Coherence in Discourse

Collected and summaried by Dr. Trần Thị Thanh Diệu and Class: NVA051.
1, Discourse Analysis, SY 2021-2022, BA course 2028-2022
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COHERENCE I N DISCOURSE
(USE COHESIVE DEVICES COHERENTLY)
1. GRAMMATICAL DEVICES
Anaphooric reference = Backward reference = Anaphora
Endophoric reference
1.1. REFERENCE Direction Cataphooric reference = Forward reference = Anaphora
Exophoric reference = outward reference =Exophora
- Pronoun (personal pronoun: I, he, she, it, him, them)

- Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
Grammar caterogies = Referemce items - Article (the)
- Adversatives: (location: here, there,/ temporal: then)
- Comparatives: (adj for indentity and similarity: same, equal, sỉmilar, same, different, ,/adverb: so
such, similarity, otherwise, so, more
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Collected and summaried by Dr. Trần Thị Thanh Diệu and Class: NVA051.1, Discourse Analysis, SY 2021-2022, BA course 2028-2022
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1.2. SUBSTITUTION Nominal substitution (one, ones) => Ex: My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one
Verbal substitution (do, does, done) => Ex: A: You think Joan already knows?
B: I think everybody does.
Clausal substitution (so, not) => Ex: Is there going to be an earthquake? - It says so
1.3. ELLIPSIS Nominal Ellipsis => Ex: - Which last longer, the curved rods or the straight rods?
- The straight rods are less likely to break.
Verbal Ellipsis => Ex: I would love to visit New Zealand but I can't afford to visit New Zealand
Clausal Ellipsis => Ex: The horse that was injured in the road accident had to be put down.
1.4. CONJUNCTION Additive conjunction (and, also, moreover, in addition, nor)

Adversative conjunction (but, yet, on the orther hand, however)
Causal conjunction (in consequence, on account of this, for that purpose)
Temporal conjunction (then, next, soon, at the moment, meanwhile)
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2. LEXCIAL DEVICES
Anaphoric noun (p76): refer back to chunks of text

Lexical cohesion: Reiteration (Repetition, Synonymy, Hyponymy, Metonymy, Antonymy, General Word)
Collocation
1.3. Types of WORD MEANING Snake
Meaning a. Denotative Meaning: literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition”. "any of numerous scaly, legless, ..”
b. Connotativve Meaning: the emotional suggestions related to that word evil or danger
SENTENCE MEANING
a. Literal / Linguistic Meaning
b. Non-Literal/ Figurative Meaning (= Figures of Speech):
-Metaphor: (Ẩn dụ) implicit comparison -my boyfriend IS an angel
-Similie: : (So sánh) explicit comparison -my boyfriend IS LIKE a watermelon
-Metonymy: (Hoán dụ) (incl: Synedoche (cải dung)): one word or phrase is -The White House (= Authority)
substituted for another
-Personification: (Nhân hóa) an inanimate object, animal, or -abstraction with -My pencil is lonely and wants to go
human qualities home
-Euphemism: (Uyển ngữ) The substitution of an inoffensive term. -"passed away" = die
-Hyperbole: (Ngoa dụ) exaggerate a point -I'm so hungry I could eat a horse
-Litotes: (Giảm ngữ) Understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by -You finished the exercise so quickly
negating its opposite. -Oh, you think you're so special
-Irony:(Mỉa mai) say something but mean the opposite to what you say
1.4. Meaning 1.4.1. WORD RELATION
Relation = a. Synonym: same meaning, diff pronunciation, diff spelling
Sense b. Antonym: diferent meaning, diff pronunciation, diff spelling
Relation 1. Gradable antonyms: in a continuum up and down
2. Complementary/ binary antonyms: an either/or relationship dead or alive
3. Relational antonyms: relationship between two objects teacher and student, or buy and sell.
c. Incompatability: propositions that cannot both be true at the same time long or short
d. Polysemy: dif meaning, same pronunciation, same spelling. share an etymology
e. Homonym dif meaning, same pronunciation, same spelling . developed from -Bank : 1.a financial institution -
different sources (Homophone: dif meaning, same pronunciation, Homograph: dif 2.'rely upon'
meaning, same spelling) -a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2,
f. Hypernym: includes >< Hyponym: is included fruit: apple, bânna
 Lexis in talk
o Relexrial sation
 Textual aspect of lexical competence
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 Instanitial
 Locabulary and the organizing of text
o Function words
o Empty vs. Full word
o Closed and Open system
 Signaling large textual pattern

o Problem solution pattern
 Problem
 Solution/Result
 Evaluation
Transitional Words
Addition
again equally in fact
also further(more) moreover
and in addition (to...) too
and then indeed what is more
besides next finally
Comparison
compared with similarly again
in comparison with likewise also
in the same way/manner
Contrast
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besides naturally still
but nevertheless whereas
however of course while
in contrast on the contrary yet
instead on the other hand although
conversely regardless despite
it may be the case that granted it is true that
certainly like notwithstanding
also different from
likewise Alternatively
Enumeration
first(ly) secondly etc. last on top of (that)
finally to (begin) with next
in the (first) place more important then
Concession
although it is true that granted that of course
it may appear naturally it may be the case that
regardless it is true that
certainly I admit that
Exemplification
as (evidence of...) such as
for example to show what (I mean)
for instance specifically
thus let us (take the case of...)
to illustrate
Inference
if not, ... otherwise then
in (that) case that implies
Summary/Conclusion
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in all in short on the whole
in brief in conclusion to sum up
to summarise therefore basically
in summary In a nutshell
Time and Sequence
after (a while) before (that time) since (then)
afterwards finally so far
at first in the end then
at last meanwhile (up to) (then)
at (the same time) next later
while immediately somewhat earlier
first , second, third... next shortly
thereafter firstly , secondly, thirdly... over the next (2 days)
concurrently in the future as long as
soon subsequently last
as soon as at that time
Result
accordingly for that reason then
as a result hence therefore
consequently thus the ( consequence ) of that is...
since if...then... ...is due to...
as a consequenceof... ...result(s) in ... brought about by/because...
caused contribute to lead to...
accordingly In consequence
Reformulation
in other words that is (to say)
rather to put it more (simply)
Briefly basically
put simply
Replacement
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again (better) still the alternative is...
alternatively on the other hand
Transition
as far as ... is concerned now with regard to...
as for ... to turn to... Concerning...
incidentally with ( reference) to
Place/Position
above adjacent below
beyond here in front
in the back near there
nearby there closer to
elsewhere far farther on
opposite to to the left to the right
behind
Miscellaneous - Adverbs may be used at the beginning of sentences to show how the sentence which follows relates to the rest of the text. Many of
them reveal the writers attitude to the idea they are expressing and so can be used as an important tool in evaluative writing.
Admittedly Fundamentally Paradoxically
All things considered Generally speaking Potentially
As a general rule Interestingly Predictably
As far as we know Ironically Presumably
Astonishingly In essence Primarily
Broadly In general Probably
By and large In particular Remarkably
Characteristically In practice Seemingly
Clearly In reality Significantly
Coincidentally In retrospect/hindsight Surprisingly
Conveniently In theory Theoretically
Curiously In view of this To all intents and purposes
Disappointingly More interestingly Typically
Equally More seriously Ultimately
Essentially More specifically Understandably
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Explicitly Naturally Undoubtedly
Even so On balance Unfortunately
Eventually Obviously With hindsight
Fortunately On reflection
Overall
 Register and signaling vocabulary

Problem, drawback, snag
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 Modality (p85)
o Epistemic modality: level of modality and possibility
o Root modalities: volition, permission, obligation
SUMMARY OF SPECULATION & SHOULD

Meaning (Ñang xaûy ra taïi moät
Sẽ xảy ra (Future) Đang xảy ra (Continuous) Đã xảy ra (Past) thôøi ñieåm cuï theå trong
Modal quaù khöù) (Past
Be + Ving Continuous)
Infinitive Have + past participle
Have been + Ving
1) Strong obligation - Certain speculation - Certain speculation (past) (+) - Certain speculation about
Must 2) certain speculation(+) (Present : what is happing ) what was happening at a
( certain ) – chắc I’m sure that you + V(pre ) (+) certain time in the past (+)
chắn
Possible speculation (future) - Porsible speculation 1) had ability/apportunity to do but - Porsible speculation
Could It’s porsible that there’ll be ……. (presennt) didn’t : cô hoäi trong quaù khöù (ñaõ ñang xaûy ra taïi moät
( porsidle ) - It’s porsible that something nhöng ñaõ khoâng laøm (nheõ ra thôøi ñieåm cuï theå trong
Có thể is happening toâi ñaõ nhöng khoâng.. /Nheõ ra quaù khöù)
ñaõ xaûy ra nhöngkhoâng
2) Porsible speculation
It was porsible that there would be
Porsible speculation - unlikely to happen - Porsible speculation - Porsible speculation (past) - Porsible speculation
May / Might (presennt) – unhkely to unlikely to happen (a certain time in the past)
(porsible – happen (unlikely to happen)
unlikely ) (ít chaéc chaén hôn)
Có thể nhg k chắc
chắn
Couldn’t Negative Certain speculation (future) (-) - Negative Certain speculation - Negative Certain speculation - Negative certain
Can’t (present) (-) (past) (-) speculation
( imporsible ) (a certain time in the past)
K thể
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1) Advice - Complain (present) - Complain (past) - Complain about what was
Should 2) will probably happen - seõ coù theå (nheõ ra baïn phaûi ñang (say that someone did the wrong happening it a certain time
( Advice ) (xaûy ra) laøm V1 nhöng thöïc teá ñang thing) in the past
( complain ) 3) If S should do (less certain) laøm V2) (nheõ ra baïn ñaõ phaûi ….) (nheõ ra luùc ____ giôø
Lẽ ra bạn nên = If S do = Should S do * Should / shouldd’t baïn ñaõ phaûi ñang
* Ought to / ought not to laøm…)
* Are / aren’t supporsed to
* ‘d rather / ’d rather not -
* ‘d better / ‘d better not
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3. TEXT-ORGANIZATION-PATTERN DEVICES: THEME-RHEME PATTERNS
3.1. Types of theme
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3.2. Theme – Rheme Patterns
1. Linear/ Zigzag pattern
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2. Constant pattern
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3. Derived pattern
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4. Split pattern
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Coherence in Discourse

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Coherence in Discourse

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Collected and summaried by Dr. Trần Thị Thanh Diệu and Class: NVA051.

1, Discourse Analysis, SY 2021-2022, BA course 2028-2022

(USE COHESIVE DEVICES COHERENTLY)

Anaphooric reference = Backward reference = Anaphora

1.1. REFERENCE Direction Cataphooric reference = Forward reference = Anaphora

Exophoric reference = outward reference =Exophora

- Pronoun (personal pronoun: I, he, she, it, him, them)

1.4. CONJUNCTION Additive conjunction (and, also, moreover, in addition, nor)

Anaphoric noun (p76): refer back to chunks of text

 Signaling large textual pattern

 Register and signaling vocabulary

SUMMARY OF SPECULATION & SHOULD

It was porsible that there would be

3.1. Types of theme

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