Creation[edit]

See also: 1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election

President Manuel Luis Quezon of the Philippines

March 23, 1935: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: George H. Dern, President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, and Manuel L. Quezon

The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor
general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the U.S.
Congress passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence.
Provisions of the law included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as
well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.[19][20] When it reached him for possible
signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American
Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law over Hoover's objections.[21] The bill,
however, was opposed by the then-Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also
rejected by the Philippine Senate.[22]
This led to the creation and passing of the Tydings–McDuffie Act[b] or the Philippine Independence
Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period
of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th of July following
the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.[19][23][24]
A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the
1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a
vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23,
1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.[25][26]
On September 16, 1935,[8] presidential elections were held. Candidates included former
president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others.
Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners,
winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.[19]
The Commonwealth government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in
ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a
crowd of around 300,000 people.[8]

Pre-War[edit]
The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic
and political independence.[19] These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of
1935, which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy,
the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the
promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao.
However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, in the
level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to
the Great Depression, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the
presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon,[19] especially
after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term.
A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion
and occupation during World War II.

Antiquity and the early Middle Ages[edit]

Carpian tribes inhabited Moldova's territory in the period of classical antiquity. Between the 1st and
7th centuries AD, the south came intermittently under the control of the Roman and then
the Byzantine Empires. Due to its strategic location on a route between Asia and Europe, the
territory of modern Moldova experienced many invasions in late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages,
including by Goths, Huns, Avars, Bulgarians, Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Mongols and Tatars.
In the 11th century, a Viking by the name of Rodfos was possibly killed in the area by
the Blakumen who betrayed him.[26] In 1164, the future Byzantine emperor Andronikos I Komnenos,
while attempting to reach the Principality of Halych, was taken prisoner by Vlachs, possibly in the
area of future Moldova.
The East Slavic Hypatian Chronicle mentions the Bolohoveni in the 13th century. The chronicle
records that this land bordered on the principalities of Halych, Volhynia and Kyiv. Archaeological
research has identified the location of 13th-century fortified settlements in this region. Alexandru V.
Boldur identified Voscodavie, Voscodavti, Voloscovti, Volcovti, Volosovca and their other towns and
villages between the middle course of the rivers Nistru/Dniester and Nipru/Dnieper.[27] The
Bolohoveni disappeared from chronicles after their defeat in 1257 by Daniel of Galicia's troops.
In the early 13th century, the Brodniks, a possible Slavic–Vlach vassal state of Halych, were
present in much of the region's territory (towards 1216, the Brodniks are mentioned [by whom?] as
in service of Suzdal). Consumer spending
In the United States, consumers spent about US$110 billion on fast food in 2000 (which increased
from $6 billion in 1970).[14] The National Restaurant Association forecasts that fast food restaurants in
the US will reach $142 billion in sales in 2006, a 5% increase over 2005. In comparison, the full-
service restaurant segment of the food industry is expected to generate $173 billion in sales. Fast
food has been losing market share to so-called fast casual restaurants, which offer more robust and
expensive cuisines.[citation needed]

Major international brands

McDonald's, a fast food supplier, opened its first franchised restaurant in the US in 1955 (1974 in the
UK). It has become a phenomenally successful enterprise in terms of financial growth, brand-name
recognition, and worldwide expansion. Ray Kroc, who bought the franchising license from the
McDonald brothers, pioneered concepts which emphasized standardization. He introduced uniform
products, identical in all respects at each outlet, to increase sales. Kroc also insisted on cutting food
costs as much as possible, eventually using the McDonald's Corporation's size to force suppliers to
conform to this ethos.[citation needed]
Other prominent international fast food companies include Burger King, the number two hamburger
chain in the world, known for promoting its customized menu offerings (Have it Your Way). Another
international fast food chain is KFC, which sells chicken-related products and is the number 1 fast
food company in the People's Republic of China.