India

The major fast food chains in India that serve American fast food are KFC, McDonald's, Starbucks,
Burger King, Subway, Pizza Hut, and Dominos. Most of these have had to make a lot of changes to
their standard menus to cater to Indian food habits and taste preferences. Some emerging Indian
food chains include Wow! Momo, Haldiram's, Faaso's and Café Coffee Day.
Food habits vary widely across states within India. While typical Idli and Dosa is fast food in
Southern India, in Maharashtra it is misal-pav, pav-bhaji, and poha. Further north in Punjab and
Haryana, chole-bhature are very popular and in Bihar and Jharkhand litti-chokha is their staple fast
food.
Pakistan
Fast food In Pakistan varies. There are many international chains serving fast food,
including Nandos, Burger King, KFC, McDonald's, Domino's Pizza, Fatburger, Dunkin' Donuts,
Subway, Pizza Hut, Hardees, Telepizza, Steak Escape and Gloria Jean's Coffees. In addition to the
international chains, in local cuisine people in Pakistan like to have biryani, bun kebabs, Nihari,
kebab rolls etc. as fast food.
Philippines

Two pieces of Chicken Joy from Jollibee, the chain's core product, along with a serving of rice.

In the Philippines, fast-food is the same as in the US. However, the only difference is that they serve
Filipino dishes and a few American products being served Filipino-style. Jollibee is the leading fast
food chain in the country with 1,000 stores nationwide.
Russia
Most international fast food chains like Subway, McDonald's, Burger King etc. are represented in
major Russian cities. There are also local chains like Teremok specializing in Russian cuisine or
having elements of it added into their menu.
Saudi Arabia

A franchise of Albaik in Medina.

Saudi Arabia has many international fast food chains including KFC, Burger King, McDonald's and
many others. However, the most popular fast food restaurant of Saudi Arabia is Albaik.[28] Saudis
regard Albaik as better than KFC.[28]
Seed dispersal is sometimes split into autochory (when dispersal is attained using the plant's own
means) and allochory (when obtained through external means).

Long distance[edit]
Long-distance seed dispersal (LDD) is a type of spatial dispersal that is currently defined by two
forms, proportional and actual distance. A plant's fitness and survival may heavily depend on this
method of seed dispersal depending on certain environmental factors. The first form of LDD,
proportional distance, measures the percentage of seeds (1% out of total number of seeds
produced) that travel the farthest distance out of a 99% probability distribution. [9][10] The proportional
definition of LDD is in actuality a descriptor for more extreme dispersal events. An example of LDD
would be that of a plant developing a specific dispersal vector or morphology in order to allow for the
dispersal of its seeds over a great distance. The actual or absolute method identifies LDD as a literal
distance. It classifies 1 km as the threshold distance for seed dispersal. Here, threshold means the
minimum distance a plant can disperse its seeds and have it still count as LDD. [11][10] There is a
second, unmeasurable, form of LDD besides proportional and actual. This is known as the non-
standard form. Non-standard LDD is when seed dispersal occurs in an unusual and difficult-to-
predict manner. An example would be a rare or unique incident in which a normally-lemur-dependent
deciduous tree of Madagascar was to have seeds transported to the coastline of South Africa via
attachment to a mermaid purse (egg case) laid by a shark or skate. [12][13][14][6] A driving factor for the
evolutionary significance of LDD is that it increases plant fitness by decreasing neighboring plant
competition for offspring. However, it is still unclear today as to how specific traits, conditions and
trade-offs (particularly within short seed dispersal) effect LDD evolution.

Autochory[edit]

The "bill" and seed dispersal mechanism of Geranium pratense

Autochorous plants disperse their seed without any help from an external vector, as a result this
limits plants considerably as to the distance they can disperse their seed. [15] Two other types of
autochory not described in detail here are blastochory, where the stem of the plant crawls along the
ground to deposit its seed far from the base of the plant, and herpochory (the seed crawls by
means of trichomes and changes in humidity).[16]
Gravity[edit]
Barochory or the plant use of gravity for dispersal is a simple means of achieving seed dispersal.
The effect of gravity on heavier fruits causes them to fall from the plant when ripe. Fruits exhibiting
this type of dispersal include apples, coconuts and passionfruit and those with harder shells (which
often roll away from the plant to gain more distance). Gravity dispersal also allows for later
transmission by water or animal.[17]
Ballistic dispersal[edit]
Ballochory is a type of dispersal where the seed is forcefully ejected by explosive dehiscence of the
fruit. Often the force that generates the explosion results from turgor pressure within the fruit or due
to internal tensions within the fruit.[15] Some examples of plants which disperse their seeds
autochorously include: Arceuthobium spp., Cardamine hirsuta, Ecballium spp., Euphorbia
heterophylla,[18] Geranium spp., Impatiens spp., Sucrea spp, Raddia spp.[19] and others. An
exceptional example of ballochory is Hura crepitans—this plant is commonly called the dynamite
tree due to the sound of the fruit exploding. The explosions are powerful enough to throw the seed
up to 100 meters.[20]
Witch hazel uses ballistic dispersal without explosive mechanisms by simply squeezing the seeds
out at 28 mph.[21]

Flowers[edit]
The flowers are small, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) across, with 4–5 narrow, greenish white petals.
The pedicels are downy. The 4- or 5-part calyx is downy and imbricate in bud. The corolla has four
or five petals which are white, downy, spreading, hypogynous, and imbricate in bud. The
five stamens alternate with the petals. The pistillate flowers bear rudimentary anthers. The filaments
are awl-shaped and more-or-less hairy. The anthers are ovate or cordate, two-celled, with cells
opening longitudinally. The ovaries are superior, hairy, abortive in the staminate flowers, two to
three-celled. The style is short, the stigma 2- or 3-lobed, with two ovules per cell. Fertile and sterile
flowers are produced together in terminal, spreading, compound cymes—the sterile being usually
fewer and falling after the anther cells mature.[12]
Flowers are produced in May and June. Some find the odor unpleasant but to others the plant has a
delicious scent.

Fruit[edit]
The fruit is a round wafer-like papery samara, 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) across, light brown, and two-
seeded. The fruit ripens in October, and is held on the tree until high winds shake them loose in the
early winter.[12]