FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES

AND TEAM SPORTS

Learning Modules

Asterlita Alfaro

Michael Diaz

Evelyn Mantilla
 SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY- SAN JUAN

COURSE OVERVIEW

Course Number
Course Code PE203
Description Title FUNDAMENTALS OF GAMES AND TEAM SPORTS
Credit Units 2
School Year/ Term 1st Semester/ A.Y. 2020-2021
Mode of Delivery Online/ Offline Learning- Final Term
Asterlita Alfaro
Michael Diaz
Name of Instructor Evelyn Mantilla

The course involves and deals with the theory demonstration,

development of skills of the game softball, volleyball, basketball, and
other games and sports. It offers recreational program of activities
with the aim of providing students constructive and productive use of
leisure time pursuits. Emphasis is on fitness though sports which can
Course Description be played and enjoyed throughout life. It includes the development of
basic skills, values of the activity, nature of the game, rules,
officiating, and schedule of game, scoring, strategies, and safety
precautions. The students regardless of gender are expected to
increase and develop the skills and knowledge of the game socially,
physically, mentally and emotionally with values or sustainable
development.
Course Outcome At the end of the module, you must have,

1. trace the history of different sports

2. identify the facilities and equipment used in playing different
sports
3. Enumerate the basic officials of different sports
4. Familiarize with the different terminologies in Sports
5. Evaluate sense of belongingness of every individual.
6. Developed and created positive disposition towards gender
 sensitivity and development.
7. Organized and officiated team sports
8. Demonstrated the different types of Hand Signals.

SLSU Vision A high quality corporate science and technology university.

SLSU will produce science and technology leaders as well as

competitive professional; generate breakthrough
SLSU Mission Research in S and T – based disciplines; transform and improve the
quality of life in the communities in the service areas; and be self-
sufficient and financially viable.

MODULE GUIDE

This learning material in fundamentals of games and team sports is design to provide
students the opportunity to learn how to live an active lifestyle and responsibility to enhance all
aspect of growth and development. A program that encourage students to active transport of
learning through general activation of the body and strategies to involve family members in
different activities. This concept is a planned instructional program with educational objectives that
link to curriculum documents which integrates intellectual, social, physical and emotional learning
of the students through movement.

The content of this material are divided into five modules. Module 1 is about athletics which
are also subdivided into four lessons namely; lesson 1 are the different types of events, lesson 2
talks about history, rules and safety, lesson 3 describe the basic skills, facilities and equipment then
lesson 4 is the officiating officials. Module 2talks about Badminton which compose of three lessons.
Lesson 1 present the history, rules and safety of the players. Lesson 2 describe the basic skills,
facilities and equipment of badminton. Lesson 3 implies the officiating officials in which they have
to know the different officials in badminton. Module 3 is all about table tennis which are subdivided
into three lessons. Lesson 1 present the history, rules and safety. Lesson 2 describe the basic skills,
facilities and equipment of table tennis. Lesson 3 implies the officiating officials in which they have
to know the different officials in table tennis. Module 3 presents lawn tennis and module module 4
is about athletics which are also subdivided into four lessons namely; lesson 1 are the different
types of events, lesson 2 talks about history, rules and safety, lesson 3 describe the basic skills,
facilities and equipment then lesson 4 is the officiating officials

This teaching material aims to provide a reference that fits for the fundamentals of games
and team sports to students in partner with curriculum as there are no specific textbooks available.
The discussion are coupled with questions based on the topic presented, and practical exercises for
further application of the concept involved.
 MODULE

1
Basketball
Think on These!

Activity 1

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which player is usually the best dribbler on the team?

a. Small forward
b. Center
c. Point guard
d. Power forward
2. Which exercise is most likely to help you jump higher in basketball?
a. Body Squats
b. Push-ups
c. Curl-ups
d. Long distance running
3. To take possession of the ball after a missed shot is called a  
a. lay up
b. foul
c. free throw
d. rebound
4. When dribbling around cones or defenders where should you keep the ball?
a. closer to the defender or cone
b. really high so they cannot get it
c. alternate hands, and keep the ball on the opposite side
d. none of the above
5. Why were backboards first introduced?
a. It made a shot easier.
b. Spectators interfered with the shots.
c. It made it look cooler.
d. It was too hard to make a basket without one.
6. A free throw is worth how many points?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 1
7. Which of the following contributes to a successful bounce pass?
a. Step into pass
b. bounce the ball 3/4 of the way between you and your teammate
c. bounce the ball really high so defenders cannot get it
d. thumbs down, lock elbows out during follow through
8. Where should the ball be in relation to your body?
a. high and outside
b. near and low
c. near and at your waist
d. between your legs
9. To acquire the ball after a missed shot is called a                
a. lay up
b. foul
c. free throw
d. rebound
10. In what city and state was the game of basketball created?
a. Brooklyn, NY
b. Springfield, Massachusetts
c. Los Angeles, California
d. West Virginia, Virginia
11. What year was basketball invented?
a. 1851
b. 1976
c. 1891
d. 2011
12. Personal contact against the body of an opponent by a player with the ball is called:
a. Fastbreak
b. Charging
c. Traveling
d. Zone
13. Where was the game of basketball invented?
a. Dallas, TX
b. New York, NY
c. Springfield, MA
d. Bismark, ND
14. Which of the following is NOT part of a "Good Pass" between 2 players (the "Passer"
and the "Receiver")?
a. Step into Pass
b. Give Passer a Good Target
c. Step toward the Passer to Receive the Pass
d. All of the Above
15. How many seconds can you hold the ball without dribbling, moving, passing, or
shooting?
a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d. 7
16. What is the penalty for committing a violation?
a. 2 free throws are awarded
b. A coach is assessed a technical foul
c. The player is given a technical foul
d. The other team gains possession of the ball
17. What was the first object used as a hoop?
a. Buckets
b. Garbage can
c. Metal hoops
d. Peach Basket
18. Which of the following terms are used to classify personal fouls in a basketball game?
a. Charging
b. Blocking
c. Holding
d. All of the above
19. When a team gains possession of the ball, how many seconds do they have to put up
a shot?
a. 8 seconds
b. 15 seconds
c. 24 seconds
d. 30 seconds
20. What is the correct position to guard an opponent?
a. Face the opponent rather than the ball
b. Guarding as close to the opponent as possible
c. Playing the opponent slightly to the right
d. Stay between the opponent and the basket

Application

Direction: Answer comprehensively and intelligently.

1. Differentiate skill from talent?

2. Can basketball be learned or is it in the genes?
 Short History of Basketball

The Birthplace of Basketball

Basketball is built into the fabric of Springfield College. The game was invented by
Springfield College instructor and graduate student James Naismith in 1891, and has grown
into the worldwide athletic phenomenon we know it to be today.

It was the winter of 1891-1892. Inside a gymnasium at Springfield College (then known as
the International YMCA Training School), located in Springfield, Mass., was a group of
restless college students. The young men had to be there; they were required to participate
in indoor activities to burn off the energy that had been building up since their football
season ended. The gymnasium class offered them activities such as marching, calisthenics,
and apparatus work, but these were pale substitutes for the more exciting games of football
and lacrosse they played in warmer seasons.

The instructor of this class was James Naismith, a 31-year-old graduate student. After
graduating from Presbyterian College in Montreal with a theology degree, Naismith
embraced his love of athletics and headed to Springfield to study physical education—at
that time, a relatively new and unknown academic discipline—under Luther Halsey Gulick,
superintendent of physical education at the College and today renowned as the father of
physical education and recreation in the United States.

As Naismith, a second-year graduate student who had been named to the teaching faculty,
looked at his class, his mind flashed to the summer session of 1891, when Gulick
introduced a new course in the psychology of play. In class discussions, Gulick had stressed
the need for a new indoor game, one “that would be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to
play in the winter and by artificial light.” No one in the class had followed up on Gulick’s
challenge to invent such a game. But now, faced with the end of the fall sports season and
students dreading the mandatory and dull required gymnasium work, Naismith had a new
motivation.

Two instructors had already tried and failed to devise activities that would interest the
young men. The faculty had met to discuss what was becoming a persistent problem with
the class’s unbridled energy and disinterest in required work.

During the meeting, Naismith later wrote that he had expressed his opinion that “the
trouble is not with the men, but with the system that we are using.” He felt that the kind of
work needed to motivate and inspire the young men he faced “should be of a recreative
nature, something that would appeal to their play instincts.”

Before the end of the faculty meeting, Gulick placed the problem squarely in Naismith’s lap.

“Naismith,” he said. “I want you to take that class and see what you can do with it.”
So Naismith went to work. His charge was to create a game that was easy to assimilate, yet
complex enough to be interesting. It had to be playable indoors or on any kind of ground,
and by a large number of players all at once. It should provide plenty of exercise, yet
without the roughness of football, soccer, or rugby since those would threaten bruises and
broken bones if played in a confined space.

Much time and thought went into this new creation. It became an adaptation of many
games of its time, including American rugby (passing), English rugby (the jump ball),
lacrosse (use of a goal), soccer (the shape and size of the ball), and something called duck
on a rock, a game Naismith had played with his childhood friends in Bennie’s Corners,
Ontario. Duck on a rock used a ball and a goal that could not be rushed. The goal could not
be slammed through, thus necessitating “a goal with a horizontal opening high enough so
that the ball would have to be tossed into it, rather than being thrown.”

Naismith approached the school janitor, hoping he could find two, 18-inch square boxes to
use as goals. The janitor came back with two peach baskets instead. Naismith then nailed
them to the lower rail of the gymnasium balcony, one at each end. The height of that lower
balcony rail happened to be ten feet. A man was stationed at each end of the balcony to pick
the ball from the basket and put it back into play. It wasn’t until a few years later that the
bottoms of those peach baskets were cut to let the ball fall loose.

Naismith then drew up the 13 original rules, which described, among other facets, the
method of moving the ball and what constituted a foul. A referee was appointed. The game
would be divided into two, 15-minute halves with a five-minute resting period in between.
Naismith’s secretary typed up the rules and tacked them on the bulletin board. A short time
later, the gym class met, and the teams were chosen with three centers, three forwards, and
three guards per side. Two of the centers met at mid-court, Naismith tossed the ball, and
the game of “basket ball” was born.

Basic Skills

Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to perform quickly
and properly. The sport of basketball requires five basic skills. While some players might be
more experienced with some skills than others, it is best to have at least some ability in all
five areas.

Dribbling

Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball

players. This skill will allow you to move up and down
the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays.
Proper dribbling requires ball-handling skills and
knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you know how to
dribble equally well with both hands.

Shooting

In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot

the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to
properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the
basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot requires
precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs.
There are different types of shots you need to learn,
including jump shots, layups and free throws.

Running

Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game,

you will find yourself running back and forth as the game quickly
transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball,
running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket
quicker. On defense, you often will find yourself needing to run after
the opponent, especially during fast breaks.

Passing

Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a
complete basketball player. Basketball is a team sport that
involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The
ability to pass the ball to this player can make the difference
between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an
important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who
set up scoring plays.

Jumping

Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball

player is. Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking
shots and sometimes while trying to catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to
jump when trying to block a shot or a pass. Being able to out jump your opponent for a
rebound also is important.

Activity 1
 1 2

3 4

5 6 7

8 9

10

11 12

13

14

15

16

17
Across
3. An offensive position.
5. Throw the ball from one
player to another.
8. Another word for rim.
9. Traveling or double-
dribbling.
10. The place where a
basketball game is played.
11. Number of points
received for far away shots.
15. Basketball games are
divided into four of these.
16. Bounce the ball and
move.
17. The usual number of
points received when a
player scores a basket.
Down
1. What the rim is attached
to.
2. A chance to shoot after
being fouled.
4. Slam the ball through the
basket.
6. Try to score.
7. A defensive position.
10. An offensive position.
12. When the ball bounces
off of the backboard or the
rim.
13. Number of players on a
basketball team.
14. Where players score.

© 2006 www.bogglesworldesl.com

Terminologies in Basketball

Glossary of Terms

 Air ball: A shot that misses the rim or backboard.

 Alive: Offensive player who has the ball and has not dribbled.

 Alternating Possession Rule: The possession arrow changes direction after each
subsequent jump ball or held ball situation, alternating which team gets
possession for the throw-in.  The first possession after a held ball goes to the team
who lost the opening jump ball to begin the game.

 Assist: A pass to a teammate that results in a made basket.

 Backboard: The flat surface directly behind the basket. The basket is connected
to the backboard.
 Backdoor: An offensive move where a player cuts behind the defenders and
receives a pass for a field-goal attempt.

 Ball Handler: The player with the ball. Usually the guard at the start of the play.

 Bank Shot: A shot where the ball is first bounced or banked off the backboard at
such an angle that it then drops into the basket.

 Basket: Consists of the rim and the net, also known a ‘the hoop’.

 Basketball: A round ball made of rubber, leather or synthetic leather. Comes in

3 different sizes (size 5, 6 or 7).

 Blind Pass: A pass from a ball handler who does not see their receiver but is
estimating where they should be.

 Blocked Shot: The successful deflection of a shot by touching part of the ball on
its way to the basket, and preventing a field goal.

 Blocking: The use of a defender’s body position to legally prevent an opponent’s

advance. It is the opposite of charging.

 Boards: The backboard which the ring or basket is attached or slang for a
‘rebound’ – the act of a player grabbing the ball after a missed shot attempt.

 Boxing out: The defensive player turns and faces the basket following a shot
and with his or her back to the opponent, and ensures that the player being
guarded can’t ‘rebound’ the ball.

 Charging: An offensive foul, which occurs when an offensive player runs into a
defender who has established position.

 Court vision: A player’s ability to see everything on the court during play.

 Crossover dribble: When a ball handler dribbles the ball across their body from
one hand to the other.

 Cut: A quick movement by an offensive player without the ball to gain an

advantage over the defense usually directed towards the basket.
D

 Dead: Offensive player has the ball and has already used their dribble.  They
must now either pass or shot the ball.
 Dead Ball: Any player with the ball that is not ‘live’. This occurs after each
successful field goal, free-throw attempt, after any official’s whistle or if the ball
leaves the court, then play is stopped.

 Defense: The act of preventing the offense from scoring. Defense is the team
without the ball.

 Down court: The direction a team on offense moves, from its backcourt to its
frontcourt and towards its own basket.

 Double Dribble: The act of dribbling the ball, stopping the dribble or motion of
the ball and beginning to dribble again.  Results in a violation and turnover.

 Downtown: Referred to as a shot that was considered to distant for the normal
shooter to take or in the ‘3-point’ area.

 Dribble: The act of bouncing the ball up and down. The offensive player with the
ball uses the dribble to move the ball around the court.

 Drive: The movement of an offensive player while aggressively dribbling

towards the basket in an attempt to score.

 Dunk: A shot in which a jumping player slams the ball down into the opponent’s
basket from above.

 Established Position: When a defensive player has both feet firmly planted on
the floor before an offensive player’s head and shoulder gets past them. The
offensive player who runs into such a defender is charging.

 Exhibition Game: The act of playing another team and the outcome not being
counted in any league standings.

 Fake: A movement made with the aim of deceiving an opponent.  This can be
done with either a pass or a shot fake.

 Fastbreak: The act of moving the ball quickly down court by an offensive team
in hopes of getting ahead of the defense to score.

 Feed: To pass the ball to a teammate who is in a scoring position.

 Field Goal: When the ball enters the basket from above the rim during play. It is
worth two points.
 Flagrant Foul: This is unnecessary or excessive contact against an opponent.

 Floor:  The area of the court within the end lines and the sidelines.

 Floor Violation: A player’s action that violates rules but does not prevent an
opponent’s movement (traveling, double dribble, etc.). They are penalized by a
loss in possession.

 Foul:  Actions by players, which break the rules but are not floor violations.
They are penalized by a change in possession or free throw opportunities.

 Fouled Out:  A player having to leave the game because they have committed
five fouls.

 Foul Shot or Free Throw: An unguarded shot taken from the foul line by a
player whose opponent committed a personal or technical foul, which is worth
one point.

 Free Ball: A ball, which is in play but is not in the possession of either team, also
called a ‘loose ball’.

 Free Throw:  The acts of shooting the ball from the marked free throw line
(ranging 10-15 feet from the basket) while the remaining players line up down the
‘key’.  Shot is taken at the result of a foul or technical foul being called.
G

 Give and Go: An offensive play in which a player passes the ball to a teammate
and cuts towards the basket for a return pass to score.

 Goaltending: Interference with a shot by touching the ball or basket while the
ball is on, over, or within the rim.  Also touching the ball on its downward flight to
the basket before it hits the rim.

 Guarding: The act of following an opponent around the court to prevent them
from getting close to the basket, taking an open short or making easy passes.

 Half time: The rest period between two halves of the game.  Usually 5 minutes
in length.

 Hand checking: Illegal use of hands, usually on the back or hips of the offensive
player.

 High percentage shot: A shot that is likely to go in the basket, typically taken
near the hoop.
  High post: A player who is stationed in or near the free throw semicircle on
offense.

 Hoop: The basketball rim and backboard players shoot the ball towards in
attempt to score points.  Also referred to as the ‘basket’.

 In the Paint: Being in the large rectangle area under each basket or the foul lane
area, which is painted a different color.  AKA ‘the key’.

 Inbounds: The area within the end lines and sidelines of the court.

 Incidental Contact: Minor contact usually overlooked by officials which does not
give the opposing team an unfair advantage or affect the outcome of the game.

 Inside Shooting: Shots taken by a player near or under the basket.

 Jump shot: Field-goal attempt by a player with both feet off the floor, enabling
the player to shoot over the defender.

 Lay-up or Lay in: A shot taken after driving to the basket by leaping up under
the basket and using one hand to shoot the ball off the backboard.

 Loose Ball: A ball that is alive but not in the possession of either team.

 Lower Percentage shot: A shot that is less likely to go in the basket, usually
taken further away from the hoop.
M

 Match-ups: Any pairing of players on opposing teams who guard each other.

 Outlet Pass: The first pass made after a defensive rebound to a teammate to
start a fast break.

 Outside Shooting: Shots taken from the perimeter, further away from the hoop.

 Pass: When a player throws the ball to a teammate to advance the ball during a
possession.
 Personal Foul: Contact between players, which may result in excessive physical
contact or provide one team with an unfair advantage. Players may not push, hold,
trip, hack, elbow, restrain or charge into an opponent.  These are also counted as
team fouls.

 Pivot: A center, also the foot that must remain touching the floor until a ball
handler who has stopped dribbling is ready to pass or shoot.

 Possession: To be holding or in control of the ball.

 Post Position: The position of a player standing in the low post or high post in
the ‘key’ area near the hoop.

 Rebound: A term used to describe the actual retrieving of the ball as it rebounds
from the backboard or the ring after a missed shot.

 Receiver: The player who receives a pass from the ball handler.

 Referee: The person(s) assigned to the game to maintain the flow and integrity
of the game.
S

 Sag: When a defender moves away from their opponent toward the basket they
are defending.

 Scrimmage: Practice play between squads of one team.

 Shooter: A player who takes a shot at the basket in attempts to score.

 Shooter’s roll: This is the ability to get even an inaccurate shot to bounce lightly
off the rim and into the basket.

 Shooting Range: The distance from which a player is likely to make their shots.

 Squaring up: When a player’s shoulders are facing the basket as they release the
ball for a shot. This is considered good shooting position.

 Steal: To take the ball away from an opponent.

 Strong Side/Weak Side: Whichever side of the key that the ball is on when on
offense is called the strong side. The other side is the weak side. If the ball changes
sides, the weak side is now the strong side.

 Substitute: A player who comes into the game to replace a player on the court.
 Switch: Two defensive players change checks during live play.

 Technical Foul: A special violation called at the discretion of the referee towards
players, coaches or the team.  Infractions include an intentional or flagrant contact
foul, unsportsmanlike conduct or other actions detrimental to the spirit of the
game.

 Throw-in: The method by which a team with possession inbounds the ball.

 Time-out: A period of sixty seconds during which the play is stopped and teams
discuss strategy and a moment to allow players to rest.

 Tip-off: The initial jump ball that starts the game.

 Trailer: An offensive player that follows behind the ball-handler.

 Violation: An infringement of the rules, which does not involve contact.  The
opposing team is awarded the ball for a throw-in from out of bounds.

Basketball Court Dimension

The size of the court depends on the playing level. The size of the court for NBA and
College games is 94 feet long and 50 feet wide. It is smaller for High School and Junior High.

The Backboard and Rim

The regulation height above the ground for the rim (hoop) is 10 feet, and the rim is
18 inches in diameter. Backboards are 6 feet wide (72 inches) by 42 inches tall, with the
inner square being 24 inches wide by 18 inches tall.

The Foul Line

For all size courts the 'foul line' is 15 feet in front of the backboard.
The Key

The key is 12 feet wide, and is the same for all basketball courts. The backboard
extends 4 feet out over the baseline into the key. A half circle of diameter 6 foot extends
from the foul line away from the basket to complete the key.

The 3 Point Line (Arc)

For NBA Basketball Courts the 3 point arc is 22 feet to the center of the rim on the
sides with a straight line extending out 16 feet 9 inches from the baseline. Past those points
the line extends out 23 feet 9 inches from the center of the rim.

Line Markings

All line markings on the floor are 2 inches wide and can vary in color.

Basketball Hoops

Basketball crucibles are a product that can be produced in many different ways. So,
basketball hoops are produced for all segments, including single-pole hoop, 4-post hoop,
wall-mounted hoop, FIBA approved basketball hoop, hydraulic basketball hoop, 3-way
hoop, two-way hoop, villas model hoop.

Single pole hoop; it is a basketball hoop that can be mounted on the standard ground.

Hydraulic hoop; they are technological crucibles that can grow longer and shorter.

Wall-mounted hoop; as the name suggests, it is a type of crucible mounted on the wall. It
is used to save space in small areas.

FIBA approved basketball hoop; It is an internationally approved crucible used in

professional basketball competitions.

The Ball

Professional leagues such as the NBA have very precise parameters for the official
basketball they use. This includes color, material, size, air pressure, and bounce. The
main thing to know about the basketball is the size. There are different sizes for
different ages as well as for boys and for girls.
 Standard Men’s Basketball (Size 7) - This is the size used by the NCAA men, boys high
school, as well as the NBA. It has a circumference between 29.5 and 30 inches and
weighs between 20 and 22 ounces.

Standard Women’s Basketball (Size 6) - This is the basketball used by NCAA women,
girls high school, and the WNBA. It is between 28.5 and 29 inches in circumference and
weighs 18-20 ounces.

Junior Basketball (Size 5) - The junior size basketball is for boys and girls between the
ages of 8-12. It is between 27.25 to 27.75 inches in circumference and weighs 14-16
ounces.

Mini Basketball (Size 3) - For young children ages 5-8, the mini ball is 22 to 22.5
inches in circumference and weighs 10.5 to 11.25 ounces.

The Basket

The basket is made up of the backboard, rim, and net. The rim is 18 inches in diameter. A
regulation backboard is 72 inches wide by 48 inches tall, although you will find backboards
can vary in size.

The rim should be 10 feet from the ground. Typically a 10 foot rim is used from ages 6th
grade and older. For younger kids you can lower the goal so that they can take a proper
shot at the goal. For kindergarten through second grade children you can try a 6-foot goal.
Then move it up to 8 feet for 3rd and 4th grade. Try nine feet for 5th grade. Of course, this
depends on the size, strength, and skill of the player.

The basketball net hooks onto eight rungs on the bottom of the rim. It hangs down
around 15 to 18 inches. The net helps to slow the ball coming through the hoop and also
to help see whether a basket was made or not.
 The Uniform

The basketball uniform generally consists of a tank top and shorts. You also need socks
and some good basketball type sneakers. Basketball sneakers are good for all the
starting and stopping required in the game. You can choose high tops, low tops, or three
quarter height shoes. If you play under the basket a lot you may want high tops to help
protect you from getting a twisted ankle.

You should not wear a watch or a shirt with buttons while playing basketball. These can
scratch or get caught on other players. Also, you may want to wear a mouthpiece to
protect your teeth.

Activity 1.A

How many words can you make out of

BASKETBALL COURT?

BASKETBALL COURT
___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________

___________ ___________
 ___________ ___________

Did you find?

A flying mammal.

A monster.

Something in the night sky.

The opposite of west.

The opposite of false.

A place where fish live.

A dog’s noise.

What actors do.

The beginning.

A lemon’s taste.

Not fake.

Difficult: A skeleton’s head.

A kind of fish.

A pail.

Officiating Officials in Basketball

The game of basketball is not officiated only by referees, there is a whole

group of officials to manage a game and to keep things on track. The group includes
referee, umpires, scorer, timekeeper and shot clock operator.

Though each official has his own responsibilities but their collective motive is
to run a game smoothly, to ensure the enforcement of rules and to maintain the
order of the game. Below is an overview of the responsibilities of each official.

Referees
Referees are the main officials of the game. They are the ones who are
actually responsible for enforcing rules and regulations and calling fouls and
 violations. The number of referees officiating a game depends on the level of play. In
NBA, a crew chief and two referees are assigned to conduct a game and there official
uniform is gray shirt and black pant. In international basketball or NCAA game, it
can be either one referee and one umpire or one referee and two umpires officiate a
game. They wear typical black and white stripped shirts and black pants.
Lead Referee
Lead referee (also known as crew chief in NBA) is the in charge of the game.
Normally, all two or three referees are independent in terms of making their
decisions but in case of a dispute, it’s the lead referee whose verdict is considered
final.
Scorers
Scorer play supportive role in the game of the basketball. There can be one or
two scorers in a game depending on the rules of the league and their job is to write
down the stats relevant to the game. They keep a running summary of points scored,
notify field goals and free throws made and missed. They also record the fouls called
on each player and informs a referee if sixth fouls is called against a player (to eject
him from game). Also notes the timeouts and let the referee knows if all timeouts
have been used up by a team.
Timers
Timer assists referee in recording time. Generally, two timers are appointed
by the league. One is official timer who operates the game clock and the other is shot
clock operator who operates 24 second clock. Official timer alerts referee when each
half is going to start and stops the clock when any kind of interruption occurs during
a game (fouls, out of bounds, timeouts etc) while shot clock timer informs referee
when a player takes 24 or more seconds to shoot a ball (keeping the ball in
possession for 24 seconds or more is a violation).

Hand Signals in Basketball

Time Management Signals

These officiating basketball hand signals are used to communicate between the
referee and the time keeper in order to notify starting and stopping of the clock.

Stop Clock – To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will raise one
hand straight over head with his palms facing out and finger tips pointed.

Start Clock – Beginning with one hand raised above head, the start of the clock is
indicated by dropping the raised hand directly towards the floor.

Full Timeout – When an official wishes to signal for a full timeout it is indicated by
two arms spread to the sides forming a “T” shape.
 Thirty Second Timeout – To indicate a thirty second timeout has been called by
one of the teams, the official will take both hands and place them on top of his shoulders
with his elbows out.

Substitution – If a substitute player wishes to enter the game it is indicated by

having one hand facing the time keeper, raised in a “stop” manner, and the other hand
waving the substitute player into the game.

Violation(s) Signal
 MODULE

2
Volleyball
Think on These!

Activity 2

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. When passing or bumping a ball, most of your power comes from your
a. back
b. hands
c. fingers
d. legs
2. During game play, it is LEGAL to:
a. Tip the ball over the net
b. Touch the net
c. Volley the ball from underneath with the palms of your hands
d. Bump the ball with two contact points
3. In volleyball, the same person can hit the ball how many times in a row?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 1
4. An offensive play; A pass using the forearms is known as a
a. Block.
b. Serve.
c. Bump.
d. Set.
5. An offensive play; A downward hit into the opponents' court is known as a
a. Bump.
b. Set.
c. Spike.
d. Serve.
6. An offensive play; A one handed hit from behind the backline is known as a
a. Serve.
b. Set.
c. Bump.
d. Spike.
7. An offensive play; An overhead pass made with 2 hands using the fingertips
is known as a
a. Bump.
b. Serve.
c. Set.
 d. Block.
8. Volleyball began as a sport in the United States in:
a. 1985
b. 1800
c. 1895
d. 1923
9. Which answer is NOT a basic violation in volleyball?
a. Stepping on or over the line on a serve.
b. Reaching under the net and crossing the line.
c. Hitting the ball twice in a row.
d. Serving the ball over the net.
10. What happens if the ball hits directly on the endline?
a. It is out
b. It is a re-do
c. Rock, paper, scissors to see who gets the point
d. It is in
11. When does your team rotate in a volleyball game?
a. every time you lose a point
b. every time you win a point
c. after the other team serves and you win the point
d. after your team serves and you lose the point
12. How many hits are allowed on each side of the net in Volleyball?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
13. In a regulation game, how many players are on the court?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
14. If you are the server, what position are you in?
a. Right back
b. Center back
c. Right front
d. Center front

15. Players must __________the ball when receiving a serve.

a. spike
 b. dig
c. volley
d. palm

Application

Direction: Answer comprehensively and intelligently.

1. How volleyball does promotes motivation and drive to those who play the sport.
2. Differentiate sport from hobby.

Short History of Volleyball

The game of volleyball, originally called “mintonette,” was invented in 1895 by William G.
Morgan after the invention of basketball only four years before. Morgan, a graduate of the
Springfield College of the YMCA, designed the game to be a combination of basketball,
baseball, tennis, and handball. The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis, was only 6’6″
high (though you need to remember that the average American was shorter in the
nineteenth century).

The offensive style of setting and spiking was first demonstrated in the Philippines in 1916.
Over the years that followed, it became clear that standard rules were needed for
tournament play, and thus the USVBA (United States Volleyball Association) was formed in
1928.

Two years later, the first two-man beach volleyball game was played, though the
professional side of the sport did not emerge until much later. Not surprisingly, the first
beach volleyball association appeared in California (1965), and the professional players
united under the auspices of the AVP (American Volleyball Professionals) in 1983.

During the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, American men and women took gold and silver
medals in indoor volleyball competitions. Four years later at the Olympics in Korea, the
men once again scored gold. Starting in 1996, two-man beach volleyball was officially
introduced to the Olympics. Today, there are more than 800 million volleyball players
worldwide, 46 million of them in the U.S.

Timeline of Significant Volleyball Events

In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be
struck by another player (the set and spike) was introduced.

In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.

In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.

In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. Twenty-seven
teams from 11 states were represented.

In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, so the United States
Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was
staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.

In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved and recognized.

In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball
Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.

In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.

In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.

In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

In 1975, the U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena,
Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA, in 1980,
and San Diego, CA, in 1985).

In 1977, the U.S. National Men’s Team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio
(moved to San Diego, CA, in 1981).

In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

In 1984, the U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The men won the
gold, and the women the silver.
In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.

In 1988, the U.S. men repeated the gold in the Olympics in Korea.

In 1990, the World League was created.

In 1995, the sport of volleyball was 100 years old!

In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an Olympic sport.

Application

Direction: Answer comprehensively and intelligently.

1. How many players are there in a volleyball team?

2. When was beach volleyball introduced in Olympics?
3. When and where was the First Volleyball (men’s) National Championship Held?
4. What do you know about the origin of volleyball?
5. How volleyball does became an international sport?

Basic Skills of Volleyball

1. Passing
Passing is simply getting the ball to someone else on your team after it’s been served
or hit over the net by the opposing team. It’s commonly thought of as the most
important skill in all of volleyball, because your team can’t return the ball without a
solid volleyball pass. Forearm volleyball passes are often used to direct the ball in a
controlled manner to a teammate, but overhead passing is another option.
2. Setting
The setter has the most important position on the team, and is often the team leader
for this reason. It’s their job to make it easy for a teammate to get the ball over the
volleyball net, preferably with a spike that the other team can’t return. The setting
motion gets the ball hanging in the air, ready to be spiked by another teammate with
force.
3. Spiking
A real crowd-pleaser, spiking is the act of slamming the ball in a downward motion
across the volleyball net to the other team’s side of the court. When done well,
spiking is very difficult to return, which is why it’s an essential skill. A proper spike
will help accumulate points quickly.
4. Blocking
Blocking is another important skill, although it’s probably the most expendable of
the fundamentals. Still, it adds a great dimension to the game, keeping the other
 team on their toes, so to speak. By timing it right, you can jump up and deflect or
block the opponent’s attack before it even crosses the volleyball net, which can take
them by surprise and give your team an easy point.
5. Digging
Digging is a defensive maneuver in volleyball that can save your team from an
offensive spike or attack. Your job is to keep the ball from hitting the floor, and you
do that by diving and passing the ball in a fluid motion. Unlike a typical pass, you’ll
probably be trying to recover the ball from a steep downward trajectory. This is
another great skill to have, but isn’t as important as passing, setting, or spiking.
6. Serving
Our final fundamental skills is serving. How can you be a great volleyball player
without knowing how to serve? There are a variety of ways to serve, but you’ll most
often see the underhand or overhand serves.

VOLLEYBALL TERMS

 Ace-Serve that results directly in a point.

• Block-Defensive play by one or more players used to intercept a spiked ball in an

attempt to rebound it back into the opponent’s court.

• Bump-Forearm pass.

• Dig -Passing a spiked or powerfully hit ball.

• Foul-Violation of the rules.

• Game Point-Last point in a game.

• Out of Bounds-When a ball lands completely outside of the boundary lines.

• Rotation-Clockwise movement of players prior to the new serving term of a team.

• Serve -Skill used by player in back-right position to put ball into play.

• Side out -When serving team fails to win the point or makes an illegal play.

The Playing Court

 Volleyball Court Dimensions

The Volleyball court is 60 feet by 30 feet in total. The net in placed in the
center of the court, making each side of the net 30 feet by 30 feet.

Center Line

A center line is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30 feet
squares, above which the net is placed.

Attack Line

An attack line is marked 10 feet of each side of the center line.

Service Line

A service line, the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, is marked 10
feet inside the right sideline on each back line.

The Net

The net is placed directly above the center line, 7 feet 4 inches above the ground for
women and 8 feet above the ground for men.

Poles

Volleyball poles should be set at 36 feet apart, 3 feet further out from the sidelines.

Ceiling Height

The minimum ceiling height should be 23 feet, though they should preferably be
higher.

RULES OF THE GAME

• Volleyball is played by two teams of six players on a court divided by a net.

• The object of the game is to send the ball over the net so that the opposing team
cannot return the ball or prevent it from hitting the ground in their court.

• Each team has three hits to attempt to return the ball.

• The ball is put in play with a serve that is hit over the net to the opponents (may the
touch net)

• The volley continues until the ball hits the playing court, goes out of bounds, or a team
fails to return it properly.
• When the receiving team wins a volley, it gains a point and the right to serve. The
players rotate one position clockwise.

• When the serving team wins a volley, it wins a point and the right to continue serving.

• Each team consists of no more than six persons, with each side having an equal
number.

• Each player must be in his or her own position before the ball is served.

• After the server strikes the ball, each player may cover any section of the court.

• Each player serves in turn and continues to serve until the volley is lost (side out).

• After a team has lost its serve, the team receiving the ball for the first serve must
rotate one position clockwise before serving.

• The ball may be volleyed only three times from one team member to another before
returning it over the net.

• During this volley a player may not hit the ball twice in succession. One or both hands
may be used.

• A blocking player is entitled to a second play at the ball. This 2nd hit counts as the
teams 1st touch

YOU ARE ALLOWED TO:

• Serve from anywhere behind the end line.

• Play the ball after it hits the net, even off of a serve.

• Spike, or Volley the ball off of a serve.

• Hit the ball with any part of the body.

• Double contact the first ball that comes over the net.

• Reach over the net to block, as long as it is the 3rd hit for the other team.

YOU ARE NOT ALLOWED TO

• Block the serve.

• Touch the net.

• Cross the center line and interfere with play.

• Scoop or “carry” the ball.

• Double contact the ball •

Play the ball when it’s on the opponent’s side of the net (see blocking exception above)

• Block, if you are a back row player.

SIDEOUT

• A player holds or throws the ball.

• The ball touches any part of the body, other than the hands or forearms.

• A player touches the net with any part of the body or hands, or reaches over the net.

• A player does not clearly hit the ball or allows the ball to come to rest on any part of
parts of the body.

• A player hits the ball out of the boundaries of the court.

• A player allows the ball to hit the floor, or any object outside or over the court (except
net), before being legally returned to the opponent’s court.

• A player touches the ball twice in succession. SCORING

• The game is played by the Rally point system and a point is awarded on every serve.

• When the serving team fails to score, it is side out and the receiving team becomes the
serving team.

• The game is played to 25 points, “win by 2.” With a cap of 30.

• A match consists of normally either 2 out of 3 sets or 3 out of 5 sets. In the event that
the sets are tied with only one set remaining, the last one is played to 15 points.

BASIC POSITIONS

• Power – blocks and attacks on the outside

• Middle – blocks and attacks in the middle

• Setter – sets the ball

• Libero – a back-row-only player that is a defensive specialist

 Officiating Officials

Volleyball officials that make up the officiating crew are first referee, second referee,
scorekeeper, assistant scorer, and line judges.

The first referee is in charge from the beginning of the match until the end.

The first referee has authority over all other members of the officiating crew.

The first referee should talk to all the officiating crew members before the match starts,
going over any questions officials might have about their responsibilities. 

The first referee should have a talk with the second referee before the match starts
discussing issues such as pre-match protocol and anything that will help the match run
more smoothly.

The second referee should establish a rapport with the scorekeeper and libero tracker. If

the scorer and libero tracker have a problem or don't understand something, they should
be comfortable enough to ask the second referee for help.

Scorekeeper - Volleyball officials

The scorekeeper's main job is to make sure the score is correct at all times. The
scorekeeper uses a score sheet to keep track of the game.

If there is a difference between the score on the score sheet and the visual score (flip score,
electronic scoreboard, etc.) the visual score should be changed to match the score on the
score sheet unless the mistake on the score sheet can be determined and corrected.

One of the referees should check the accuracy of the score sheet at the end of each set.

Scorekeeper

Pre-match,

Before the match starts, the scorekeeper should fill in the pre-match info – team names,
starting line ups, etc.

During the match,

Records points when they are scored

Watches the servers and indicates immediately to the referees when a server has served
out of order. It's also good preventive officiating to watch teams rotation in case assistance
is needed for the second referee to determine the correct team alignment.

 Records player substitutions and team timeouts

 Records any sanctions
 Records all other events as instructed by the referees
 Records the final result of the set

In the case of a protest, after the first referee gives authorization, the scorekeeper lets the
game captain write a statement for protest on the score sheet.

After the match,

 Records the final result of the match

 Signs the score sheet

Assistant Scorer - Volleyball officials

The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the scorer's table next to the scorekeeper.

The assistant scorer's main function is to record libero replacements on to a libero tracking
sheet.
Assistant Scorer

 Notifies any fault with libero replacements

 Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorer's table
 Checks the score on the scoreboard with the score on the scoresheet

Line Judges - Volleyball officials

If only two line judges are used, they stand at the corner of the end line that is closest to the
right hand of each referee, diagonally from the corner.

The line judges watch the endline and sideline of their respective corners.

For FIVB and Official Competitions, four line judges are used. Each line judge stands in the
free zone 1 to 3 meters, lined up with the imaginary extension of their respective line.

Line judge's main responsibility is to make signals to help out the referees in making
judgment calls.

Line judges may be instructed to use flags to make the signals.

The Line Judges Signal

 Ball "in" and "out" whenever the ball lands near the lines
 Touches of "out" balls by players receiving the ball
 Ball touching the antennae
 A served ball crossing the net outside the crossing space (the space between the
antennae's)
 Any player standing off the court at the moment of service
 Server foot faults

Hand Signals in Volleyball

 MODULE

3
Softball
Think on These!

Activity 3

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. On defense the ball is singled up the middle with a runner on 2b. Where is
the play?
a. Play is to third
b. Play is to 1
c. There is no play
d. Play is home. 2 bases ahead on a base hit
2. Runner on 3rd base with less than 2 outs, the batter hits a ground ball to first
base. How should the first baseman play it?
a. Field the ground ball and go step on first base.
b. Field the ground ball, check the runner, then go step on first base.
c. Field the ground ball, turn and flip the ball to the second baseman
covering first base.
d. Field the ground ball, run down the line and tag the batter out while
keeping on eye on the runner at third base.
3. A batter swings and hits the ball. After laying down the bat and running to
first, the ball hits the bat in fair territory. What is the call on this play?
a. The ball remains live, but the batter is out for hitting the ball a second
time.
b. The ball is ruled foul because a bat lying on the ground in the field is ruled
as part of dead ball territory.
c. Dead ball. The batter is out for hitting the ball a second time.
d. The ball is live. The batter is not out.
4. You are batting with count of 0 balls & 2 strikes. You should
a. look for a pitch to drive.
b. expand the strike zone, shorten swing and protect.
c. lay down a bunt to surprise the defense.
d. move slightly away from the plate and look for an inside pitch to pull.
5. You are playing on the left side of the infield and the other team has runners
on second & third with 1 out. The batter is left-handed and looks to have
good speed. She hits a chopping slow roller that you have to charge hard to
field. Your best option is to
a. just field the ball and hold it. Don't want to make a bad throw to 1st.
b. field the ball and make a strong fake throw to 1st base, and then
immediately check the runner at 3rd in hopes of catching her off the bag
or attempting to go home.
 c. scoop up the ball and make an underhanded throw to 1st base in an
attempt to get the runner out.
d. field the ball and throw to 2nd base.
6. You're on first base and the ball is pitched and goes behind the catcher to the
backstop, what do you do?
a. Run to third base
b. stay at first base
c. help the catcher find the ball
d. run to second base and round it
7. How many outs till you switch from offense to defense?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
8. When a player crosses home plate, after you hit the ball, and scores a run
then you've just received a/an
a. Chocolate chip cookie
b. RBI
c. Standing ovation
d. Detention
9. You're up to bat, and the count is 3 balls and 0 strikes. What do you do?
a. Hit a grounder to the outfield
b. Hit a pop fly to the outfield
c. Don't swing at all
d. That count isn't even possible
10. Who is the out-Fielder in the middle behind second base?
a. Glen Valenzula
b. Center Field
c. Catcher
d. Right Field
11. The three positions in the outfield are called?
a. middlefield, rightfield, leftfield
b. shortfield, longfield, middlefield
c. leftfield, centerfield, rightfield
d. narrowfield, widefield, longfield
12. You are batting with count of 0 balls & 2 strikes. You should:
a. Look for a pitch to drive.
b. Expand the strike zone, shorten swing and protect.
c. Lay down a bunt to surprise the defense.
d. Move slightly away from the plate and look for an inside pitch to pull.
13. You are a runner on third base with less than 2 outs. Your teammate hits a
deep fly ball to center field. You should
a. immediately run for home plate.
b. go about half way home and wait to see if ball is caught or missed.
c. immediately get back to base to tag up when ball is caught.
d. take 2 steps off 3rd and watch the ball.
14. You are on base with two outs. Your teammate hits a ball into the air. You
should
a. wait and see if the ball is caught before advancing to the next base
b. go back to your base and tag up
c. run as soon as the ball is hit
d. stay at your base
15. How many balls rather then strikes does it take to get to first base for free?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
16. Which is the only defensive player in softball to begin the game in foul
territory?
a. Pitcher
b. Short Stop
c. Catcher
d. Centerfielder
17. In softball, a                 means a fielder has secured the ball with their hands or
glove.
a. double
b. catch
c. error
d. assist
18. A batter is credited with a                                when they reach first base safely
on a hit without aid of an error, or by way of a fielder’s choice, or force play at
another base.
a. altered bat
b. force play
c. dead ball
d. base hit
19. Each batting team gets                 outs before their offensive turn is up and they
have to go back out to the field and play defense.
a. 3
b. 4
 c. 5
d. 6
20. What is the equipment that is needed for playing softball?
a. Bat
b. Ball
c. Glove or Mitt
d. All of the above.

Analysis

Direction: Answer comprehensively and intelligently.

1. Opponent is in the batter's box and you are ahead in the count 0-2. The next pitch
should be a changeup in hopes they will take it for strike 3, or swing & miss.
a. True
b. False
2. In softball two runners may occupy the same base.
a. True
b. False
3. A right fielder is located in the outfield behind the first baseman.
a. True
b. False
4. In softball a runner hit by a batted ball is out unless they are standing on a base
when they get hit.
a. True
b. False
5. If the batter bunts the ball and it hits the grass lip in foul territory then rolls fair, is it
fair or foul?
a. Fair
b. Foul

6-10. List 5 positions in softball.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Short History of Softball

 George Hancock was the inventor.

An American planter and lawyer from

Virginia.

He represented Virginia as a Federalist in the

U.S. House from 1793 to 1797.

Born: June 13, 1754

Died: July 18, 1820

Short History of Soft Ball

 Originated in Chicago on Thanksgiving Day, 1887

 In 1889. Hancock published his first set of indoor-outdoor rules
 In 1933 during the depression the world championships were held. Governed by
the Amateur Softball Association of America, the first champions for both the
women and the men were from Chicago.
 Men had gathered in the gymnasium of the Farragut Boat Club in order to hear the
outcome of the Harvard-Yale football game.

Terminologies in Softball

• Ball - A pitch outside of the strike zone which the batter lets pass. If the batter
accumulates four balls before she accumulates three strikes, she receives a walk.

• Bat - The long metal or wooden stick used by the batter to swing at pitches.
Different leagues have different restrictions regarding bat weight, size, and material.

• Batter - The offensive player who swings at the pitches and at tempts to reach base
by hitting a ball into fair play or accumulating enough balls for a walk.

• Bunt- A legally tapped ball not swung at but intentionally met

with the bat and tapped slowly within the infield.

• Double - A ball hit hard enough to allow the batter to make it

safely to second base.

• Double Play - When the defense records two outs in the same
play.
• Fielder's Choice - When a player reaches base by virtue of another base runner
being thrown out.

• Foul Ball - A ball that lands outside of the foul lines that run from home plate along
first and third and extend outward indefinitely.

• Glove - A leather mitt worn by defensive players to aid in catching the softball

• Hit by Pitch - When a batter is hit by a pitch, she automatically proceeds to first
base.

• Home Run - When a batter hits the ball so well she runs through all four bases
before the ball is fielded.

• Inning - A round of a softball game when both teams have had the chance to bat.
Depending on the league, softball games generally consist of 6, 7, or 9 innings.

• Passed Ball - When a catcher fails to field a pitch properly, allowing the runners to
advance along the base paths.

• Base - There are four bases (first, second, third, home - at times also referred to as
'home plate') on the field that a softball player must traverse in order to score a run.
When touching a base, a softball player cannot be tagged out.

• Bases Loaded - When all three bases are occupied by runners.

• Catcher - The defensive player behind home plate who catches the ball thrown by
the pitcher. She may also catch balls thrown toward home plate.

• Out - A call made by the umpire when either a batter strikes out, is tagged out, flies
out, or is forced out. Each defense must record three outs before they can bat. Out
can be made through catching a ball that was hit, when a pitcher strikes out a batter,
or when a defensive player tags out a runner who is not on a base

• Run - The act of scoring in softball. Each time a base runner reaches home plate, she
has scored a run and accumulated one point for her team

• Pitch - The act by the pitcher of throwing the ball toward the catcher, giving the
batter a chance to either swing or not swing at the ball.

• Pitcher - The defensive player who throws the ball to the catcher.

• Strike Out- Occurs during an at-bat when a batter accumulates three strikes, at
which point the at-bat ends and the player is called out.

• Stolen base- A play during which a runner advances a base when the pitcher
releases the pitch.

• Safe- Called when a base runner reaches a base without getting tagged out or avoids
a force out.
• Walk- Player advances to 1st base when 4 consecutive pitches were called as balls.

• Strike- Term used when a ball is swung at and missed or is called when the ball
enters the strike zone and is not swung at all.

• Strike Zone- The area above home plate between a batter’s knees and her armpit.

• Triple Play - A play during which the defense records three outs

Field positioning

The diagram overleaf represents where players should stand for each
fielding position. However as players' skill and confidence progress, they will
become more aware of the cues available to them during the game which may
impact on where they stand.

Infield

The infield is the first line of defense behind the pitcher and will generally make
more defensive plays than the outfield. Key positions that make up the infield
include the:

 Pitcher
 Catcher
 1st Base
 2nd Base
 Third base and Shortstop

Infield players are responsible for fielding ground balls, catching fly balls, throwing
to various bases, covering bases, backing up and tagging runners. Whilst it is
important for all players to develop the basic fundamentals in any position to be
successful, there are usually four common qualities that characterize a good
infielder. These include the ability to be alert on every pitch thrown and make the
right play, an eagerness or aggressiveness to go after the ball rather than waiting for
it to come to them, good reflexes and the ability to move quickly in all directions and
no fear of hard hit balls or oncoming base runners.

Outfield

The outfield is sometimes considered less demanding than the infield;

however a strong defensive outfield will execute important outs, and like the infield,
will make a valuable contribution to the game. Key positions in the outfield include:

Left Field
Centre Field; and Right Field

Outfield players are responsible for catching fly balls, fielding ground balls,
throwing to infielders at various bases including home plate, covering bases from
time to time and backing up. Whilst it is important for all players to develop the
basic fundamentals in any position to be successful, there are usually three common
qualities that characterize a good outfielder. These include the ability to position
themselves properly for different batters and different situations, react to the batted
ball quickly and possess a strong accurate throw.

Equipments used in Softball

A number of equipment is required for playing softball. A helmet, chest

protector, and shin guards are the main equipment required for safety and to play
softball, we require a ball, a bat, gloves, and uniforms.

Bat

The batsmen use bat to hit the ball and

score runs for team. The bat is made up of wood,
aluminum or from metals. The shape of the bat is
like a cylinder and its diameter is 6 inches. The
length of the bat varies but it cannot be greater
than 86 cm.
The diameter of the barrel is 2¼ inches.
Normally, players prefer smaller barrel bat
because they can swing the bat easily. Bats having
smaller barrel also reduces weight. The weight of
the bat is 1.2 kilograms.

Ball

As the name of the sport is softball, a ball is the

centre of the game. But despite its name, the ball which
is used is not soft. Softball is derived from the famous
American sport baseball which is mainly played by men.
But softball is meant for women. As this sport is mainly
dominated by women, the name of the game is softball.

Gloves

In American Softball Association, the size of the

gloves cannot exceed 36 centimeters. In softball matches,
all defensive players wear fielding gloves. But there are
normally different sizes of gloves available for players at different positions on the
field.

Uniform

To increase bond among a players in a team,

uniforms are provided. Each team wears different
uniforms. Uniforms include helmets, head bands, visors,
caps, shoes, shocks, shirt and pant, tight sliding
undershorts etc.

For female players, uniforms like headbands and

caps are optional. These are mandatory for male players
but those who wear a helmet are not required to wear
headbands or caps.
Playing Field of Softball

Officiating Officials

Home Plate Umpires

 Softball officials are known as umpires, and each has a different
responsibility depending on where he covers the field. The umpires must ensure the
rules of the game are followed, and there is a decisive winner and loser based on fair
play and accurate calls based upon what happens in the game.

Umpires working home plate in a softball game have the most responsibility
of any umpire on the field. They must call every pitch a ball, strike or foul within a
strike zone which varies from batter to batter. This requires the umpire to pay close
attention to each pitch and the number of balls and strikes with each batter, as well
as how the pitcher pitches the ball and whether he is doing it legally or not. They
must also pay attention to other rules pertaining to batters and catchers, for
example, making sure batters stay within the batter's box when they are hitting,
catchers don't interfere with a batter's swing and batters don't interfere with a
catcher trying to throw base runners out. The home plate umpire must also call base
runners out or safe at home plate, which are also often game-deciding calls.

Base Umpires

Umpires are also assigned to watch each base, from first to third. These
umpires have a number of duties each inning, which entail watching each base and
deciding whether runners are safe or out on plays at that base. First base umpires
usually have the most challenging job of the three, as many close plays are made at
first base. They must watch the base to see if the runner beat an attempted out and
is safe, or if the throw beat them and they are out. These umpires must also watch
base runners who are stealing bases and determine if they were tagged out, picked
off, or if they made it to the bag before the tag was made. These umpires must also
watch the pitcher, to see if they are pitching illegally.

Line Umpires

While these umpires are not always needed in smaller league games, they are
often hired to simply watch balls hit down the lines of the outfield and decide
whether the ball is fair or foul. If the ball lands on or inside the white line, it is fair. If
it lands outside the white line, it is foul. These umpires also have the final call on
whether home runs bounced off the top of the wall are fair or not.

Hand Signals in Softball

 MODULE

4
Soccer
Think on These!

Activity 4

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. In soccer a(n)                    is awarded the opposing team when a player last
touches the ball over his own goal line.

a. goal kick
b. corner kick
c. direct free kick
d. indirect free kick
2. In soccer, who is the only player that is allowed to use their hands in the field
of play?
a. Forward
b. Defender
c. Goalie
d. Midfielder
3. What happens when the ball goes over the side lines?
a. Throw In
b. Corner Kick
c. Goal Kick
d. Drop Ball
4. Who is the only player on the field who can touch the ball with their hands
during play in soccer?
a. goalie
b. midfielder
c. referee
d. coach
5. In soccer, a goal is worth how many points?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
6. The basic skill of advancing and controlling the ball close to your feet while
running.
a. Direct Free Kick
b. Pass
c. Dribbling
d. All of the above
7. When passing in soccer, what part of the foot makes contact with the ball?
a. Toe
b. Instep
c. Shoelaces
d. Heel
8. Which of the following is NOT considered a foul in soccer?
a. Tripping
b. High Kicking
c. Hand Ball
 d. Charging the goal keeper
9. During the kick-off, the defending team must be                yds. away from
the ball.
a. 10
b. 5
c. 20
d. 15
10. Because soccer is often played between players and fans who may not speak
each other’s language, these are often used for fouls.
a. Penalties
b. Goal Kicks
c. Goals
d. Cards
11. How many players are on the field for one team?
a. 10
b. 11
c. 12
d. 9
12. When the ball goes out of bounds over the sideline what do you do to bring
the ball back into play?
a. Kick-Off
b. Throw-In
c. Corner kick
d. Goal
13. What statement describes a proper throw-in?
a. You must throw underhand using both hands, feet don't matter
b. Both hands must be on the ball behind the head, both feet on ground
c. You can throw with one hand, but both feet must be on ground
d. Both hands must be on the ball, you can jump or stand while throwing
14. As a general rule, where should you pass the soccer ball in relation to your
teammate?
a. At their midsection
b. Behind them
c. In front of them
d. Anywhere
15. The offense kicks the ball, a defensive player steps in, reaches out and stops
the ball with their forearm. What is the call?
a. interference
b. arm ball
c. good defense
d. hand ball
16. Who are the only two players in the box during a penalty kick?
a. the midfielder and forward
b. the striker and forward
 c. the midfielder and defender
d. the penalty taker and the defending team's goalkeeper
17. Each soccer team consists of a goalkeeper,                                      
a. defenders, midfielders and centers.
b. defenders, centers and guards.
c. defenders, midfielders, and forwards.
d. defenders, forwards and centers.
18. Each soccer team consists of a goalkeeper,                                      
a. defenders, midfielders and centers.
b. defenders, centers and guards.
c. defenders, midfielders, and forwards.
d. defenders, forwards and centers.
19. In which United States city were the first organized games of soccer believed
to have been played?
a. New Orleans
b. New York City
c. Boston
d. Philadelphia
20. Why should you NOT use your toe to perform a kick?
a. You could hurt your toe.
b. This is wrong, you should always use your toe to kick.
c. The toe does not give you much accuracy.
d. Both A and C.

Analysis

Direction: Answer comprehensively and intelligently.

1. What are the directions of soccer in the history of world sports? Cite some
important events that helped shape the sport known today.

2. Why is soccer considered as the most engaging sports in all-kinds? Explain.

Short History of Soccer

The sport can be traced all the way back to the Romans and Greeks. Both
civilizations were known for playing ball with their feet, and the game is mentioned
even in the 215-150 AD. However, those games are more similar to what we know
today as rugby, but the FIFA (Fédération International de Football Association)
acknowledges these records as origins to the beloved game of today. The most
common name used for this popular sport around the world is Football, although in
the United States they call it Soccer.

Throughout history we can find various forms of football, and all of them
have influenced the sport as we know it nowadays. Originally, it was a peasant
game, and a very popular one for what is worth it, and there was not much
equipment required to play: something to act as a goal, a ball and a bunch of young
people willing to have a good time. What we know today as soccer is an idea that
originated in English public schools in the 19th century.

The expansion of the British Empire leads to an increased popularity of the

game. The Football League, the first League formed in the world in the year of 1888,
was formed in England. However, the different types of football all have elements in
common, regardless of the club and country is being played at. The common
grounds are, first that there are two teams with 11 to 18 players; second there’s a
clearly defined field in which these players play. Third, scoring is the action of
getting the ball into the goal area on the side of the field. And last, the ball is moved,
of course with the players’ foot, by kicking it repeatedly.

Football was being played all over England in various forms, but it was the
school system that organized the sport that we now know and love. Is thanks to the
found literature from the school system and the people whom attended these
schools, that today we can see the evolution of the sport. It was in the late
18th century when they began to codify the game, creating the offside rule, one that
has changed overtime and generations, but still holds the same principal idea
regardless. Little by little schools started taking the sport, as it was a way to keep
boys fit and in shape as well as to regulate and encourage a healthy competition
between them. The structured format and set of rules allowed schools to compete
against other schools in the area and guide themselves by the same rules and norms.

The sport grew in popularity, of course, and so did football clubs and
foundations. And with that, the professional competition came along, allowing
people to compete against each other and test their skills on a much larger scale. As
the sport grew, rules and landmarks were set, in 1891 the penalty kick was first
introduced. But it wasn’t until the 1970 that the yellow and red card were
implemented.
 Basic Skills in Soccer

1. Passing

This has to be the most important soccer skill you need to know. The simple
truth here is that if you don't know how to pass the ball, then you really don't know
how to play soccer. There's no other way to say it. You may only need a few minutes
to learn how to pass a ball, but to really become great you need hours of practice!

2. Receiving a Ball

This is probably the second most important thing in soccer, after passing a
ball. If you don't know how to receive a ball, you don't know how to play soccer.
Every time you receive a pass from a teammate you need to know what to do with
the ball. If it takes you 5 minutes to get control on it then you can be pretty sure that
your teammates will not either pass the ball so often to you.

3. Trapping

This is the third important skill you need to know as soccer player.
However, trapping a ball is not the same as receiving it. When receiving a ball you
will generally be in movement and when trapping a ball you will often stand still.

4. Dribbling

If you don't know how to dribble then chances of getting around your

opponent are pretty small. Remember, dribbling is not the same as being able to
perform cool tricks with the ball. If you can't use a trick in a real soccer game then
ask yourself what is the point of practicing on it? Isn't it better to use your time
to improve other soccer skills that you will be able to use in a real soccer game?

5. Shooting

If you want to score goals then you will also need to know how to shoot. If
don't, then scoring a goal will be pretty hard. However, shooting is not just about
hitting the ball with enormous power. You have to be able to hit the goal properly -
precision has to be in the equation, which is the 6th skill you need to master.
6. Precision

As I told you earlier in this article, passing the ball is the most important skill
you need to know. But what about precision? I mean, if your passes never find the
right address then what is the point of passing the ball when you really think about
it?

Equipments used in Soccer

The Soccer Ball

The soccer ball is spherical (round) and made of leather. For

FIFA soccer, the ball must have a circumference of 27 to 28 inches
and weigh between 14 and 16 ounces. However, there are other
sizes that are used for different ages of kid's competition.

 Size 3 - this is generally the smallest ball and is used

for players under 8 years old. Its circumference is 23-
24 inches.
 Size 4 - Used for players 8 to 12 years old. It has a 25
to 26 inch circumference.
 Size 5 - This is the standard sized ball (27 - 28 inches) and is usually
used for players older than 12.

Uniforms and Kit

The uniforms for soccer players consist of a jersey and

shorts. Players on the same team wear the same colored
uniforms generally with a number and name on the back of
the jersey. The goalkeepers wear a uniquely colored jersey
so they will stand out to referees during play. When you
take everything that soccer players wear together, it's
called the "kit". The kit includes the jersey, shorts, socks,
cleats and shoes, and shin guards. Goalkeepers often wear
gloves as well.

Shin Guards

Shin guards, or shin pads, are required. They help

protect the front of the leg, or shin, from getting injured and
bruised. Shin guards must fit under the socks. Goalies and forwards generally have
the lightest weight shin guards while midfielders and, especially, defensemen wear
heavier, sturdier shin guards. Try to get shin guards that are comfortable and don't
hinder your running too much, but at the same time offer good protection. Even if
they seem really uncomfortable at first, you will get used to them after a while, and
when you get kicked in the shin really hard, you will be glad you have them!

Other Equipment

Rules Players are responsible for wearing equipment that will not endanger
themselves or other players. This includes wearing jewelry or sharp spikes on the
shoes.

Officiating Officials in Soccer

The Referee

The referee is the most important of the four officials on the pitch. Only he
carries a whistle and he uses it to signal the starts and stops of play. Those include
kickoff, half-time, full-time, goals, and fouls. In the event of a foul, the referee can
blow his whistle to award a free kick — or a penalty kick if it happens to occur
inside the penalty area — and penalize the player who committed it. A referee’s first
recourse is usually a stern verbal warning.

But beyond that, the referee can show the player a yellow card and take his
name — this is frequently known as a “booking” because the referee writes the
name down in a little book. A player who receives two yellow cards in a game is sent
off and his team will have to continue with one fewer players on the pitch. Besides
the yellow card, the referee also carries a red card which he can use to punish
especially serious infractions. The red card means an immediate dismissal. The
referee also has the power to dismiss a manager from the sideline.

The Linesmen
There are two linesemen in an officiating crew, each assigned to one half of
the field. As their name indicates, they patrol the length of the touchline between the
halfway line and one goal line. They each carry a brightly-colored flag and use it to
signal when the ball has left the pitch either for a throw-in, a goal kick, or a corner
kick. Linesmen will also wave their flags to catch the referee’s attention if they
believe they have spotted a foul. Finally, it is also the linesman’s responsibility to
signal when an attacking player is in an offside position by raising his flag. In order
to have the best possible view to make that call, the linesman stays level with the
last defender of the team in his half of the field at all times. You can read more about
the offside rule. No matter what, however, a linesman’s call does not take effect
unless the referee blows the whistle.
The Fourth Official
The fourth official, positioned on the touchline between the two opposing
benches has three primary functions. First, he keeps track of all the stoppages
during the game. And, at the end of each half, he informs the players how much time
will be added on to make up for them by flashing a number on a board. The fourth
official is also in charge of verifying substitutions. He checks a substitute’s
equipment before recording the change and posting the numbers of the players
involved on the board.

Finally, the fourth official is also the managers’ primary liason to the referee.
All too often, they bear the brunt of a manager’s dissatisfaction with the referee’s
decisions.

Hand Signals in Soccer

 Post Test in Fundamentals of Games and Team Sports

Direction(s): Choose the letter of your correct answer. Encircle/Underline your choice.

Multiple Choice(s)

1. The movement of the ball by a player who throws, bats, or rolls the ball to another player
is:

a. A rebound
b. A dribble
c. A pass
d. A pivot
2. The                 attempts to prevent the opposing team from scoring a basket.
 a. Substitution
b. Offense
c. Defense
d. Refs
3. Walking with the ball is called what?

a. Defense
b. Offense
c. Traveling
d. Pivot
4. Which shot has the highest percentage of going in the basket?

a. 3 point shot
b. lay-up
c. half-court
d. free throw
5. How many points is a basket worth if shot from the 3-point line or further?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
6. The recovery of a basketball shot that bounces off a rim

a. box out
b. dribble
c. foul
d. rebound
7. The defensive strategy where everyone guards an area instead of a player is called

a. man-to-man
b. offense
c. zone
d. pivoting
8. Who controls the offense?

a. Center
b. Shooting guard
c. Forward
d. Point guard
9. Impeding the progress of an opponent by extending one or both arms horizontally is
called?

a. Charging
b. Blocking
c. Holding
d. Screening
10. Which position on the court usually controls the offense?

a. Center
b. Shooting guard
c. Forward
d. Point guard
11. The number of players in a basketball match is...

a. 11 v 11
b. 12 v 12
c. 7 v 7
d. 5 v 5
12. A defense strategy where everyone guards an area instead of a player...

a. man-to-man
b. offense
c. zone defense
d. pivoting
13. The standard height of the basketball goal is                 feet.
a. 7
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
14. What is a foul?
a. To push someone
b. To kick or slap someone
c. To trip someone
d. All of the above

15. Basketball was invented in what state?

a. New York
b. Massachusetts
c. North Carolina
d. South Carolina
16. What is the purpose of the defensive stance?

a. to help steal the ball

b. to be able to keep up with opponent
c. to block pass
d. all of the above
17. An opponent has their arms up on defense. What type of pass should the offensive
player should use?

a. two handed overhead pass

 b. chest pass
c. lob pass
d. bounce pass
18. Who invented the game of basketball?

a. Dixie Croes
b. Adison Kaz
c. James Naismith
d. Jordon P. Olswald
19. The most important factor which is essential for effective dribbling is to?

a. keep the eyes on the ball

b. go as fast as possible
c. bounce the ball waist high
d. maintain control
20. In what year was the game of basketball invented?
a. 1765
b. 1901
c. 1867
d. 1891
21. What is the servers' primary responsibility?

a. to direct the ball to the back corners of the court

b. to direct the ball to the weakest player on the receiving team
c. to get the ball over the net and within the court
d. to hit a serve that has great velocity
22. A ball that hits the net on a serve and lands in on the opponents side is considered a(n):

a. Fault
b. Side Out
c. Ace
d. Dead Ball
23. Each team may hit the ball only                 times:

a. 2
b. 3
c. 1
d. 6
24. Which one of the following is not considered a hit?

a. A spike
b. A block
c. A volley
d. A forearm pass
25.In order to win a game of volleyball, a team must score

a. 25 win by 2
 b. 21
c. 25
d. 21 win by 2
26. In volleyball this is a hard hit aimed into the opponents court.

a. dig
b. set
c. attack (spike)
d. block
27. The serving team rotates                  .

a. Clockwise
b. Counter clockwise
c. Randomly
d. Clockwise then counter-clockwise
28. When does the team rotate?

a. at the end of a game

b. when you win the serve
c. when you lose the ball
d. when you hit it out
29. The top of the volleyball net is                feet high

a. 8 feet
b. 9 feet
c. 5 feet
d. 6 feet

30. In volleyball this occurs when one or more players at the net reach higher than the top
of the net and deflect the ball coming from the opponent.

a. dig
b. set
c. block
d. bump
31. The game of volleyball is played to what number?

a. 25
b. 22
c. 26
d. 15
32. When utilizing a three hit play on offense the first hit when the ball comes over the net
should be:

a. a spike to the back corners

b. a dig over the net
 c. a pass to the setter
d. a back set
33. In volleyball                 lines are on both sides of the net (ten feet from the net and
separate the front zone from the back zone).

a. far
b. attack
c. near
d. end
34. A player may hit the ball how many times

a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 1
35. What's the size of a normal volleyball court?

a. 20' by 50'
b. 35' by 65'
c. 25' by 55'
d. 30' by 60'
36. A serve that is not returnable, AND results in a point is considered a(n):

a. Spike
b. Ace
c. Set
d. Fault

37. Volleyball was invented in which country?

a. France
b. United States
c. Germany
d. Japan
38. In softball a(n)                 is a hit in which the batter safely reches second base.

a. single
b. double
c. triple
d. out
39. In fast-pitch softball, how many times can a batter foul off pitches before they are called
out?

a. once
b. twice
c. unlimited foul balls
 d. no foul balls are allowed
40. How are runs scored in a softball game?

a. when a player reaches first base

b. whenever a player makes it around all four bases
c. when they get three stike outs
d. when they hit the ball
41. A                 means a fielder has secured the ball with their hands or glove.

a. double
b. catch
c. error
d. assist
42. With two outs and you are a runner on any of the bases and a ball is hit into the air, you
as the runner should                                                                    .

a. wait and see if the ball is caught before advancing to the next base
b. go back to your base and tag up
c. run as soon as the ball is hit
d. stay at your base
43. What is the position called between 2nd and 3rd base?

a. utility
b. second baseman
c. rover
d. shortstop
44. In softball a batter is credited with a                                when they reach first base
safely on a hit without aid of an error, or by way of a fielders choice, or force play at
another base.

a. altered bat
b. force play
c. dead ball
d. base hit
45. In slow-pitch softball each batting team gets                 outs before their offensive turn
is up and they have to go back out to the field and play defense.

a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
46. On a force out at second base the defensive player can:

a. tag the runner

b. tag second base
c. neither is correct
 d. a and b can be done
47. What player stands on second base to begin play?

a. no one stands on the bag

b. second baseman
c. shortstop
d. coach
48. RBI stands for _____________.

a. Root Beer Investment

b. Runs Batted In
c. Red Bull Inkpen
d. Red Blue Igloo
49.  You're batting with 0 outs, and you have a teammate at 2nd base. Your primary focus
as a hitter is:

a. Look for a pitch to drive and get a hit.

b. Look for a pitch to hit to the right side of the infield.
c. Look for a pitch to hit to the left side of the infield.
d. Try to hit fly ball to the outfield.
50. Who is the only defensive player who does not start in fair territory?

a. pitcher
b. catcher
c. first baseman
d. third baseman

51. What is the name of the position that is in the middle of the infield and throws the ball
every time to the catcher?

a. Pitcher
b. Second Base
c. Parent Teacher Conference
d. Frist Base

52. What is the distance between bases?

a. 45 ft
b. 50 ft
c. 55 ft
d. 65 ft
53. When every base has a player on it is called?

a. Go Padre's
b. The Bases are loaded
c. Albert Poulus
d. The Cowboys are horrible

54. How many fouls until you are out?

a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d. there are unlimited fouls

55. Where does the right fielder stand?

a. behind the first and second baseman

b. behind the shortstop and third baseman
c. behind second base
d. in the dugout

56. What is the position that plays neat first base and is also know as number 3.

a. Third Base
b. Short-Stop
c. First Base
d. Jenny Finch

57. There are how many players on defense at one time?

a. 12
b. 9
c. 15
d. 13
58. In kickball a                                occurs when a runner is forced to advance to the
next base because the kicker becomes a runner.

a. dead ball
b. fake tag
c. force play
d. foul ball
59. In slowpitch softball a tightly contested game will be played to at
least                 innings.
 a. 7
b. 8
c. 9
d. 10
60. What is the position called between 2nd and 3rd base?

a. utility
b. second baseman
c. rover
d. shortstop
61. What statement describes a proper throw-in?

a. You must throw underhand using both hands, feet don't matter
b. Both hands must be on the ball behind the head, both feet on ground
c. You can throw with one hand, but both feet must be on ground
d. Both hands must be on the ball, you can jump or stand while throwing
62. How is a game of soccer started?

a. Penalty Kick
b. Goal
c. Kick-off
d. Throw-In
63. The offense kicks the ball, a defensive player steps in, reaches out and stops the ball
with their forearm. What is the call?

a. interference
b. arm ball
c. good defense
d. hand ball
64. With what part of the foot are you supposed to kick the soccer ball?

a. Sole/Bottom of foot
b. Heel
c. Toe
d. Shoelaces/Top of foot
65. An official soccer game consists of two                 halves with a ten to fifteen minute
halftime.

a. 15
b. 25
c. 35
d. 45
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