicit energy dependence.
8.2. Elementary model of particle production
The theory of particle fragmentation we will use is extremely simple but powerful. A full justi-
fication of it would require an analysis of the properties of many-particle dual amplitudes per-
haps using Mueller’s method [79]. Whenever such analyses have been done, they agree with our
simple model [801.
The idea is that when two high momentum hadronic strings collide, they simply fragment into
pieces. We see the pieces as secondary hadrons. Let us imagine an event in which a set of secon-
daries are produced. Each secondary will be thought of as a small string segment. Let us first sup-
pose that the secondaries can be grouped into left movers (l.m.) and right movers (r.m.). Each
group may be considered to be the fragments of the two incident primaries [2, 77]. Any particles
which are too slow to be definitely associated with one group or the other we call pionization
products. Clearly an arbitrary cut off on longitudinal momentum must be used to distinguish
pionization from r.m. or l.m..
Now consider the r.m. secondary string fragments. Originally we imagine that they were seg-
ments of the r.m. hadronic string. Let us suppose that we knew the original order and lengths,
~0, of the secondary fragments on the 0 axis. Since the transverse momentum, and charges of
the secondaries can be measured, it would then be possible to determine the distribution of these
quantities within the primary hadron. Conversely, the theoi~eticalpredictions of chapters 6 and 7
about charge densities within hadrons can be translated into predictions about the multiple par-
ticle distributions.
Consider a diagram in the dual model which describes two incident primaries and several
rn ::~ ~
m ~fl-2
Fig. 50. N particle production amplitude in the dual model. Fig. 51. A conformal mapping of the portion of the world
sheet in fig. 50 describing the incident primaries.
secondaries (fig. 50). Let us make use of our freedom of conformally mapping the diagram [351
to redraw it. On a strip of width 2iT draw a slit down the middle (0 = 0) from r = to r = 0 --°°
(fig. 5 1). The trouser legs represent the incident primaries. Now slit the strip in the other direction
(toward r = Ca) to define substrips for each final secondary (fig. 52). Now, as the energy increases,
we expect the secondaries to decompose into two groups of adjacent particles, the l.m. and the
r.m. as in fig. 53. Let us choose the widths of the secondary strips proportional to their longitu-
dinal fractions
(8.4)
This insures that the longitudinal momentum and energy flow uniformly through the top and
bottom halves of the whole strip. The values of times T1 at which the slits originate define a suit-
able set of integration variables. These replace the Koba-N.ielsen [41] integration variables in com-
puting the amplitude.
Let us consider fig. 53 to define a time sequence of events. In the remote past a cut through the
strip sees two disconnected strings represented by 0 intervals from —iT to 0 and from 0 to ir (fig.
54). The two strings make contact at time zero. Meanwhile, at times r5 ...r,~1,fractures or sepa-
rations areoccurring so that in the remote future a system of noninteracting secondaries is formed
(fig. 55). Each secondary is either a r.m. or l.m. with its longitudinal fraction given by 17 = ~0/ir.
Our first problem will be to determine the average pattern of fragmentation, i.e. the average
number of fractures per unit 0 at a location 0. For those fractures such that
(8.5)
an answer may be given by a symmetry argument. The interaction between the l.m. and r.m. sys-
tems lasts a time [811 r (in dilated units, r tip = 2t/~/~)
of order 1 ~ Therefore, as s the -~
interaction between the ends of the strings becomes impulsive. The local conformal invariance of
~ / /~r,
~.m/~/ ~
—= 0 -=
/ :-~-~1.m.
° ///‘~7~~
r m
— -
_____
- ~ I -7T ~
/
— — r m
Fig. 52. The complete mapping of the world sheet in fig. 50 Fig. 53. The decomposition of the secondary hadrons in fig.
to a slit strip. 52 into left movers and right movers ass —~
- .J~,. I— 1 —4 I—I H H ~ I—1
Fig. 54. A time slice of fig. 53 in the remote past. Fig. 55. A time slice of fig. 53 in the remote future.
the dynamics determines the pattern of fragmentation in the region (8.5).* When the hadron is
struck locally, the nearby pattern of fragmentation will reflect the local dilation invariance. Ac-
cordingly, if N(0) is the average number of fractures per unit 0., then in the region (8.5)
N(0)dO N(aO)d(aO) (8.6)
where a is an arbitrary positive number. From this it follows that
N(0)c1/O (8.7)
where c1 is a constant.
The total number of l.m. fragments is given by
f N(0)dOc1logs/V.+~c2 (8.8)
and the total number of fragments is, of course, twice this:

N(s)c1logs+c2. (8.9)
As we have stated, experiment is consistent with (8.9) if c1 —~ ~ and c2 2. From (8.7) it follows
that the “size” of a fragment near 0 is
-~ 0/c1 (8.10)
and from (8.4) and (8.10), the ~1per fragment is
(8.11)
Therefore, the number of secondaries [80] per unit i~is,
N(77) =N(0)d0/dfl = Ci/77 l.5/~. (8.12)
Equations (8.10) and (8.11) allow us to give a qualitative reconstruction of the portion of the in-
cident hadron satisfying (8.5). First, we order the secondaries according to their longitudinal
fractions. We then place intervals of size L~0= iri~on the 0 axis, ordered according to (8.10). Then,
having measured the transverse momentum and charge of each secondary, we obtain a piëture of
these quantities in the initial hadron.
Again we see the characteristic dfl/fl distribution. As emphasized in chapter 3 this implies that
the hadronic secondaries are distributed uniformly in rapidity r. It will often prove convenient
to label the particles according to their rapidity instead of their longitudinal fractions.
*The restriction 0 ~ ii must be made in order that the effects of the boundaries at ±irare irrelevant. The additional restriction
0 ~. 1/\/i is necessary since the interaction is spread over —
/~T
8.3. Transverse mornen turn distribution
We will compute the distribution of transverse momentum of a secondary. We identify the dis-
tribution with the probability that the corresponding string segment had transverse momentum
K before fragmentation. The density of transverse momentum on an incident primary string is
P1(0) [B~(l) + B(l)]~/icos(l0). (8.13)
Consider a fragment occupying the segment between 0~and 02 with longitudinal fraction
= (0~ 02)/~r.Its transverse momentum is
02
K= f
01
P1(0)dO. (8.14)
If 0~ 02 is small, so that ~i ~ 1, the normal modes with 1> l/i~do not contribute significantly
to (8.14). Then
(01 — 02) i/ri 1/7?

K~ ~ (B~+B)JTcoslO =—~-- ~ (B~+B~/Tcosl0. (8.15)
1=1
This expression for the transverse momentum of a secondary is linear

2/a}, with in the
a being the expectation
normal modes. There-
value of
fore,The
K2. the constant
probability
a isdistribution
obtained byissquaring
Gaussian,(8.15)
exp[—K
and taking a ground state expectation value.
(We assume the incident primaries are orbitally unexcited.) The result is
1/~
(K2)rt 2 ~l(cosl0)2_~~ GeV2. (8.16)

7
Hence it may be concluded that the single particle transverse momentum distribution is roughly
[40, 801
(1) exp(—4K2).
(2) Independent of i~for small i~.
(3) Independent of energy and multiplicity for small ~.
It is difficult to decide whether exp(—4K~)fits the data well or not. For K> 1 GeV, it falls
much too quickly, an exponential exp(—aIKI) being better [751. However, as a global fit over
the region from 0 to 1 GeV, this distribution is fairly good, being about the best that can be done
with a single Gaussian. In chapter 9 we will discuss the region beyond a GeV and argue that there
is no reason to believe the dual harmonic models there.
8.4. Transverse morn en turn correlations
Consider two average fragments centered at 01 and 02 with m 0

1/c1ir and 712 = 02/c1ir. Ac-
cording to (8.15) the transverse momenta of these two fragments are
1I~~i
K
1 ~
1=1 (B~+ B~/Tcos(~r
c17111), K2 =-~-~- ~ (B~+ B~/Tcos(irc17121). (8.17)
We define the transverse correlation function
F(711,712)=K1K2). (8.18)
The product in (8.18) is given by,
F(711,712)= 2711712~ lcos(101)cos(102). (8.19)
7li and 712 are small,
If both
F(
r 1 1
711,712)’~711712 2~ 2
L(771 + 712) (m -~- 712)
In the rapidity picture,

F(r1, r2) ~ exp ~— Ir~ r2 I }
— (8.20)
as 1r1 r21-÷00•
—
Equation (8.20) indicates that the correlation between transverse momenta tends exponentially
to zero for two secondaries as their rapidities separate [80, 82]. This may be described by saying
that correlations on the rapidity axis are strictly short range. This lack of long range correlation in
rapidity is a direct consequence of the near n~eighborcoupling of the partons and is probably the
best direct test of the string-like nature of hadrons. Unfortunately, past experiments have not yet
tested the issue because the energies have not been high enough to allow a sufficient length of
rapidity to separate two secondaries.
8.5. Charge distribution on the rapidity axis
Just as the momentum of a secondary was identified as the momentum on the corresponding
segment before collision, we also identify the charge of a secondary in the same way. Consider
the electric charge of an average secondary segment centered at 0 with longitudinal fraction 0/c1ir
and width z~0= i~/ir.The charge of the fragment is approximated by
T(~)j~ = JT(c
Q(~)= J 1fllr)71/lr.
In chapter 6 we have seen that as 0 -~ 0, JT(0) behaves like 0_1/2. Therefore

Q(~) ~ 771/2 (8.21)
fl~ 0
Thus we predict that the average charge per secondary pion (with longitudinal fraction 71) goes
to zero as 771/2. Again, past experiments have not tested this because the values of i~which make
sense at a given energy extend only down to O(1/\/~).In practice the average charge per secondary
means the difference of the single pion inclusive cross sections for positive and negative pions. In
terms of rapidity (8.21) becomes [83],
do~+/dr dan-/dr
— —~ exp(~r)
in the limit s -÷
9. Hard parton effects
9.1. Speculations on the existence of hard forces
There are two essential ingredients which are required for a system of partons to be approxi-
mated by a string:
(1) The parton-parton force must be smooth enough to be approximated by a harmonic well
for small oscillations.
(2) A parameter must exist to order the partons so that the forces are near neighbor. As we
have emphasized, this parameter is essentially the rapidity of the parton. The length of the rapidity
axis over which a force extends will be called its rapidity-range.
The rapidity-range of a force is not simply related to its transverse spatial extent. The terms
hard and soft will be used to describe the nature of the force in the transverse plane. Forces with
short distance singularities, which can deliver large transverse momentum, are hard whereas os-
cillator type smooth wells are soft. The string model is the theory of the short-rapidity-range soft
force and the collective small oscillations which result.
There is good reason to believe that at the level of individual partons long rapidity-range and
hard forces must exist. Hard forces arise in field theory from both contact and exchange diagrams.
These diagrams generally possess strong singularities at small distances.
The condition of near neighbor coupling in rapidity can also break down in field theory. We can
measure the degree of interaction between two partons separated by a rapidity interval (r1 r2)
by a cross section for collision. If the partons can exchange quanta of spin J, this cross section
behaves like
u u~expf—2Ir1 r21(l —J)}
—
Thus, for J> 1 the influence of one parton upon another does not decrease with 1r1 r2 At — .
minimum, the electromagnetic force due to photon exchange will be long range and hard. We
think it is also likely that the fundamental strong interaction may proceed through vector ex-
changes. If so, the only plausible argument for the dominance of short rapidity-range soft forces
would have to rely on screening. This could happen if the partons form neutral clusters. Such
phenomena are well-known in many-body physics.
Screening of a force can only be effective for those momentum transfers which can not resolve
the neutral clusters into constituents. Therefore, it seems likely to us that a residual long-rapidity-
range hard unscreened force may exist between partons, and that photon exchange sets a lower
bound on the effects we will consider.
9.2. High transverse momentum inclusive spectra
The bulk of secondary hadrons created when two primaries collide at large relative energies
Fig. 56. Absorption of a deep inelastic photon by a nucleon.
possess small transverse momenta relative to the initial collision axis. We have seen in earlier chap-
ters how this and other features of hadron reactions are related to the soft exchange of wee par-
tons between the hadrons. Now we wish to ask whether at higher energies one might expect the
emergence of a new class of reactions in which large quantities of transverse momentum are ef-
ficiently exchanged between two scattered objects.
One type of interaction which we know can transfer considerable transverse momentum is
electromagnetism. In fact, from our discussions of the scaling properties of deep inelastic scatter-
ing, it appears that transverse momentum can be transferred to a hadron much more easily than
thought possible before 1969 [1]. In other words, the process in fig. 56 is large and does not
fall off quickly as the Q2 of the virtual photon grows. However, this suggests that when two
hadrons collide, a deep inelastic photon might be exchanged between them as in fig. 57, and the
resulting cross-section could be considerable even for large Q2. How could we observe the exis-
tence of such a process in the lab? Presumably, the large Q2 of the photon will break up the inci-
dent nucleons catastrophically. If the black boxes then have the properties to be hypothesized
below, this breakup will result in the appearance of some hadronic secondaries of large transverse
momenta. Since ordinary strong interactions are apparently not able to efficiently produce
secondaries with large transverse momenta, the process above may actually be observable. In fact,
as shown in fig. 58, if we use a parton model to be described below, we should observe secondary
hadrons with transverse momentum in excess of 5 GeV/c at the new NAL.
One could be bolder and speculate that in addition to the electromagnetic processes there are
other hard parton-parton collisions. In fact, fig. 58 shows that if we replace the a2 factor in the
electromagnetic process by unity, then we can expect hard parton-parton collisions to dominate
over soft processes for transverse momenta in excess of 3 GeV/c. It is interesting to observe that
even this bold assertion does not conflict with any available data on strong interactions since
transverse momenta in the neighborhood of 3 GeV/c are not kinematically accessible at present
accelerator energies.
Fig. 57. The exchange of a deep inelastic photon between

two nucleons.
2 Secondary Particle Distributions

cm For4:m pp Collision At S 800 G~2
\ 4~2/p4
10 ~ hadron background [~_e6Pr1
upper limit to
05 — hadron distribution
..—
~ 10—~~ ....,jor gluon model

hadrons from q~
* Coulomb scattering
0.
~
~D c~
0 5 40 45 20
p (GeV/c)
Fig. 58. Secondary particle distributions as calculated in the parton model and compared to diffractive backgrounds for typical
NAL conditions.
To begin we consider the final state hadron system in deep inelastic scattering [42, 84]. Ini-
tially a single parton has absorbed the momentum of a virtual photon and finds itself isolated in
phase space as depicted in fig. 59. This may be very different than what happens when two ha-
drons exchange momentum by means of a large number of wee partons with no parton being
significantly excited. Thus, the phenomena of interest here are beyond the scope of the dual,
multiperipheral or string models. The theory we shall present for the evolution of a highly ex-
cited parton moving through hadronic matter is speculative but leads to a method of organizing
data and has striking, easily tested consequences.
The highly excited parton in fig. 59 is initially well separated from the other constituents in
phase space. We assume that the parton-parton long rapidity-range cross section is small so that
we can ignore the possibility of a hard collision of the excited parton. It therefore evolves in-
dependently of the environment. A possible picture for the evolution of the struck parton is
that it undergoes a cascade. Now the phase-space picture has evolved into fig. 60. We assume that
the products of the cascade carry small amounts of momentum transverse to the direction of the
initial momentum of the excited parton (direction i in fig. 60).
Within this picture it is reasonable to assume the existence of a smooth function G
1~(n)which
gives the probability to find a hadron of type c and fraction 77 of the initial momentum of the
K K~
• • Pu Pu
Fig. 59. Ejection of a parton from the hadronic distribution Fig. 60. The evolution of fig. 59 through a cascade of the
into a distant region of phase space. struck parton. The unit vector i labels the direction of the
hadronic jet in the final state.
excited parton within the cascade products of (i),

dP1~= G1~(77)d71/77. (9.1)
We also suppose G1~(71)approaches a non-zero limit as i~-~ 0. This implies that the multiplicity
of final secondaries in the fast jet (cascade products of (i)) reads
— C 77 —
n= j G1~) —~ const. G(0)logIQI
— (9.2)
1C KQ
where the cutoff i~Q’indicates where the momenta in the cascade first overlap the momenta of
the undisturbed partons. In addition to the products of the cascade, identifiable by their large
transverse momenta, there ought to be fragments of the disturbed hadron with low transverse
momentum.
Momentum conservation constrains the functions G
f77~d77= ~fG1~(n)dn=1. (9.3)

d71
Several arguments suggest that near i~= 1, the function G1~(77)has the same behavior as uW2 for
the hadron c. Experimental measurements of G1~ 2>may become
0 decays possible
into in colliding
two partons beam experi-
of momentum
ments. Here a virtual photon of mass squared q
± Iqi. The final hadrons would result from a cascade governed by the functions G,j77). At
-~
present we can only guess the form of G on the basis that it satisfies (9.3), is assumed to be non-
vanishing at ~1= 0, and behaves like vW~(
77)near 77 = I. In view of our ignorance we shall assume
G1~is proportional to vW~.
As an example of the kind of calculation which can be done, Berman, Bjorken and Kogut [84]
considered the electromagnetic production of hadrons of large transverse momentum in hadron-
hadron collisions. The calculation, with minor changes, would apply to any long-rapidity-range
hard force. The process of interest is pictured in fig. 61 which also labels the momenta of the
various partons and hadrons. In particular we have the scaling variables x1, x~,and x defined by,
pi—xipb, pjxjpa, Pc~P~ (9.5)
To calculate the cross-section to observe hadron c in the scattering of a off b, we multiply the
cross-section for the single photon exchange between partons I and j, by the probability to find
PC
pa
~EE_I~I~ ~
Fig. 61. The kinematics of the production of a high transverse momentum hadron by single photon exchange.
parton i with longitudinal fraction x1 in hadron a, times the probability to find partonj with
longitudinal fraction x1 in hadron b, times the probability that parton i’ evolve into hadron c
with relative longitudinal fraction x. Collecting the pieces of the cross-section,
~ .(x.) 1 rFb.(x.) 1 rG. (x) 1
do = ~
i,i
az
x1
1 dx~j [/
x1
dx~j dO(parton) [ I C~_
x
dxj + (1’ /‘) (9.6)
where Fai(77i)/77i is the probability to find parton i in hadron a. The differential cross-section
for the parton event can be calculated from second order perturbation theory in QED,
2 1 + cos4(0/2)
do a
sin~(0/2) ~] (9.7)
where 0 is the scattering angle between the partons and si., is the Mandelstam variable for the
parton event. All that remains to the calculation is the tedious chore of converting the kinematic
variables of (9.5) and (9.6) to the relevant scaling variables. This task is left to the reader or he
may refer to the literature [84] As a result we find the inclusive differential cross section to ob-
.
serve secondary c,
do 47rcs2[ Ut tu
E~—~ =-~-- ~i(-~—)+ i(—~_)] (9.8)
where t = (Pa — p~)2~
u = (Pb p~~j2and
—
J(xi,x
[1+
2)=~f---~-~—_— X~ 2] F(-_~_-) Fai(U)Gic(V)dl~dV.
u (uv—x1) 2 2u v
i uv—x1
This is the formula which leads to the prediction shown in fig. 58. The width of the curve comes
from our uncertainty concerning the functions G1~(77)and Fai(77).
Equation (9.8) possesses certain features which could have been guessed without a detailed cal-
culation. First, the only scale is the P~ factor which originated in the photon exchange. The func-
tion .3 which describes the parton content of the hadrons and the cascades of partons into hadrons
is a dimensionless function of dimensionless variables. This occurs because we are assuming that
one can neglect the masses of the partons and hadrons. We also note that (9.8) falls relatively
slowly in transverse momenta. This is to be compared with conventional dual model fits to hadron-
hadron inclusive cross-sections which fall like exp(—4P~).In fact, from fig. 58 we see that the
electromagnetic process dominates the hadron-hadron background for P1 > 5 GeV/c.
Of course we do not wish to imply that we believe that the hadron-hadron background will
necessarily behave exponentially for large momentum transfers. Rather, we view the electromag-
netic process as a lower bound to the cross-sections one can expect at large P1. We wish simply
to emphasize that with the opening of NAL a great expanse of transverse momentum phase space
will become available for the first time. Although we certainly cannot claim to know in detail
what to expect in such a region, ~ie feel reasonably confident in suggesting that the electromag-
netic process will be present, and measurable and interesting. Given this proposal, the experi-
mentalist will, hopefully, probe the new region and find events of an even newer and more ex-
citing origin with a strength more characteristic of the strong interactions than the electromagnetic.*
*Recent ISR data have indicated the existence of large transverse momentum effects. Interpreted in terms of vector gluon ex-
change a coupling constant of order unity is indicated by experiment.
9.3. Cross sections
It is possible to give an estimate of the contribution of hard collisions to the total cross section
if we assume the influence of distant partons on each other can be summarized by a parton-parton
cross section 0o• We assume u~is small enough not to effect the results of proceeding chapters ex-
cept in those circumstances where our models led to very small amplitudes. We shall also assume
a~is small enough for us to ignore the Glauber shadowing effect in which one parton may block
another from being hit by a third. Under these circumstances we write the hard collision cross sec-
tion as 0o times the product of the number of fast (non wee) partons in the l.m. and r.m.,
0hard = tJoNiNr. (9.9)

In the c.m. frame N, = Nr and each equals
~ f dr~ di~.
~ (9.10)
Assuming dN/d71 ‘~-~ 2/i~,
N~2f~~logs. (9.11)
This log dependence of N on energy should then be responsible for a growing cross section
0hard —~ a
0(log ~)2 . (.9.12)
Since we expect the cross section ao to come mostly from large transverse momentum secondaries,
we predict that as s the production
2s. cross section for secondaries with large transverse mo-
-+
mentum (> 1 GeV/c) will rise log

If we assume purely electromagnetic hard forces and define a~to be the cross section for the
transfer of momentum in excess of a GeV we obtain
= f —~-- dK2 l0~--l0~mb. (9.13)

(1GeV)2 K4
This cross section could be 4 orders of magnitude larger if the photon is replaced by a strongly
coupled vector gluon.
9.4. Wide angle quasi-elastic scattering
By two particle quasi-elastic scattering we mean events with two particles a, b in the initial
state and two a’, b’ in the final state. The particles a’, b’ may or may not be the same as a, b and
may even be excited resonant states with different quantum numbers than a, b. We will describe
what may be the general features of such reactions at ultra (ISR) high energies and large scattering
angles. We shall see that such processes are of an entirely different character than the small angle
fixed momentum transfer events which are dominated by wee parton interactions.
Let us begin viewing the process from a center of mass frame in which the collision plane is
the x, y plane. The incident hadrons have momenta ±Kalong the x axis and the final hadrons
have momentum ±K’at an angle ~ relative to the x axis. We will simplify the problem by choosing
all masses of the external hadrons equal to m in which case K2 = (K’)2.
The Mandelstam invariant energy and momentum transfers are
s = 4(K2 + rn2), t = —2K~(l cosØ),
— u = —2K2(1 + cos~). (9.14)
We will now boost the entire process to infinite momentum along the z axis perpendicular to
the collision plane. The resulting frame we call the transverse c.m. frame. The momenta K become
the transverse momenta, and the ~1of each hadron is 1. When we say that K becomes the .transverse
momentum we do not mean the momentum orthogonal to the initial collision axis of course. We
are not using infinite momentum to describe the two fast moving hadrons in their c.m. frame. In
fact we may boost any process into an infinite momentum frame in order to make use of the non-
relativistic analogy whether it is high energy or not. An infinite momentum frame in the present
context means one in which p~>>> K.
Since all the action is in the transverse plane, the physics is that of two equal mass non-relativis-
tic particles in their c.m. frame, the longitudinal fractions 77 defining the non-relativistic mass.
Imagine now two non-relativistic atoms colliding in the c.m. frame and going off at angle iii. The
electron momenta relative to the rest frame of its parent atom are of order K so the atomic length
scale is ~~iC1. The fluctuations of the nucleus’ momentum is also of order K. If the atom has mo-
mentum K, then the electrons carry an average momentum of order K/fe//li where /fe and p~are
the masses of the electrons and nucleus. The nucleus carries essentially all the momentum and
the velocity of the atom is nearly,
Vatom = K/p
1. (9.15)
The fluctuations in electron velocities are of order

~Ve K//fe (9.16)
and of the nucleus
K//I1. (9.17)
Now let us consider the collision which exchanges momentum ../T7which we assume is large
in comparison with the atomic scale K. Let us first suppose that the momentum is transferred be-
tween two electrons. The electron velocities are altered by amount
7/Pe. (9.18)
Vj_Vf’~~V~
If this greatly exceeds the velocity fluctuation AVe, the electrons will escape the atoms before
the binding forces have a chance to work. Hence the limitation on t for a quasi-elastic atomic
collision by direct electron-electron collision is
<K//fe. (9.19)
Suppose next that the nuclei directly scatter. The velocity change suffered by the nuclei is
only
U
1— V~=~/~7/p~. (9.20)
The electrons will have sufficient time to readjust themselves to the new state of motion of the
nuclei if v, Vf is less than AVe. The limitation on this process is
—
V’7/pi < ~<1/le (9.21)

Thus, in hadron physics, in order to have a quasi-elastic collision at momentum transfer ~ the
colliding partons must satisfy
K (9.22)
1—77
where K may be identified with the hadronic momentum fluctuations of order 400 MeV. For
K this becomes
7~ (9.23)
77> 1 K/~/ —
Hence wide angle scattering is a leading parton effect.

A very rough theory of the matrix element for atomic quasi-elastic collisions is easy to make.
We call the amplitude for the exchange of momentum ~/7 between the nuclei which scatter
through angle 0, F(~,t). Since the nuclei carry nearly all the atomic momentum we need not
distinguish between the angle of scattering between the nuclei and between the atoms. Next con-
sider the amplitude for the electrons to rearrange and follow the nuclei after the collision. In the
limit of large nuclear mass, this depends only on the speeds of the nuclei and the angle of deflec-
tion. In what follows we shall allow the two nuclei to have different masses ji~and P2. The speeds
of the two nuclei are IKI/p
1 and IKI/u2, so that the relevant amplitude is given by
G(0, IKI/p1, IKI/p2). (9.24)
We expect G to be a smooth function of IKI//f1 and IKI/j.z2 which will go to zero when (9.21) is
violated, i.e. when
IKI/p1> K//fe.
It is convenient to introduce the dimensionless ratios of velocities,
IKI!K 2
Ili//~~/2Z1(l
Pe
—cos0)”
—cos0)’~ (9.25)
P2 / /fe
and define G(cb, IKI/p

1, IKI/p2) = G(0, Z1, Z2). (Recall that in the relativistic infinite momentum
dynamics only ratios of 71’s can enter into amplitudes.) Also note,
Zi,2 = Pe\/~7(Pi,2K). (9.26)
Eq. (9.21) indicates that when Z1 or Z2 exceed 1, the function G will tend to zero.
166 .J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
In hadron physics, in addition to multiplying F and G, we must integrate over the amplitudes
to find partons with longitudinal fraction fla and 77b in hadrons a and b respectively. We recall
from our discussion of the Drell-Yan relation that these amplitudes behave as powers near 77 1,
Aa(
77) (1 — 77a)~2, Ab(77) (1 —
The scattering amplitude is then approximated by
F(Ø, t)1d77ad7?b(1 _fla)a~~2 (1 _T7b)b~~ G ~ ~ 1 77a)’ ~ (1 ~7h)
\
= F(0, t)G(0)( ---— ) (9.27)
\K ~
where
Z (9.28)
G(Ø) =f d Z1 dZ2 G(0, Z1, Z2)Z1 2 (~a~Yb)I
2
(Ya’~Yb)/
2
Unfortunately we have no theory of the functions G(0) but we see no reason to expect them
to have very much structure. The functions F(0, t) can be computed by whatever theory one de-
cides upon for the fundamental parton interaction. For photon exchange it behaves like a func-
tion of ~ alone. According to the Drell-Yan relation
(1 /V~)(Ya ~ V’fa(t)fb(t)fa(t)fb’(t) (9.29)
where fa is the form factor of the hadron a. Hence, the differential cross-section should roughly
behave like,
(s u)~fa(t)fb(t)fa(t)fb(t)G2(0)F2(0, t). (9.30)

Hence, we predict that the quasi-elastic wide angle scattering fall as a power of t multiplied by a
function of angle. The t dependence is related to the form factors of the hadrons as in (9.30), [851.
Apart from the factor G, this amplitude is primarily a photon exchange model. However, it
differs in one very important aspect. Since quantum numbers can be freely exchanged through
the low 77 partons, while they are rearranging themselves, the quantum number dependence of
amplitudes will not respect the selection rules of single photon exchange. For example, charge
exchange 7r-nucleon scattering should behave at large angles almost as though a single photon
could be exchanged.
10. Concluding remarks
10.1. Summary of tests
We wish to conclude with a summary of the experimental tests which we feel bare most di-
rectly on the validity of our various hypotheses. To test the basic parton hypothesis, beyond the
scaling of the structure functions:
(a) Scaling behavior in massive p pair production. The parton model of Drell-Yan predicts that
q4da/dq2 is a nontrivial function of the ratio q2/s.
(b) Shrinking photon effect. As the photon becomes more virtual, the hard partons in it should
contract into a smaller area in the transverse plane.
(c) High transverse momenta effects. In addition to testing quantum electrodynamics at short
distances, these effects test for the presence of a hard, long rapidity-range component of the par-
ton-parton interaction. The direct parton-parton cross-section, a~,can be measured as the coeffi-
cient of a (log ~)2 term in hadron total cross-sections.
To test the string-like structure of a hadron,
(d) Transverse momentum correlations. A string-like structure for the hadron implies that
transverse momenta will become uncorrelated as rapidity differences grow.
(e) Shrinking diffraction peaks. This effect tests the prediction that the distance of the wee
partons in the transverse plane is controlled by a random walk. This test is intimately related to
the short range correlation test (d).
(f) Charge distributions in rapidity. Deep inelastic structure functions measure the distributions
of discrete quantum numbers on the rapidity axis. Near 77 0 the behavior of these structure func-
tions should be intimately related to the meson spectrum as in table 2. One additional check of
these ideas is the distributions of charges on the secondary particle rapidity axis in hadron reac-
tions.
10.2. Breakdown of the parton model
It seems very unlikely to us that partons are really point particles. A scale of size for partons
might be provided by Uo which we feel will not be smaller than the electromagnetic bound (9. 13).
When deep inelastic probing achieves the ability to resolve such distances, then the partons will
no longer appear structureless. We can speculate that a parton of longitudinal fraction ~1will be
resolved even further into yet another hierarchy of constituents of smaller 77. Under such circum-
stances, if our present ideas are at all adequate, vW
2 should shift even further toward i~= 0 (fig.
62). This may either be a very slow process in which we gradually uncover more and more struc-
ture at short distances as occurs in QED or a more sudden change as conjectured by Wilson [86].
4 F2(n~)
2.
Fig. 62. Possible breakdown of scaling as partons are resolved into finer structures by increasing q
As these smaller distances are uncovered, we also expect the associated time scales to become
smaller and smaller. For this reason it may be impossible to boost the hadron to a frame in which
its parton distribution becomes static. If this is the case, an infinite momentum frame as defined
in chapter 1, may not strictly exist. Only further experimentation will be able to determine the
importance of these effects.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank H. Noskowicz for critical discussions and help in compiling
much of the material in this article. We are also very grateful for stimulating discussions and help-
ful hints from Y. Aharonov, S. Berman, J.D. Bjorken, A. Casher, G. Frye, H. Harari, H.B. Nielsen,
S. Nussinov, D.E. Soper, L. Stodolsky and V. Weisskopf. One of us (J.K.) would also like to
thank Maxine Susskind for her hospitality and the use of her attic where much of this work was
done. We would also like to thank Mrs. Anthony Mennella for her patience and diligence during
the preparation of the manuscript.
Appendix A
It is often convenient when discussing parton models and infinite momentum to use light cone
coordinates (T, X, Y, They are related to the usual ORF coordinates by,
fl.
r ~(t’ + z’), X = x’, Y = y’, ~ ~(t’ — z’). (A.l)
One can introduce covariant notation in which the components of four vectors are referred to the
new coordinate system,
= (r, X, Y, ~). (A.2)
Then, the light cone coordinate system is related to the ORF by

x’~= C~x~v (A.3)
where
0 0 ~ \~\
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 / (A.4)
0 0 -~/
The metric in the light cone coordinate system is somewhat unusual. Since
x’~x~ = t’
2 x’2
— — y’2 — z’2 g,,vl~xe (A.5)
it follows that
~ (A.6)
0 —l 0
0 0 0
In particular, if we consider the energy-momentum and require that H be conjugate to r = x°and

~ be conjugate to ~ = x3, we have
p~x’M=p~x~
=Hr+i7~+P~X+P~Y (A.7)
and it follows that,
H~’~1~(E’ps’), — i~’~ P
1, = pr’, 77 ~-~-V2(E’ +p5). (A.8)
In terms of covariant notation
p~= (po’ P1, F2, p~) (H, ‘ix’ P~,77). (A.9)
One of the idiosyncracies of the light cone coordinate system is the difference between upper
and lower indices,
A’~g~A0. (A.lO)
From (A.6) it follows that,
3=A 2=—A
A°=A3, A 0, A’=—A1, A 2. (A.ll)
To avoid confusion with the ORF in the text, we often label light-cone coordinates with r and ~
sub- and superscripts. Then (A.l 1) reads,
2=—A
A~=A~, A’=—A1, A 2. (A.12)
Although these relations may appear confusing and difficult to remember at first, they often
simplify kinematic discussions and bring out the Galilean structure in the IMF. For example, in
light cone coordinates the mass shell condition of a particle reads,
2. (A.l3)
p~p~—271H—P~.—P~m
Solving for H,
H (P~+P~)/2 2/271. (A.l4)
71+m
So, H has non-relativistic form regardless of the magnitude of p.
170 J. Kogut and L. Susskind, The paTton picture of elementary particles
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[40] H. Noskowicz and L. Susskind, Nucl. Phys. 36B (1973) 99.
[41] M. Ademollo, H.R. Rubinstein, G. Veneziano and M.A. Virasoro, Phys. Lett. 27B (1969) 92 and Phys. Rev. 176 (1968) 1904;
G. Veneziano, Nuovo Cimento 57 (1968) 190;
K. Bardakci and H. Ruegg, Phys. Left. 28B (1969) 489;
M.A. Virasoro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22 (1969) 37;
H.M. Chan and T.S. Tsun, Phys. Left. 28B (1969) 485;
C.J. Goebel and B. Sakita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22 (1969)257;
Z. Koba and H.B. Nielsen, Nuci. Phys. BlO (1969) 633;
S. Fubini and G. Veneziano, Nuovo Cimento 64A (1969) 811.
[42] Our discussion closely parallels one given by
J.D. Bjorken, Conf. Intern, on Duality and Symmetry in Hadron Physics, Tel Aviv, April 1971.
[43] S. Fubini, D. Gordon and G. Veneziano, Phys. Lett. 29B (1969) 679.
[44] V. Alessandrini, D. Amati, M. LeBellac and D. Olive, Phys. Reports 6 (1971) 269.
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[47] Hsue, B. Sakita and M.A. Virasoro, Phys. Rev. D2 (1970) 2857.
[48] An attempt to give a justification of this approximation is due toP. Olesen, CERN preprint-1280, January 1971.
[49] This section is based on work by R. Brower and L. Susskind, in preparation. Similar approaches to the problem of incorpor-
ating currents in the Dual Model have been formulated by Y. Nambu. See, for example,
Y. Nambu and A. flacinliyan, University of Chicago Report No. EFI-70-67, 1970 (unpublished);
Y. Najubu, Phys. Rev. D4 (1971) 1193.
Credit is also due to H.B. Nielsen, unpublished.
[50] Y. Nambu and D. LuriC, Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 1429.
[51]J. Goldstone, Nuovo Cimento 19 (1961) 154;
J. Goldstone, A. Salam and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 127 (1962) 965.
[52] M. Gell-Mann, Physics 1(1964) 63. The reader is also referred to
S. Adler and R. Dashen, Current Algebras (Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1968) for related reprints.
[53] J. Schwinger, Ann. Phys. 2 (1957) 407;
M. Gell-Maun and M. Levy, Nuovo Cimento 16 (1960) 53.
[54] For a review of transverse momentum distributions see
D. Horn, Conf. on Duality and Symmetry in Hadron Physics, Tel-Aviv, April 1971;
W.R. Frazer, L. Ingber, C.H. Mehta, C.H. Poon, D. Silverman, K. Stowe, P.D. Ting and Hi. Yesian, High-Energy Multipar-
tide Reaction, Rev. Modern Phys., to be published.
[55] A. Casher, H. Noskowicz and L. Susskind, Nucl. Phys. B32 (1971) 75.
172 .1. Kogutand L. Susskind, The parton picture of elementary particles
1561 S.L. Adler, Phys. Rev. 139 (1965) B 1638.

[57] A Neveu amd J. Schwartz, Nucl. Phys. 31B (1971) 86;
J. Schwartz, Phys. Rev. D5 (1972) 886;
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[59] E. Lieb, D. Mattis, Mathematical Physics in One Dimension (Academic Press, New York, 1966).
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[61] M. Virasoro, Intern. Conf. on Duality and Symmetry in Hadron Physics, Tel Aviv, April 1971.
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[64] P. Ramond, Phys. Rev. D3 (1972) 2415.
[65] G. Frye, Spin and Isospin in the Dual Resonance Model, Yeshiva University Preprint (1971).
[66] C.H. Llewellyn Smith, An Introduction to Highly Inelastic Lepton Scattering and Related Processes, CERN-TH-1188, July
1970.
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[70] This section is based on a conversation with V. Weisskopf.
[71] J.V. Allaby et al., CERN Report No. 70-12.
[72] W. Jones, D.E. Lyon Jr., A.E. Bussian, G.D. DeMeester, B.W. Loo, P.V. Ramana Murthy, R.F. Roth, F.E. Mills, J.G. Learned,
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[73] C. DeTar, Phys. Rev. D3 (1971) 128.
[74] E.W. Anderson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 (1.968) 198;
J.V. Allaby et al., CERN Report No. 70-12.
Recent high energy data from the I.S.R. can be found in L.G. Ratner et al., CERN Report No. 7 1-1637.
[75] R. Hagedorn, Nuovo Cimento 56A (1968) 1027.
[76] L. Van Hove, Phys. Reports 1(1971) 347, and the experimental fits quoted therein.
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W. Ko and R.L. Lander, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26 (1971) 1064.
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[811 In ordinary time units (center of mass of the collision) the interaction lasts a finite duration ass —~ oo. This fact might appear
to contradict the Lorentz contradiction of the matter distribution in the incident hadrons. Indeed, if we consider the partons
contained in any fixed interval from r~ç~ to 1, their spatial distribution flattens into a thin pancake ass increases. However, as
s increases, the partons active in the collision are found at progressively smaller values of t~.These two effects compensate one
another and lead to a finite interaction time. A formal discussion has been presented by A.H. Mueller, Phys. Rev. D2 (1970) 2241.
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[84] This discussion is based on the article
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[86] K.G. Wilson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 (1971) 690.

The Parton Picture of Elementary Particles: Institute For Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, USA

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The Parton Picture of Elementary Particles: Institute For Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J. 08540, USA

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THE PARTON PICTURE

NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY — AMSTERDAM

THE PARTON PICTURE OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES*

Received April 1972

Single orders for this issue

PHYSICS REPORTS (Section C of PHYSICS LETTERS) 8, No.2(1973)75—172

Single issue price Hfl. 30.00, postage included.

Prologue 78 6. Distributions of currents in hadronic matter 132

1. The infinite momentum frame

.1. why infinite momentum frames 141?

internal motions as much as we like (see, however, chapter 10).

1.2. The kinematical subgroup

t = t’ cosh w ÷z’ sinh w,

k cosh w + k sinh w, (1.2)

Hence (1.1) and (1.2) become

-÷ K~cos 0 + K~sin 0, (1.5)

I771K1,fl2K2...)~exp[iD-~ K1] 1771K1,...). (1.6)

Fig. 1. Hypersurfaces of equal infinite momentum time.

1.3. Energy in the IMF

~ q~cosO sin 0, (1.17)

4)’ Galilean boosts.

The energy of such a system is given by

E=~ —‘---+B1 (1.21)

where B. is an internal “binding” energy of the ith particle.

ORF IMF Galilean

1. Rotations about z Rotations about z Rotations

2. x’, y’ translations x, y translations Translations

3. t’+z’ translations ~ translations Gauge transformations

4. Transformations Infinitesimal rotations Galilean boosts

5. t’—z’ translations r translations generated t translations generated by

1.5. Wave functions

~?l,K(fl1K1, ...)= K+,~V(fl1,K1 +

77i ~ln 771 77

the last two cases by defining a new “transverse density” by [9]

S(R) e~-’fs(r)dz (1.29)

(77K18(R)177’K’) ~(77—fl’)exp{i(K—K’)-R}exp i[K2—(K’)2] — ~(flKIs(0)I17’K’). (1.32)

which for two constituents gives

f[~Kn1’ K177~,K~ (1_ 77l+772)~(KKK)] [~‘K’n~’ K1 ?7~,K2)6 (1_ 771+772)~?~]

13i=7?i/n and 132ri21ri

Inserting this into eq. (1 .33) gives

2. Field theory at infinite momentum

2.1. Perturbation theory in the IMF

To understand quantum dynamics at infinite momentum, it is desirable to formulate quantum

energy conserving process A B is given by (AITIB) T(A, B) where

T=V+V 1 v=v+v 1 v+v I v 1 (2.5)

Fig. 10. Vertices in ~ field theory.

2/(s m2). Although the sum of (2.8) and (2.9) is an invariant

2.2. Field theory in the IMF

V = gJ’d2K d2L d2Q 2a ~213 2y [3Ø~(a )Ø(13L)Ø(yQ)b(~—13—-y)~(L—Q—K)]

where the factor 1/77 is interpreted as the integral operator

*See Appendix A for a discussion of light cone coordinates.

2.3. QED at infinite momentum

= (21)3 fd2Kf ~ E [sf~w(s)exp

+ (i(K X + 77~)}d~(77,K, s)]

*See Appendix A for notation.

[a(~, K, X),a~(77’,K’, A’)] = ~~,~‘(21r)32776(77 77’)~2(K—K’)

{b(77, K, s), b~( 3 277 ö( 2(K — K’)

77, K, s), d~(77’,K’, s’)} = ö55(2ir) 77ö(77 77’)~ —

All other appropriate commutators (anticommutators) vanish.

~ eA7~+(m — ia[K— eA])—(m+ia[K—eA])~. (2.23)

where we have identified the current density J1. = ei~i~i.

*See Appendix A for notation.

A~ —j e~/i +—1---KA (2.25)