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    1. MŨ, LOGARIT CƠ BẢN

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    8 views9 pages

    Mũ, Logarit Cơ B N

    Uploaded by

    Lương Đức Hưng

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9

    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020

    LOGARIT
    I. Định nghĩa logarit
    Cho a  0, a  1 và b  0 . Khi đó:
    loga b  u  b  au hay aloga b  b
    Kí hiệu: log u  log10 u ln x  loge x .
    Ví dụ 1:
    1) 3 x  4  ........................................................ 1
    6) log2 x   .................................................
    2

    2) 5x  2  ......................................................... 1
    7) ln x   .....................................................
    3
    3) log2 x  3  ................................................... 8) logx 4  2  ..................................................

    4) log x  2  .................................................. 9) 2log2 a  ...........................................................


    5 ) ln x  2  ...................................................... 10) 9log3 5  ..........................................................
    II. CÔNG THỨC LOGARIT
    Với các số thực dương a, b, x , y tùy ý và a  1 ta luôn có
    Công thức Ví dụ
    n + log a3 a  ................................................................................
    5
    1) log am a n 
    m
    + log 2 2a  log 3 b  .....................................................................

    + 2  log 3 ............................... + 3  log 2 .....................................

    2) log a x  log a y  log a ( xy ) 3


    + log 3 18  log 3  .......................................................................
    2
    + Cho a  log 2 3 , tính log 2 12
    ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................
    x + log3 18  log3 2  .......................................................................
    3) log a x  log a y  log a  
     y
    + Cho a  log2 24 , tính log2 3
    ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................
    4) log a x   .log a x + Cho log a b  3, log a c  2 , tính

    5) log a x 
    1
    . log a x log a  a 2b3c 4  .................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................

    log a  bc  ...................................................................................
    2

    ......................................................................................................

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 1


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    1 + Cho a  log6 2 . Tính log2 3 theo a .
    6) log a b  (b  1)
    log b a ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................
    log b x + Cho log 2 3  a;log 2 5  b . Tính log 6 15 ......................................
    7) log a x  (b 1)
    log b a
    ......................................................................................................
    8)  log a b  .log b c  log a c (b  1)
    ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................
    ......................................................................................................

    PHƯƠNG TRÌNH MŨ, LOGARIT


    A. PHƯƠNG TRÌNH MŨ
    DẠNG CƠ BẢN
    Ví dụ 1. Giải các phương trình sau
    2
    1) 2 x 4 x
     32 2) 3x1  3 9
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    3) 3x1  4 4) 4 x1  4
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

     1 
    x2 2 x
    6) 2 x  5.3x1
    5) 2  
    x

     2 ............................................................................

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    7) 3x  3x 1  4.5x 8) 2 x 1.32 x 1  30
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    2
    x log2 x ............................................................................
    9) 2 x  4x
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................

    DẠNG LOGARIT HÓA 2 VẾ


    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    Ví dụ 2. Giải các phương trình sau

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 2


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    2 2
    1) 2 x 4 x
     3x 2) 3x .5x 1
    3
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    DẠNG ĐẶT ẨN PHỤ


    Ví dụ 3. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) 4x  3.2 x 1  5  0 2) 5x  5
     x  log 4
    5
    3 0
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

     
    2 2
    3) 3 x x
     3 x x 2
    8  0 4) log3 2.3x  3  2  x
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    Ví dụ 4. Tìm tổng các nghiệm của phương trình
    1) 9 x  3x1  3  0 2) 4 x 1  3.2 x  3  0
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 3


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    DẠNG CÙNG CƠ SỐ, KHÁC SỐ MŨ HOẶC CÙNG SỐ MŨ KHÁC CƠ SỐ


    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    Ví dụ 5. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) 4 x  3.25x  4.10 x 2) 2.27 x  18 x  4.12 x  3.8 x
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    Ví dụ 6. Giải các phương trình sau
    2 2
    1) 5 2 x 5 x
     6.5 x 2 x
     5 x 1  0 1
     9.2x x
     22 x  2  0
    2 2
    2) 22 x
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 4


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    Ví dụ 7. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) 6 x  2.3 x  5.2 x  10  0 2) 15 x  3.5 x  3 x  3  0
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    Ví dụ 8. Giải các phương trình sau
     x4 x 2 x4
     5.4 x  4x 5  0
    2 2 2
    2) 2.3x  2 x  3x  3 x  3 x  3  54  0
    2 2

    1) 42 x
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    DẠNG CÓ LOGARIT Ở MŨ
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    ..............................................................................................................................................................
    Ví dụ 9. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) 6log6 x  x log6 x  12
    2
     
    log 4 x 2
    2) 4 x 2  6log2 x  2.3 2
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 5


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    B. PHƯƠNG TRÌNH LOGARIT
    DẠNG CƠ BẢN
    Ví dụ 1. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) log2 ( x  1)  3 2) log2( 2 x  1)  2
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    3) logx 1( 3 x  1)  2 1
    4) logx 1( 2 x  4) 
    2
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................


    5) log2  3 x  1  log2 x 2  2 x  1  6) log2( x 2  x  2)  log2( 3 x  5 )

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    Ví dụ 2. Giải các phương trình sau


    1) log3  x  1  2 log2  x  1  0 2) log2 x  log3 x  2

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    DẠNG ĐƯA VỀ CÙNG CƠ SỐ


    Ví dụ 3. Giải các phương trình sau

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 6


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    1) log3 ( x  1)  log3 ( 2 x  5 )  3 2) log 2
     x  1  1  log  3x  5
    2

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    Ví dụ 4. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) log 4 x 2  log2  x  2   3 2) log2  x  1  log
    2
     2 x  1  2 log  x  7 
    2 2

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    DẠNG ĐẶT ẨN PHỤ


    Ví dụ 5. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) log22 x  3log2 x  4 x
    2) log2 x  3 log 4 0
    ............................................................................ 10
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................

    3) log22 4x  log2 x  10  0 4) log21 x  4log2 2 x  7  0


    2
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 7


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    Ví dụ 6. Tìm tích các nghiệm của phương trình
    1) log32  3 x   4 log3 x  5  0 2) log2 2 x  8 log2 x  1  0
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    Ví dụ 7. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) 2 log9 x  3 logx 3  4 5
    2) log 5 x  log 5 x 2  1
    ............................................................................ x
    ............................................................................
    ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................

    DẠNG PHÂN TÍCH NHÂN TỬ


    Ví dụ 8. Giải các phương trình sau
    1) log x  .log3 x  2 log x  log3 x  2 2) 2 x.log2 x  4.log2 x  2 x  4  0
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    ............................................................................ ............................................................................

    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 8


    Cơ sở BDVH và LTĐH ĐỨC MINH Tµi liÖu to¸n 12 n¨m häc: 2019 – 2020
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    DẠNG NHIỀU LOGARIT KHÁC CƠ SỐ
    a
    Ví dụ 9. Tìm các số thực a, b biết log15    log 5 b  log 3  a  b 
    2
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
    p
    Ví dụ 10. Giả sử p , q là các số thực dương sao cho log 9 p  log12 q  log16  p  q  . Tìm giá trị của .
    q
    ............................................................................ ............................................................................
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    Giáo viên Lê Anh Dũng. Trang 9

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