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ẋ = a(x) + b(x)u
Σ:
y = c(x)
for all solutions (u(·), x(·), y(·)) and all time instants t1 ≤ t2 .
∂T H
∂x (x)a(x) ≤ 0
c(x) = bT (x) ∂H
∂x (x)
A linear system
ẋ = Ax + Bu
y = Cx
with equilibrium x∗ = 0 is passive if there exists a quadratic storage
function H(x) = 12 xT Qx with Q = QT ≥ 0 satisfying the LMIs
AT Q + QA ≤ 0, C = BT Q
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 5
ẋ = (J − R)Qx + Bu
y = B T Qx,
with respect to the Hamiltonian H(x) = 21 xT Qx.
The matrix J = −J T specifies the internal interconnection
structure of the system.
The matrix R = RT ≥ 0 specifies the energy-dissipation (due to
dampers, viscosity, resistors, etc.). In the lossless case R = 0.
ẋ = J(x) ∂H
∂x (x) + g(x)u
y = g T (x) ∂H
∂x (x)
ẋ = [J(x) − R(x)] ∂H
∂x (x) + g(x)u
y = g T (x) ∂H
∂x (x)
d ∂T H ∂H
H=− (x)R(x) (x) − uT y
dt ∂x ∂x
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 8
∂H
q̇ 0 1 0 ∂q 0
ṗ = −1 0
∂H + 0 V, ∂H
0 ∂p I= (q, p, φ)
∂ϕ
ϕ̇ 0 0 − R1 ∂H
∂ϕ 1
Coupling electrical and mechanical domain via the Hamiltonian H .
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 10
AT (q)q̇ = 0.
∂H
q̇ = ∂p (q, p)
ṗ = − ∂H
∂q (q, p) + A(q)λ + B(q)u
0 = AT (q) ∂H
∂p (q, p)
y = B T (q) ∂H
∂p (q, p)
u1 y2
y1 u2
a b
Figure 1: Transmission line
C = I1 ω1 + I2 ω2 + I3 ω3
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 15
∂H
ẋ = J(x) (x)
∂x
one may search for a special type of conserved quantities C , called
Casimirs, as being solutions of
∂T C
(x)J(x) = 0
∂x
d
Then dt C = 0 for every H , and H + C are candidate Lyapunov
functions.
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 16
ẋ = J(x) ∂H
∂x (x) + g(x)u
y = g T (x) ∂H
∂x (x)
ξ˙ = Jc (ξ) ∂H
∂ξ (ξ) + gc (ξ)uc ,
c
ξ ∈ Xc
C:
yc = g T (ξ) ∂H
∂ξ (ξ)
c
u = −yc , uc = y
u y
P
C
yc uc
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 18
such that
V (x, ξ) := H(x) + Hc (ξ) + C(x, ξ)
1 2
H(q, p) = p + (1 − cos q)
2
actuated by a torque u, with output y = p (angular velocity).
Suppose we wish to stabilize the pendulum at a non-zero angle q ∗
and p∗ = 0.
Apply the nonlinear integral control
ξ˙ = y = p
u = −yc = − ∂H
∂ξ (ξ)
c
∂K ∗
sin q ∗ + ∂z (q − ξ∗) = 0
∂Hc ∗
− ∂K ∗
∂z (q − ξ ) +
∗
∂ξ (ξ ) =0
Minimum condition
∂2K ∗ ∂2K ∗
cos q + ∂z 2 (q − ξ ∗ )
∗
0 − ∂z 2 (q − ξ∗)
0 1 0 >0
∂2K ∗ ∂2K ∗ ∂ 2 Hc ∗
− ∂z 2 (q − ξ ∗ ) 0 ∂z 2 (q
∗
−ξ )+ ∂ξ 2 (ξ )
with h(z, t) the height of the water at position z , and v(z, t) its
velocity (and g the gravitational constant).
By recognizing the total energy
b b
1 2
Z Z
H(h, v) = Hdz = [hv + gh2 ]dz
a a 2
∂h ∂ ∂H
∂t (z, t) = − ∂z ∂v (h, v)
∂v ∂ ∂H
∂t (z, t) = − ∂z ∂h (h, v)
hv|a,b
−( 21 v 2 + gh)|a,b ,
ξ˙ = uc
∂Hc
yc = ∂ξ ( = gh∗ )
By mass balance,
Z b
h(z, t)dz + ξ + c
a
1
Rb Rb
V (h, v, ξ) := 2 a
2 2
[hv + gh ]dz + gh ξ − gh ( ∗ ∗
a
h(z, t)dz + ξ) + 12 g(b − a)(h∗ )2
1
Rb 2 ∗ 2
= 2 a
[hv + g(h − h ) ]dz
By construction
∂H
ẋ (x)
= [Jaug − Raug ] ∂x
∂Hc
ξ̇ ∂ξ (ξ)
J −R −g
=
[g − 2RK]T K T JK − K T RK
ẋ = [J(x) − R(x)] ∂H
∂x (x) + g(x)u
y = (g(x) + 2P (x))T ∂H
∂x (x) + [M (x) + S(x)]u,
ξ˙ = uc
∂Hc
yc = ∂ξ (ξ)
ẋ = [J(x) − R(x)] ∂H
∂x (x) + g(x)u
g ⊥ (x)[J(x) − R(x)]K(x) = 0
(In fact, β(x) := −(g T (x)g(x))−1 g T (x)[J(x) − R(x)]K(x) does the job.)
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 34
˜
Let H̃ be a different storage function, then there exist J(x) and
R̃(x) such that
∂H ˜ ∂ H̃
[J(x) − R(x)] (x) = [J(x) − R̃(x)] (x)
∂x ∂x
Hence, the same story as before can be repeated for the new data.
Remark: An effective characterization of the class of possible
storage functions H̃ , together with a characterization of the
˜
achievable Casimirs corresponding to J(x) and R̃(x) seems to be
lacking currently.
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 36
C(x, ξ) = ξj − Gj (x)
It follows that for all time instants
ξj = Gj (x) + cj , cj ∈ R
Suppose that in this way all control state components ξi can be
expressed as function
ξ = G(x)
of the plant state x. Then the dynamic feedback reduces to a
state feedback, and the Lyapunov function H(x) + Hc (ξ) + C(x, ξ)
reduces to the shaped Hamiltonian
H(x) + Hc (G(x))
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 37
∂H ∂Hd
[J(x) − R(x)] (x) + g(x)ûIDA (x) = [Jd (x) − Rd (x)] (x)
∂x ∂x
where Jd and Rd are newly assigned interconnection and damping
structures.
Remark: For mechanical systems IDA-PBC control is equivalent to
the theory of Controlled Lagrangians (Bloch, Leonard, Marsden,
..).
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 38
∂(Hd − H)
[J(x) − R(x)] (x) = g(x)ûBIDA (x)
∂x
and thus in this case, there exists an ûBIDA (x) if and only if
∂(Hd − H)
g ⊥ (x)[J(x) − R(x)] (x) = 0
∂x
which is the same equation as obtained for stabilization by Casimir
generation with a state-modulated nonlinear integral controller !
Conclusion: Basic IDA-PBC ⇔ State-modulated Control by
Interconnection.
For further connections: see the paper.
Beyond passivity: port-Hamiltonian systems, NOLCOS 2007 Pretoria 39
Conclusions
• Unified framework for modeling, analysis, simulation, and
control of nonlinear multi-physics systems.
ẋi = Ji (xi ) ∂H
∂xi (xi ) + gi (xi )ui
i
yi = giT (xi ) ∂H
∂xi (xi ),
i
i = 1, 2
THANK YOU !