NAME: Jimenez, Ross John C.

Year-Course-Section: 3-BSMA-A

1. Social Organization
a. Title of the Study

An Ethnography on the Community Based Social Organizations among Jardagaa Jartee

Society of Oromiyaa Regional State of Ethiopia

b. Methodology employed in the study

This paper employed both primary and secondary methods of data collection.
The primary methods are collected via observation, interview, and focus group
discussion. Also, this study used secondary methods of data collection and the
secondary methods were properly acknowledged in the paper. The secondary data
were collected from books, journal and reports of different office of the study area.

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

This paper deals with an ethnography of community based social organizations

among Oromiya regional state of Ethiopia in the case of Jardagaa Jartee society. The
Jaartee society lives in the northeastern part of the country. The Jaartee society is
under clan of the Meccaa Oromo. The leading economic activity of the society is
agriculture and animals’ husbandry. The main objective of the study to understand
community based social organizations among the Jardagaa Jartee society. The
researcher has been employed both primary and secondary methods of data collection.

d. Citation using APA format

Abebe, Z. (2018). An Ethnography on the Community Based Social Organizations

among Jardagaa Jartee Society of Oromiyaa Regional State of Ethiopia. Retrieved from
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/an-ethnography-on-the-community-based-social-
organizations-among-emjardagaa-jarteeem-society-of-oromiyaa-regional-state-of-
ethiopi-2332-0915-1000206.pdf

e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of

sociology?

This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology through it studies social
life of the people in a community or in an organization. It also studies people’s behaviors
in a community based on social organization despite of their ethnographic background
or social group.

2. Social Psychology
a. Title of the Study
Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations

b. Methodology employed in the study

Although there is value in testing the total effect of X on Y, we propose that

overemphasizing the X fi Y relationship before or after controlling for a mediator can
lead to misleading, or even false, conclusions in theory testing. Here we concur with
recent writings on mediation (Hayes, 2009; MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000;
MacKinnon et al., 2002; Shrout & Bolger, 2002; Zhao, Lynch, & Chen, 2010) and also
provide new evidence and arguments to bolster this point. Furthermore, we highlight the
importance of considering suppression effects in mediation analyses in social
psychology. Finally, we suggest that researchers interested in understanding
intervening effects in proposed theoretical models should shift attention to testing the
mediation effect itself and not constrain themselves by placing undue emphasis on the
significance of the X fi Y relationship.

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

First, via simulation, we examined the probability of observing significant indirect

effects even when c is not significant. To do so, we set population values of a and b to .
4 in all conditions, and varied the population value of c (.2, .3, .4, .5, .6) and the sample
size N (25, 50, 100, 200) to span common values found in social psychological
research. We generated 5000 samples per cell in this 5 (c) · 4 (N) design and tested the
significance of the indirect effect using bias-corrected bootstrap 95% confidence
intervals (CIs). As the relative power of the test of c increases, this tendency is reduced
and eventually eliminated. These results suggest that detecting indirect effects in the
absence of a total effect can be quite frequent – nearly half the time – in sample sizes
typical of social psychology research. As our desire to understand processes in social
psychological phenomena has increased, so too has the sophistication of our tools.
Nevertheless, some of the field’s requirements and considerations regarding mediation
analysis seem outdated. Indeed, focusing on the significance of the X fi Y relationship
before or after examining a mediator might be unnecessarily restrictive. We advocate a
consideration of the significance of indirect effects and examination of effect sizes
accompanying those effects in theory building and hypothesis testing.

d. Citation using APA format

Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis
in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x
 e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of
sociology?

This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology because it studies
social influence inside immersive virtual environments and offer preliminary findings on
its utility for social psychology.

3. Social Change and Disorganization

a. Title of the Study

The Influence of Rapid Social Change on Civic Community and Perceptions of Crime
and Disorder

b. Methodology employed in the study

The methodology for the research is qualitative in nature. The research was
conducted in nine communities situated in a Southern Louisiana Parish. Face to face
guided conversations were conducted to acquire individual level data. The sample size
consisted of 156 respondents. The sampling technique used for this current study was
that of snow ball sampling. In this technique key members of the population are
selected and then asked to recommend others for interviewing, and each of the
subsequently interviewed participants are asked for further recommendations which
develops an ever-increasing accumulation of subjects (Babbie 2004). The interview
guide used was an open-ended questionnaire. Open-ended focus interviews were
conducted geared toward constructing social biographies of individuals and their
families who lived with and through the range of effects the impact of oil has had. Data
was explored through the use of “thick descriptions”, letting the respondents speak for
themselves, and summarizing their perceptions through analytic induction. In the course
of this research, respondents were interviewed regarding how their own as well as the
communities’ perception of crime has changed over time. The effect of social change,
due to the emergence of the offshore development, on individual and community fear of
crime was discussed. From interviews with respondents themes emerged which guided
the researcher in the formation of the findings.

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

The findings here illustrate that civic community can mitigate the negative effects
of population inflation on fear of crime. In particular, the findings suggest that civic and
social institutions can help integrate communities experiencing rapid social growth. This
integration allows for long standing community members to form ties with the incoming
labor force. Furthermore, this leads to lowered levels of fear of crime within the
community due to a lessened fear of the stranger. However, all incoming workers were
not integrated into community civic and social institutions equally. White-collar
professionals were much more likely to be incorporated into the community. Their
incorporation was reliant upon trust and reciprocity. The local population saw these
workers as trustworthy individuals. Furthermore, since these workers were forming
stakes in the community, locals believed they had intentions to stay and contribute to
the community for the distant future. These factors lead to white-collar professionals to
be accepted by the local community and properly integrated. Blue-collar non-skilled
workers were not treated in this same manner. One possible reason for this could be
how the local community was organized before the emergence of the oil industry.
Former sociological research has found that groups with high levels of social capital are
often exclusionary to outsiders (Portes 1998). These groups have high levels of bonding
capital and are very critical of newcomers. Many of this study’s respondents described
these coastal Louisiana communities this way. Therefore, these groups were very
critical of all newcomers. This is illustrated by how the white-collar professionals were
also not accepted at first. However, unlike the white-collar professionals, blue-collar
non-skilled laborers were never accepted by the community. Their low level of social
capital in the form of trust and reciprocity did not allow them access or acceptance into
the community. They were further isolated and separated from the community. This in
turn led to lowered levels of trust of this group by the local population and increased fear
of this groups’ criminality. The findings of this study assert the positive nature of
community integration on perceptions of crime and disorder that is somewhat
independent of objective levels of crime. The findings of this study show how civic and
social groups can be utilized by communities experiencing rapid demographic change to
buffer some of the negative impacts, in the case of this paper fear of crime. More
importantly, the findings presented here show how the lack of integration can lead to
various negative effects, such as over inflated perceptions of crime.

d. Citation using APA format

Brown, T. (2011). The Influence of Rapid Social Change on Civic Community and
Perceptions of Crime and Disorder. Retrieved from
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159595063.pdf

e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of

sociology?

This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology since it studies
change in culture and social connections, as well as the resulting disturbance, are
possible. It also investigates the impacts of fast societal change caused by industrial
restructuring.
 4. Population Studies

a. Title of the Study

Predicting the Severity of Disease Progression in COVID-19 at the Individual and

Population Level: A Mathematical Model

b. Methodology employed in the study

A simulated data set of 45 individual subjects was created with 15 subjects

assumed to be asymptomatic, 15 with moderate disease, and 15 with severe COVID-19
[12-57]. The simulated values for the viral and immune parameters were generated
using data from clinical reports published in the last year for each of the selected
parameters. This table provides the ranges and the related references for the values for
all parameters and figure shows the box-and-whisker plots for the distribution of the
values for each parameter. We have applied multiple linear regression approach to the
simulated data set for COVID-19 subjects generated and analyzed to understand the
impact of each of the parameters on the outcome of disease severity. We chose a
multiple regression model since both, the outcomes and predictors, were numeric. We
used regression models to establish a predictive transfer function and evaluated
significance of results.

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

We evaluated multiple approaches to develop mathematical models using

parameters that can predict the progression of disease. Candidate parameters were
selected from mechanistic understanding of the process of pathogenesis of COVID-19
to evaluate their possible impact on the clinical outcome. Regression models utilize data
to build predictive models. Hypotheses are examined and confirmed with pre-
determined statistical confidence and inferential power. These models incorporate all
the experimental variability in the data set. Since the models contained numeric factors
and numeric ordinal outcomes, we utilized methods of Multiple Linear Regression. In
this approach, we used the simulated data set from COVID-19 affected subjects,
organized, and analyzed it to understand the variability of each of the parameters. We
have developed a probabilistic model that can be utilized to predict progression of
disease following infection with SARS-CoV-2. This model was developed using
simulated data based on published levels of COVID-19 related clinical and laboratory
parameters and provides an approach to predicting the outcome of disease. Validation
of the model will require existing data and the clinical outcomes of patients. Prediction of
disease progression can be highly valuable at an individual as well as population level.
 d. Citation using APA format

Chirmule N, Khare R, Nair P, Desai B, Nerurkar V, Gaur A (2021). Predicting the

Severity of Disease Progression in COVID-19 at the Individual and Population Level: A
Mathematical Model. J Clin Exp Pharmacol. 11:283. Retrieved from
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/predicting-the-severity-of-disease-progression-
in-covid19-at-the-individual-and-population-level-a-mathematical-model.pdf

e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of

sociology?

This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology because it studies
population number, composition, evolution, and quality of the people as they impact and
are influenced by the social, economic, and political orders. Moreover, it studies the
population level of the individual in amidst of pandemic.

5. Human Ecology

a. Title of the Study

Human Ecology, Anthropocene Geography And Spiritual Ecology: A Case Study Of

Metta Forest Buddhist Monastery

b. Methodology employed in the study

The multi-faceted nature of my research questions required I develop a mixed

methods approach as my research methodology. The three methods utilized were semi
structured interviews with monks and laypeople, a physical land survey, and participant
observation. An in-person visit was necessary for me to implement my methodology;
first-time visitors to Wat Metta are allowed to stay for a period of up to two weeks. I was
a first-time visitor to the monastery; my research spanned a period of 11 days from May
24, 2010 to June 4, 2010. Methodologies used for thesis field research include
participant observation, physical geography surveys and interviews with monastery
management, monks, lay residents and visitors.

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

The purpose of my study was to explore human-nature interactions using a

conceptual framework that emphasizes human ecology, anthropocene geography, and
deep ecology. My research is grounded in a scientific and ethical perspective that seeks
analysis and remediation of disequilibrious conditions created by techno-industrial
society’s operating protocols. These disequilibrious conditions affect humans, non-
human life forms, and the biosphere. They decrease our ability to experience and
embrace topophilia and biophilia; they increase our experience of solastalgia. They
decrease biodiversity and ecosystems integrity. Ultimately, as geographer Jared
Diamond (2005) has so cogently pointed out, these conditions can lead to ecological
and social collapse. My thesis research was founded on the intent to discover ways to
increase the flourishing of human and non-human life. Amidst the gathering clouds that
hover above and around disequilibrious society, I also acknowledge the godlike abilities
and opportunities created by the human species and facilitated by its unique
combination of culture, evolutionary advantages, and technology. It is emotionally and
spiritually disheartening to pull back the veil on our society’s infrastructure to see the
disequilibrious harms that fuel and support the lifestyles we have grown accustomed to.
As denizens of the 21st century, most of us have never known the physical strength,
lifeways and survival skills possessed by native peoples and our ancestors who lived in
the generations before the dawn of machines, electricity, petroleum, nuclear power and
globalization. We are totally dependent on a web of commerce, labor, materials and
culture that gives us delight, safety and identity. But when we realize that this web is in
many ways similar to a spider’s web that ensnares us 179 as prey, we seek mitigation.
Many of us in academia, the sciences, and ideals-driven society seek what may be an
impossible hybrid: a world where techno-industrial civilization co-exists with thriving
biodiversity, healthy ecosystems, social justice and a human orientation towards sharing
the planet fairly and kindly with others of our species, as well as with nature.

d. Citation using APA format

Fung, Cadi (2011). Human Ecology, Anthropocene Geography And Spiritual Ecology: A
Case Study Of Metta Forest Buddhist Monastery. Retrieved from https://nau.edu/wp-
content/uploads/sites/128/2018/04/Cadi-Fung-Thesis-2011.pdf

e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of

sociology?

This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology because its studies
and deals with human behavior in relation to its social context. It also investigates the
spatial relationships between individuals and their surroundings.

6. Sociological Theory and Methods

a. Title of the Study

Sociological Explanation of Fear of Crime in Public Spaces Case Study Mashhad

b. Methodology employed in the study

The method of the paper is surveying and the data collection tool is
questionnaire. Sampling method is stratified non-proportionate. It means that by
considering the sample (2250 household), 50 blocks (each block is assumed as a
neighborhood) in 5 different rank clusters in Mashhad city and in each block 450 house
hold were selected randomly. Blocks were also selected by stratified method and
probability proportionate with the size method. In each block 400 households were
selected orderly and a member of each family answered the questions who were above
18 years old and more. For all variables of the research, their factorial score is
calculated by factorial analysis as weight criterion. Scale range is calculated 0-100 for
all criteria. Dispersion statistics is used for descriptive purposes and one way ANOVA
for comparing the average of research variables in different neighborhoods. Pearson's
coefficient of contingency and general linear model-multivariate is used for data
analysis.

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

Fear of crime is an especially a problem that has troubled the urban

communities, affected the urban dissatisfaction and many factors in the city have
created and intensified it fear of crime has a destructive impact on social capital. Fear of
crime lead to strengthen the sense of insecurity in society. Fear of crime is of important
issues which reduces access to public places and restricts interaction with these places;
reduce social trust and social participation. The research method is surveying and the
information collection technique is through questionnaire. Probable span sampling
(PPS) method is used. Sample population was 2000 households which were selected
randomly in five categorical clusters from Mashhad city. The most important reason for
select Mashhad in this research is Cultural diversity, disintegrate context and ethnic
heterogeneous. We try to select 5 areas according with regarding wide range of citizens
from rich and poor. In this research we try In addition to investigation social factors, it
has been tried in the research that spatial components affecting fear of crime in public
places inside and outside the neighborhoods is considered. As a consequence,
effective variable that have power of explain the fear of crime include victimization
experience, Social-economic position of a person, informal social control, Visual
accessibility and lighting of public places, movement and the presence of people in the
public place and the stability of residence and identity space. According to recognize
affecting factors on fear of crime due to reduction that and prevention of adverse effects
it is better to take action in this regard done such as Increasing usage versatility of the
place such as residential, business and recreational usage to enhance the presence of
people in public places. Improving and enhancing visual accessibility of the pathways in
public places such as lighting of the pathways, reinforce the neighborhood identity and
site sense of the resident, securing public spaces and holding training classes for
vulnerable groups such as women, elders and teaching feeling management and
correct decision making in the context of facing the crime and the criminal.

d. Citation using APA format

Rezvani, M. & Sadra, Y. (2019). Sociological Explanation of Fear of Crime in Public

Spaces Case Study Mashhad. Retrieved from https://www.longdom.org/open-
access/sociological-explanation-of-fear-of-crime-in-public-spaces-case-study-
mashhad.pdf

e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of

sociology?

This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology since it studies the
principles of group life based on the individual’s social environment.

7. Applied Sociology

a. Title of the Study

Land Tenure Transformation In A Remote Islands: A case of a historical sociology

prespective in Karimunjawa islands

b. Methodology employed in the study

This study used a qualitative method that was intended to provide a better
understanding on how and why the reality was formed and how and why the reality
could give a meaning and significance to both individuals and communities. In the
context of qualitative study, the reality was socially constructed and therefore the
purpose of qualitative research was essentially to gain an understanding of subject from
the perspective of the subject itself. This implied that the study approach required a set
of assumptions that was different from human behavior when they were approached for
the purpose of getting the facts and the causes (Bogdan & Biklen, 1982). Nevertheless
sociological phenomenon could not be assessed solely from the actual perspective, but
must also be approached from historical perspective. Assessment of the actual problem
with historical approach had advantages in terms of structural and procedural clarity
(Skocpol, 1984).

The whole process of data collection in this research was done through several
techniques, i.e.: depth interview, group interview (GI), and participant observation, the
study of archives and documents and literature study (Garraghan, 1957). Depth
interviews were conducted toward individual respondents using an interview guidance
that was prepared in advance. In this case, selection of respondent was determined by
snowball sampling technique (Bogdan and Biklen. 1982; Patton, 1984; Babbie, 2004).
The GIs carried out on respondents collectively or together to discuss various issues
related to the transformation of land tenure. Respondents included landowners, tenants,
brokers and land brokers, traders, businessmen, concerned government officials and
NGOs.

Data of this study was analyzed by classifying sequential data, organizing data
into category patterns and basic outline units (Marvasti 2004). Data categorization was
adjusted with the formulation of questions posed in this study and was intended to
provide ease of interpretation, selection, and explanations in the form of analysis
descriptions. This analysis phase also put more emphasis on interactive analysis model,
i.e.: the data collection process took place as cyclical process with three main
components, namely: data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing (Miles and
Huberman, 1984).

c. Key findings of the study, conclusion and recommendation

The transformation of land tenure in Karimunjawa islands is an actual

phenomenon that is very prominent today, especially in the last five years and peak in
2010. Of the 22 deserted islands, none of it was owned by local residents. Formal
judicially almost all of it shifted into the outsiders’ tenure, whether in personal or legal
entity state. In such conditions, the land of Karimunjawa no longer functioned as a
means of production that resulted food but has turned into a commodity. This was
influenced by several internal and external factors. External factors were related to
government policy that set Karimunjawa islands as National Park and A Leading
Tourism Regions that had an impact on the sharp increase in the flow of people visiting
Karimunjawa for both research or public service and recreation. Along with the entry of
people, came the force of investors for land investment or speculation. Internal factors
included the low education level, agricultural business opportunities, and emotional
bond to the land as preconditions of an easy disclaimer of land tenure from local
population, amid the high land price bid in the local residents’ point of view.

d. Citation using APA format

Rochwulaningsih, Y. (2011). Land Tenure Transformation in a Remote Islands: A Case

of a Historical Sociology Prespective in Karimunjawa Islands. Retrieved from
https://www.longdom.org/open-access/land-tenure-transformation-in-a-remote-islands-
a-case-of-a-historical-sociology-prespective-in-karimunjawa-islands-1410-5217-15-
332.pdf

e. How does this research study relate to the areas of concern of

sociology?
 This research study relate to the areas of concern of sociology since it studies
that the long-term social consequences of catastrophes will continue to afflict
communities, families, and people throughout the twenty-first century There are no
programs in place to mitigate the long-term effects. Furthermore, it demonstrates pure
sociological study on numerous elements and issues of daily life, such as agrarian
reform.